Pochi studi hanno analizzato I prezzi delle droghe in Europa nonostante I risultati forniti da questo tipo di analisi in altri paesi. In America, l’analisi sui prezzi delle droghe costituisce la base dell’attuale conoscenza su domanda e offerta del mercato delle droga e dell’effetto delle forze di polizia. Questa tesi analizza il prezzo delle droghe illecite (eroina e cocaina) in Europa. In particolare questo studio ha due obiettivi 1) identificare quali fattori influenzano i prezzi delle droghe; 2) identificare quali fattori hanno portato al declino dei prezzi delle droghe negli ultimi venti anni. In linea con la precedente letteratura, questo studio ha impiegato un’analisi della variazione geografica e temporale dei prezzi, un “Risk and price model” ed una analisi panel. I risultati mostrano che le forze di polizia e il livello di violenza hanno un effetto marginale sul prezzo delle droghe e non sono capaci di spiegare il loro declino negli anni. La globalizzazione sembra la principale spiegazione. La globalizzazione ha tagliato i costi nel traffico di droga, riducendo le inefficienze causate dalla sua illegalità (per esempio nel trasporto). Di conseguenza la globalizzazione può essere considerata la componente principale nello spiegare il declino dei prezzi delle droghe in Europa. / There are few studies on drug prices in Europe, despite the insight this type of analysis has provided in other countries. In the USA, the examination of drug prices has improved the knowledge of the demand and supply in drug markets and the impact of law enforcement. The dissertation aims to analyze the prices of illicit drugs (heroin and cocaine) in Europe. The study has two objectives: (1) identifying which factors affect drug prices; (2) analyzing which factors drove the price decline in the last twenty years. In line with the previous literature, the methods include the analysis of the trends of prices over time and across countries, a risk and price model, and a panel regression. The results show that law enforcement and violence have marginal impact on drug prices and they are unable to explain the decline over time. In fact, globalization is the key explanatory factor. Globalization has likely cut the costs of the drug trade, reducing the inefficiencies caused by illegality (e.g. transportation). As a result, it may be regarded as the most important factor in the price decline in European drug markets.

Thesis (LLD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this study is the rights-based normative overlap of labour and administrative law in public employment. As the judiciary appeared to be unable to agree on a unified approach to the application of the rights to fair labour practices and just administrative action to public employment, it was clear that the complexity and multi-dimensional character of the debate required analysis of existing approaches to the regulation of the public employment relationship. The following initial research question was formulated: To what extent does (and should) the constitutionalised rights to fair labour practices (s 23) and just administrative action (s 33) simultaneously find application in the regulation of public employment relationships? In answering this question, certain realities had to be acknowledged, the most important being that the debate in question jurisprudentially revealed itself to be a jurisdictional turf-war between the Labour and High Courts, rather than proper consideration of the relevant substantive arguments and underlying normative considerations. This called for an additional dimension to be added to the research question, namely consideration of the extent to which the ss 23 and 33 rights are informed by variable and possibly different normative principles and whether these rights allow for cooperative regulation of public employment in accordance with the doctrine of interdependent fundamental rights. This became the primary focus of the study. In an attempt to simplify the debate, a deliberate decision was taken to limit the scope of the normative study to South Africa with its own historic influences, structures and constitutional considerations. The study shows that both labour and administrative law (as constitutionally informed) share concern for equity-based principles. This is evident from the flexible contextually informed perspectives of administrative law reasonableness in relation to labour law substantive fairness, as well as a shared concern for and approach to procedural fairness. Once simplified, and in the absence of any undue positive law complexity, the public employment relationship, at both a normative and theoretical level, furthermore shows no substantive status difference with private employment relationships. It is, however, accepted that there are job and sector-specific contextual differences. In the absence of substantive normative conflict between these branches of law and in the absence of a fundamental (as opposed to contextual) difference between public and private employment, there appears to be no reason to ignore the constitutional jurisprudential calls for hybridity, otherwise termed the doctrine of interdependence. The idea of normatively interdependent rights expresses the Constitution’s transformative vision (through the idea of flexible conceptual contextualism) and recognises that human rights may overlap. This also means that where such overlap exists, rights should be interpreted and applied in a mutually supportive and cooperative manner that allows for the full protection and promotion of those rights. In giving expression to the interdependent normative framework of constitutional rights, these norms (absent any substantive rights-based conflict) should then be used by the judiciary as an interpretative tool to align specific labour law and general administrative law in the regulation of public employment relationships. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie studie is die regsgebaseerde normatiewe oorvleueling van arbeids- en administratiefreg in die openbare diensverhouding. Aangesien dit blyk dat die regsbank nie kon saamstem oor ‘n eenvormige benadering tot die toepassing van die regte op billike arbeidspraktyke en regverdige administratiewe optrede op die openbare diensverhouding nie, het die kompleksiteit en multi-dimensionele karakter van die debat dit genoodsaak om bestaande benaderings tot die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding te analiseer. In die lig hiervan is die volgende aanvanklike navorsingsvraag geformuleer: Tot watter mate vind die grondwetlik neergelegde regte tot billike arbeidspraktyke (a 23) en regmatige administratiewe optrede (a 33) gelykmatig toepassing in die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding en tot watter mate hoort die regte gelykmatig toepassing te vind? In antwoord op die vraag is sekere realiteite geïdentifiseer, waarvan die belangrikste is dat die debat in die regspraak grootliks neergekom het op ‘n jurisdiksionele magstryd tussen die Arbeids- en Hooggeregshowe, eerder as werklike oorweging van die relevante substantiewe argumente en onderliggende normatiewe oorwegings. Dit het die byvoeging van ’n verdere dimensie tot die navorsingsvraag genoodsaak, naamlik oorweging van die mate waartoe die aa 23 en 33 regte deur buigsame en moontlik verskillende normatiewe beginsels beïnvloed word, en ook of hierdie regte ruimte laat vir mederegulering van die openbare diensverhouding in terme van die leerstuk van interafhanklikheid van fundamentele regte? Laasgenoemde het die primêre fokus van die studie geword. In ‘n poging om die debat te vereenvoudig, is doelbewus besluit om die strekking van die normatiewe studie te beperk tot Suid-Afrika, met eiesoortige historiese invloede, strukture en grondwetlike oorwegings. Soos die normatiewe studie ontvou het, wys die studie dat beide arbeids- en administratiefreg (soos grondwetlik beïnvloed) ‘n gemeenskaplike belang in billikheids-gebaseerde beginsels openbaar. Daar is ‘n versoenbaarheid tussen die kontekstueel beïnvloedbare en buigsame redelikheidsperspetief van die administratiefreg, soos gesien in vergelyking met substantiewe billikheid in die arbeidsreg. Voorts heg beide die arbeids- en administratiefreg ‘n gemeenskaplike waarde aan, en volg beide ‘n gemeenskaplike benadering tot, prosedurele billikheid. Terselfdertyd, en in die afwesigheid van onnodige positiefregtelike kompleksiteit, blyk daar op beide ‘n normatiewe en teoretiese vlak geen substantiewe verskil in status tussen die openbare diensverhouding en die privaat diensverhouding te wees nie. Dit word egter aanvaar dat daar wel werk- en sektor-spesifieke kontekstuele verskille bestaan. In die afwesigheid van substantiewe normatiewe konflik tussen die twee vertakkinge van die reg en in die afwesigheid van ‘n fundamentele (in vergelyking met kontekstuele) verskil tussen diensverhoudings in die openbare en privaatsektore, blyk daar geen rede te wees om die grondwetlike jurisprudensiële vereiste van hibriditeit, ook genoem die leerstuk van die interafhanklikheid van grondwetlike regte, te ignoreer nie. Die idee van normatiewe interafhanklike regte gee uitdrukking aan die Grondwet se visie van transformasie (via die idee van buigsame konsepsuele kontekstualisme) en erken dat menseregte soms oorvleuel. Dit beteken ook dat waar so ‘n oorvleueling bestaan, regte ïnterpreteer en toegepas moet word in ‘n wedersyds ondersteunende en samewerkende wyse wat voorsiening maak vir die volle beskerming en bevordering van daardie regte. Erkenning van die interafhanklike normatiewe raamwerk van grondwetlike regte hoort daartoe te lei dat die regsbank daardie norme (in die afwesigheid van regsgebaseerde konflik) as interpretasie-hulpmiddel gebruik om die spesifieke arbeidsreg met die algemene administratiefreg te versoen in die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding.

No description available.

The Regulation of Gatherings Act 205 of 1993 is a old order piece of legislation, but gives full recognition to the right to freedom of assembly and expression. These rights are entrenched in sections 16 and 17 of the Bill of Rights and enjoy a generous interpretation. Section 5 of the Act creates limitations on these rights, as the responsible officer of a local authority is allowed to prohibit a gathering when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the police will not be able to prevent traffic disruption, injury or substantial damage to property. Given the fact that this limitation serves to protect a compelling state interest, it constitutes a reasonable and justifiable limitation in terms of section section 36 of the Bill of Rights. / Law / LL.M.

The Regulation of Gatherings Act 205 of 1993 is a old order piece of legislation, but gives full recognition to the right to freedom of assembly and expression. These rights are entrenched in sections 16 and 17 of the Bill of Rights and enjoy a generous interpretation. Section 5 of the Act creates limitations on these rights, as the responsible officer of a local authority is allowed to prohibit a gathering when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the police will not be able to prevent traffic disruption, injury or substantial damage to property. Given the fact that this limitation serves to protect a compelling state interest, it constitutes a reasonable and justifiable limitation in terms of section section 36 of the Bill of Rights. / Law / LL.M.

Большинство исследований корпоративной социальной ответственности (КСО) фокусируется на ее влиянии на финансовые показатели или отношение клиентов к КСО. Обязательства организаций в отношении социальной ответственности были предметом очень немногих исследований. В этом исследовании исследуется влияние инженерного права на приверженность организации социальной ответственности в рамках модели, основанной на социальной теории. В частности, мы исследуем влияние трех аспектов корпоративной социальной ответственности; роль организаций в продвижении социальной ответственности, инженерное право в руководстве организациями и взаимосвязь между инженерным правом и социальной ответственностью. В исследовании также обсуждаются основные последствия использования КСО для повышения приверженности сотрудников организации и улучшения ее результатов. Анализ основан на выборке из 50 сотрудников, отобранных из инжиниринговой организации в России. Подсчитано, что внешняя КСО положительно связана с обязательствами организации, и КСО вносит по меньшей мере такой же значительный вклад в обязательства организации, как и удовлетворенность работой для сотрудника. / The majority of research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) focuses on its influence on financial performance or customer attitudes about CSR. Organizational commitments towards social responsibility have been the subject of very few research. This study investigates the effect of engineering law on organization's commitment towards social responsibility within a model that draws the social theory. Particularly, we examine the impact of three aspects of corporate social responsibility; role of organizations in promoting social responsibility, engineering law in directing organizations and relationship between engineering law and social responsibility. The study also discusses major implications for using CSR to increase employee commitment to the organization and improve its performance. The analysis is based on a sample of 50 employees drawn from engineering organization in Russia. It is estimated that external CSR is positively associated to organizational commitment, and CSR makes at least as much of a great contribution to organizational commitment as job satisfaction for an employee.

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La responsabilidad de los administradores es una buena herramienta que nos permite revelar las diversas teorías y ideologías en materia de gobierno corporativo. Se trata de un tema societario muy importante en el ámbito jurídico internacional. Esta tesis aborda el problema de la aplicación de las normas del Derecho internacional privado a la responsabilidad de los administradores. La primera parte de la tesis realiza un análisis profundo del ordenamiento sustantivo de Francia, Reino Unido, Alemania, España y China, partiendo de una perspectiva comparada. A través de una comparación entre los diferentes sistemas jurídicos se obtiene un panorama general de los ordenamientos sustantivos sobre la responsabilidad de administradores. También se estudian las medidas que se adoptan en los países al establecer sus propios sistemas con el objetivo de tener un buen gobierno corporativo. La segunda parte de la tesis se ocupa de los problemas de competencia judicial internacional en la materia de la responsabilidad de los administradores. Por un lado, se tienen en cuenta aspectos tales como el domicilio del demandado, competencia exclusiva, sumisión de las partes, y obligaciones contractuales y extra-contractuales. El examen se centra en la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Bruselas I en este sector. Por otro lado, se procede tanto a la interacción entre el Reglamento de Insolvencia y el Reglamento Bruselas I, como a la articulación del Derecho europeo con el Derecho nacional. Asimismo, también se presta atención a la búsqueda de una solución para los problemas que se derivan del recurso a los tribunales estatales, y por tanto se tiene en cuenta la aplicabilidad de arbitraje en dicha materia. La tercera parte de la tesis se dedica a la determinación de la ley aplicable a las cuestiones derivadas de la responsabilidad de administradores. Por un lado, se estudia la articulación entre lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti y lex fori. Por tanto, se examinan tanto la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Roma I, Reglamento Roma II, Reglamento de Insolvencia, como la de las normas nacionales del Derecho internacional privado. Por otro lado, se tiene en cuenta tanto el principio de la libertad de establecimiento garantizado por el Derecho europeo, así como en qué medida este principio afecta al régimen de la responsabilidad de administradores / Directors’ liability is an excellent vehicle for revealing the diverse theoretical and ideological approaches to corporate governance. It is a subject of corporate legal work all over the world. Based on directors’ liability, this dissertation focuses on how the private international law rules apply in dealing with this kind of liability. The first part of the dissertation examines comprehensively with detailed analysis the legal systems in France, the UK, Germany, Spain and China from a comparative perspective. By comparing competitive legal systems of different countries, we try to give a panorama on the substantive rules on directors’ liability, and to clarify how the legal systems of different countries are designed to ensure good corporate governance. The second part of the dissertation deals with jurisdictional problems in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we take into account the aspects such as defendant’s domicile, exclusive jurisdiction, party autonomy, and contractual and non-contractual obligations and investigate the applicability of Brussels I Regulation in directors’ liability. On the other hand, we also examine the interaction of Insolvency Regulation with Brussels I Regulation, and the articulation of the EU law and national law in this area. Furthermore, we try to offer another solution to the jurisdictional problems existing in directors’ liability by referring to arbitration as well. The third part of the dissertation deals with the problems relating to applicable law in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we investigate the articulation of lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti and lex fori. And therefore we examine the applicability of Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation, Insolvency Regulation as well as national private international law rules in this area. On the other hand, we also take into account the EU principle of freedom of establishment and therefore study on how it affects the regime of directors’ liability on the basis of ECJ’s interpretation.

published_or_final_version / Curriculum Studies / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Social Work and Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy