Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynaecologic cancer in the United States with about 41,200 new cases projected to occur in 2006. It often presents with abnormal uterine bleeding and spreads to the cervix in 10 to 20% of cases. Whilst early diagnosis is essential for optimal disease treatment, the best investigation for abnormal uterine bleeding remains uncertain. Although hysteroscopy has been reported to have high accuracy in predicting normal or abnormal endometrial histopathology, its accuracy varies with the underlying pathology. The highest accuracy occurs in the diagnosis of intrauterine anatomical pathology such as endometrial polyp whereas it is at its lowest in microscopic histopathology such as endometrial hyperplasia. Hysteroscopy is also potentially useful for detecting tumour spread to the uterine cervix that helps in staging and surgical planning. However, the role of hysteroscopy with guided biopsy in detecting endometrial cancer and the choice of distension medium remain to be determined. As the uterine cavity is a collapsed space, hysteroscopy requires its distension with a gaseous or liquid medium to allow complete visualization of the uterine cavity. The use of such media to rinse the uterine cavity raises the concern that when the endometrium harbours endometrial carcinoma cells, there is a potential risk of retrograde dissemination of these cells into the peritoneal cavity. The work in this thesis has addressed four major issues of diagnostic hysteroscopy in the management of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Firstly, the role of diagnostic hysteroscopy and guided biopsy is limited especially in microscopic tumours. Secondly, the role of diagnostic hysteroscopy to detect cervical invasion in preoperative staging of endometrial carcinoma is proven and the usage of normal saline is more accurate than that which uses carbon dioxide. Thirdly, hysteroscopic dissemination occurs more frequent when using normal saline as opposed to carbon dioxide as the distension medium. Lastly, complete occlusion of both fallopian tubes can effectively prevent the dissemination of endometrial carcinoma cells into the peritoneal cavity during diagnostic hysteroscopy. / Lo, Wing Kit Keith. / "May 2006." / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5873. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (167-193). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

Conclusion 1. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 1a. There was a significant reduction in both endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation following a surgical menopause. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 1b. There was a significant reduction in endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation but no significant effect on endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. / Conclusion 2. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2a. The addition of unopposed oestrogen significantly improved endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. The results of the research supported hypothesis 2b. The addition of oestradiol combined with progestogen (norethisterone acetate) reversed the reduction in arterial relaxation caused by a surgical menopause. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2c. The addition of tibolone reversed the reduction endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 2d. The addition of oestradiol combined with a progestogen (norethisterone acetate) reversed the reduction in endothelium-dependent but not endothelium-independent arterial relaxation. / Conclusion 3. The results of the research partly supported hypothesis 3a. Endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation but no endothelium-independent arterial relaxation was improved after the addition of menopausal hormone therapy using oestrogen combined with a progestogen in a continuous manner. The results of the research did not support hypothesis 3b. Neither endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation nor the endothelium-independent arterial relaxation was improved by cyclical menopausal HT. / Conclusion 4. The results of the research did not support hypothesis 4. The addition of menopausal hormone therapy using combined oestrogen with progestogen did not improve arterial relaxation in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. / Hypothesis 2. This hypothesis examined three different types of commonly used menopausal HT. That unopposed oestrogen (2a), oestrogen combined with a progestogen (2b and 2d) or a synthetic steriod that has oestrogenic, progestogenic as well as androgenic activity (tibolone, 2c), reverse the reduction in arterial relaxation following menopause in Hong Kong Chinese women. / Hypothesis 3. That menopausal hormone therapy using oestrogen combined with progestogen given in either continuous (3a) or cyclical (3b) regimens improves arterial relaxation in postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women. / Hypothesis 4. That menopausal hormone therapy using combined oestrogen with progestogen improves arterial relaxation in postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women with established coronary heart disease. / Menopausal HT can in general at least partially reverse changes in arterial relaxation in postmenopausal women. Different types of menopausal HT exhibit different effects on arterial relaxation. In healthy vessels, menopause HT mainly reverses the endothelium-dependent vascular effect, but it remains unclear how menopausal HT affects the endothelium-independent vascular effect. However, with established coronary heart disease, menopausal HT cannot reverse the changes in vascular reactivity. / Summary. Menopause results in a reduction in arterial relaxation. However, GnRHa temporarily induced menopause in young women, the endothelium-independent vasodilatation was not impaired. This difference can be partly explained by the difference in age as vascular reactivity is age dependent. Secondly, GnRHa works with an initial phase of increase in oestrogen production resulting in a shorter duration of hypo-oestrogenism resulting in the lack of impairment on endothelium-independent vasodilatation. / This thesis tested the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1. That vascular reactivity decreases after the menopause as shown in premenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women with either a surgical (1a) or a medically induced (1b) menopause. / This thesis will examine the effects of menopause and menopausal HT on arterial reactivity which is an indirect measurement of vascular function. Previous studies have shown that oestrogen is a potent coronary artery vasodilator, and this effect may be mediated via both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. One method of assessing vascular reactivity is to use ultrasound measurement of changes in brachial artery diameter in response to certain stimuli. Using this technique, changes in both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation can be measured. Increased rather than decreased arterial relaxation after stimulus can be viewed as a favourable response. / Yim, So-fan. / Adviser: C. J. Haines. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5873. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

Echocardiography has an prominent role in the era of CRT by virtue of its non-invasive nature with high feasibility and reproducibility. The clinical applications include not only quantification of the change in systolic function, hemodynamics, LV volume, or mitral regurgitation, but also assessment of systolic dyssynchrony. A number of new echocardiographic techniques were employed in this study, such as tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and its post-processing modalities including strain, strain rate and displacement mappings, tissue synchronization imaging (TSI), as well as three-dimentional (3D) echocardiography. / For heart failure patients with wide QRS complexes who received CRT, LV volumes, cardiac function and synchronicity were shown to change acutely between CRT-on and CRT-off modes by both 2D and 3D echocardiography methods. Furthermore, the usefulness of 3D echocardiography and its accuracy in assessing volumetric changes / Systolic dyssynchrony, which illustrates discoordinated contraction of the heart, is relatively common in heart failure patients, in particular those with prolonged QRS complexes. It is caused by electromechanical delay in some regions of the failing heart and will result in further reduction of cardiac function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a rapidly evolving pacing modality for advanced heart failure, characterized by implantation of the left ventricular (LV) lead through coronary sinus to the free wall region. It is recommended to patients who have refractory heart failure despite optimal medical treatment, LV dilatation with ejection fraction lower than 35%, and prolonged QRS duration on surface ECG. / The main findings were as followed: The Ts-SD was 17.0+/-7.8ms in normal control, 33.8+/-16.9ms in narrow QRS group and 42.0+/-16.5ms in wide QRS group, respectively. The prevalence of systolic dyssynchrony in heart failure population was 43% in the narrow QRS group, and 64% in the wide QRS group, when a Ts-SD of > 32.6 ms (+2 SD of normal controls) was used to define significant dyssynchrony. QRS duration does not have a linear relationship with systolic dyssynchrony. / TSI was useful to predict a reverse remodeling and gain in ejection fraction after CRT. Qualitative identification of the latest peak systolic contraction at the lateral wall was a quick and specific guide to predict a favorable reverse remodeling response while quantitative computation of "Asynchrony Index" from 12 LV segments in ejection phase was beneficial in the absence of lateral wall delay. In conclusion, the improvement of cardiac function and LV reverse remodeling after CRT is more obvious in heart failure patients with wide QRS complex and echocardiographic evidence of significant systolic dyssynchrony. Reverse remodeling is not only an objective measure of favorable responses, but also a prognosticator of disease outcomes. "Asynchrony Index" is a strong predictor of LV reverse remodeling response after CRT. Assessment of systolic dyssynchrony by various echocardiographic tools is promising, however, further studies are needed to compare the predictive values of different parameters objectively and prospectively. / We performed echocardiography with TDI in 200 subjects, including 67 patients with heart failure and narrow QRS complexes (≤ 120ms), 45 patients with heart failure and wide QRS complexes (>120ms), and 88 normal controls, which served as a polit study. Severity and prevalence of systolic dyssynchrony were assessed by the maximal difference in time to peak myocardial systolic velocity (Ts-dif-12) and the standard deviation (Ts-SD) of the 12 LV segments. / We recruited a group of seventy patients with chronic heart failure who fulfilled the established criteria and received CRT. Serial echocardiographic assessment with clinical evaluation was performed at baseline, predischarge, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and long-term follow up. The objective was to demonstrate the improvement of cardiac function and dyssynchrony after CRT by echocardiographic parameters, in particular the reduction of LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) which is also known as reverse remodeling, and its relationship with the improvement in clinical status and prognosis. We also attempted to identify dyssynchrony parameters which are useful in predicting LV reverse remodeling after CRT. / Zhang Qing. / "October 2006." / Adviser: Yu Cheuk-Man. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5852. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

At the end of this thesis, selected 1H NMR spectra and crystallographic data are given as an Appendix. / Chapter 1 presents an overview of supramolecular chemistry and the general properties of phthalocyanines, focusing on the self-assembly of mixed porphyrin and phthalocyanine systems. / Chapter 2 describes the complexation of bis(pyridinolato) silicon(IV) phthalocyanines to several cobalt(II) porphyrins. As shown by absorption spectroscopy, both 1:1 and 1:2 molecular assemblies can be obtained depending on the relative amount of the two components and the position of the pyridyl ligand. The axially bound 1:1 phthalocyanine-porphyrin arrays have also been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. / Chapter 3 reports an extension of this work. Two novel phthalocyanines with 3 or 4 pyridyl axial substituents have been synthesized. These compounds bind to meso-tetraphenyl zinc porphyrin to form the corresponding tetrakis- and pentakis-mixed tetrapyrrole systems. / Chapter 4 discusses the preparation of several covalently-linked phthalocyanine-cyclodextrin conjugates. These compounds can form inclusion complexes with sulfonated porphyrin in water providing a new strategy to construct mixed phthalocyanine and porphyrin systems. / Chapter 5 reports the interactions of two octacarboxy phthalocyanines with beta-cyclodextrin. Through the formation of inclusion complexes, the latter serves as a disstacking agent reducing the aggregation tendency of these phthalocyanines. This supramolecular approach could be an effective way to generate hydrophilic and non-aggregated phthalocyanines, improving their photosensitising properties in aqueous media. / This thesis reports our investigation on the supramolecular chemistry of phthalocyanines. The first part of the thesis describes the self-assembly of mixed porphyrin and phthalocyanine systems through axial coordination. The second part complexes between phthalocyanines and reports the formation of some novel inclusion phthalocyanine-cyclodextrin conjugates and porphyrins, beta-cyclodextrin. / Leng, Xuebing. / "March 2007." / Adviser: Dennis K. P. Ng. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 5946. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Keywords: MCEM algorithm; Gibbs sampler; Multivariate probit model; Multi-group; BIC. / The main purpose of this paper is to develop maximum likelihood and Bayesian approach for the multivariate probit model in several populations. A Monte Carlo EM algorithm is proposed for obtaining the maximum likelihood estimates and the Gibbs sampler is used to produce the joint Bayesian estimates. To test hypotheses involving constraints among the structural parameters of MP model across groups, we use the method of Bayesian Information Criterion(BIC). The simulation study will be given to certify the accuracy of our algorithm. / Yu, Yin. / "March 2007." / Adviser: Sik Yum Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: B, page: 6054. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-137). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

林豔. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(p. 170-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (p. 170-191). / Lin Yan.

In today's information age, companies collect massive amount of asymmetric flow data at individual customer level. Examples include customer-by-customer data (e.g., money, phone call and email flows among customers), product-by-product data (e.g., sequential purchase data), and web traffic data, etc. Asymmetric flow data carries meaningful customer intelligence and yet, it is under-explored. When combined with other data (such as customer profile and sales, etc.), this flow data can provide valuable understanding on individual customers, and thus enable marketers to trigger marketing actions at individual-customer level. / Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms yield promising model fitting performance within reasonable time. The LAS algorithm can successfully analyze 100,000 subjects in less than 10 hours. The CAS algorithm analyzes 50,000 subjects in 18 hours. The TAS algorithm analyzes 5,000 subjects within one hour. The proposed models are also applied on two real datasets (i.e., email data and web log data) to investigate the network structure among researchers and web pages. Results of simulation experiments and real data analyses suggest the proposed asymmetric scaling methods are viable ways of analyzing massive asymmetric flow data in marketing. / This thesis proposes three asymmetric scaling methods to analyze asymmetric flow data in marketing, namely Linear Asymmetric Scaling (LAS), Circular Asymmetric Scaling (CAS), and Two-dimensional Asymmetric Scaling (TAS). To visualize and analyze the asymmetric relationship among subjects, we assume that each subject has two relationship roles (i.e., as a source and as a destination of relationship flows). The LAS, CAS and TAS models represent asymmetric relationship among subjects by linear, circular and two-dimensional representations respectively. / Ho Ying. / "February 2007." / Adviser: Kin-Nam Lau. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-09, Section: A, page: 3969. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-241). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Focal liver lesions are commonly encountered in clinical practice. To be able to differentiate potentially life-threatening lesions from clinically insignificant lesions, and to be able to treat them effectively are the two basic problems of a clinician who comes across such lesions. Percutaneous intervention of the liver with a needle enables a clinician to solve the above two problems in a minimally invasive manner. To date, there is a diversity of needle-related percutaneous interventional procedures that are applicable to the clinical management of patients with liver lesions, such as biopsy of focal lesions, drainage of abscesses, and ablation of tumors. Despite a reasonable safety and efficacy associated with these procedures, there are always grounds of further improvement in techniques and technology of needle-related percutaneous procedures to achieve an even better outcome. It was hypothesized that the application of needle-related interventional radiology to clinical management of focal liver lesions could be facilitated and extended with advancement and refinement in needle-related techniques and technology. This thesis was based on a series of nine studies that aimed to explore the potential of needle-related percutaneous interventions in the clinical management of focal liver lesions and to study the effect of the introduction of innovations in needle-related techniques and technology on such clinical applications. It was concluded that the hypothesis was confirmed. / Yu Chun Ho. / "April 2006." / Adviser: Anil Ahuja. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: B, page: 5176. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-235). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

Computer simulation of human foot models can be widely used in areas such as surgery simulation, footwear design, gait analysis, etc. Nevertheless, due to the complexity in the modeling of human foot, not much work in the modeling and simulating of human foot model has been reported. In this thesis, we propose an anatomy-based approach for modeling and animating human foot. The anatomical model is divided into layers including skin, muscle, tendon and skeleton. In order to generate animation of the foot model, foot bone structure is transformed according to the foot motions. This induces the deformation of the muscle, tendon and consequently the skin layer. Physics-based approaches are adopted to deform the muscles and tendons. / In this thesis, we adopt the boundary element method (BEM) with linear boundary elements to model deformation of the muscles. Under our investigation, computing the deformation of models with linear boundary elements of BEM is significantly faster than the BEM with constant boundary elements. It also performs better than the finite element method (FEM) under most circumstances. The role of the tendons on determining deformation of the skin layer is also presented. To allow fast deformation, the axial deformation technique is adopted. Using the axial deformation technique, the shape of the axial curve is adjusted to control the deformation of tendon. Two approaches for updating the axial curve are presented. One approach deforms the axial curve of the tendon using geometric technique based on information from image data. Another approach updates the axial curve based on physical properties of the tendon using the mass-spring system. Each vertex of the skin layer is associated with the underlying muscles, tendons and skeleton. When the underlying muscle, tendon and skeleton layers change their shapes, the skin layer is deformed accordingly. Experimental results illustrated that the visual realism of a foot model is enhanced by considering the changes in foot tendons in the deformation of skin layer. / Tang, Yuk Ming. / "January 2007." / Adviser: Kin-Chuen Hui. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: B, page: 5372. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 184-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Further analyses of comparing the creativity scores of the experimental groups also showed inconsistent results. Participants in the promotion cue condition scored significantly higher in uniqueness and unusualness of standardized assessment, and fluency and flexibility of creative problem solving than those in the prevention cue condition. The correlation between promotion focus and creativity was found significantly higher under the promotion cue condition than the prevention cue condition. But other mixed results showed that the control group scored significantly higher fluency and flexibility of standardized assessment than participants in the promotion cue condition. Participants' levels of promotion focus trait also had main effects on their creativity scores. Participants with higher trait of promotion focus tended to score higher in most of the creativity indicators. / In conclusion, the present study provided some limited evidence that promotion focus as a personality trait had weak but positive associations with creativity, and achievement goal as a weak mediator in affecting students' creativity. Students' promotion trait had stronger main effect on their creative performance than situational promotion focus. Ways to improve the manipulation effects and future direction on research had been suggested. / Results showed that the manipulation was relatively ineffective as reflected by the manipulation questions. Participants' promotion trait had, however, main effects on the manipulation items. Participants with high promotion trait scored significantly higher in all the checking items of promotion focus. Participants' prevention trait also had main effects on their perception of checking items of prevention focus. Participants with high prevention trait got higher scores of prevention situation than individuals with medium and low trait level. / Study 2 took a further step to examine the effects of regulatory focus on creativity in 490 Grade 7 students who had taken part in the previous study. Participants of 13 intact classes were randomly assigned to one of the conditions, namely promotion-framing condition (188 students from 5 classes), prevention-framing condition (149 students from 4 classes), and the control condition (153 students from 4 classes). Verbal and written instructions were provided with an intention to frame the regulatory focus of individual students. Participants completed a parallel item of the alternate use battery of the standardized creativity assessment, another item of creative problem solving, and six checking questions. Previous scores of achievement goals and regulatory foci were used as covariates in analysis of variance to examine the differences in the checking items. / The present study aimed at examining the influence of two motivational variables---achievement goal and regulatory focus on creativity. It was composed of two empirical studies. Study 1 was designed to investigate how achievement goal and regulatory focus affected creativity. A total of 824 Grade 7 students took part in completing a questionnaire which comprised an alternate use item of a standardized creativity assessment, a creative problem solving task, an instrument on achievement goal and two instruments on regulatory focus. Exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to confirm the factor structures of achievement goals (mastery-approach goal, performance-approach goal, mastery-avoidance goal, and performance-avoidance goal) and regulatory foci (promotion focus and prevention focus). Results showed that these two variables were basically distinctive in nature. Positive but weak correlations were found between promotion focus and creativity, as well as prevention focus and creativity. Positive and weak correlations were also found between mastery-approach goal and creativity, performance-approach goal and creativity, as well as mastery-avoidance goal and creativity. Promotion focus had moderately high associations with both approach goals (mastery-approach and performance-approach) and avoidance goals (mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance), and so had prevention focus. Regression analyses indicated that the strongest predictor for creativity was promotion focus. Performance-approach goal and mastery-avoidance goal served as weak mediators of regulatory focus on creativity. / Hui Na Na Anna. / "November 2006." / Adviser: P. C. Cheung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-08, Section: A, page: 3279. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 206-224). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.