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Collective memory is a socially shared representation of the past. History, contrastingly, strives to be an unbiased, objective, and critical account of the past. Many researchers have argued that the so-called “history” found in school textbooks and curriculums align more with collective memory; however, many individuals do not know of the pervasiveness of collective memory in supposed “history” texts. To examine perceptions of accuracy and preference of American “history” textbook passages, individuals from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n= 404) participated in an online study where they were randomly assigned to read one passage that was either negatively biased, neutral, or positively biased regarding the U.S. dropping the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Participants rated their emotional valence of the event and their perceptions of accuracy and preference for the passage. The results suggest that individuals perceive negatively biased passages as less accurate and less preferable, even if their emotional valence matches the bias within the text. Individuals also showed the hypothesized interaction for preference; those who perceived the event as not negative preferred the positive text to the neutral and negative texts. The findings support evidence that individuals are motivated to prefer history passages consistent with their attitudes and rate higher accuracy among positive and neutral texts. The results have broader implications on reporting or dismissing human rights violations within collective memory.

Este trabalho estuda o problema da construção de sistemas orientados a objetos com características adaptativas, tendo como principal objetivo simplificar o processo de construção. Para isso o trabalho utiliza como base teórica a Tecnologia Adaptativa e sua aplicação em diversos formalismos. O Modelo Adaptativo de Objetos foi utilizado como base de comparação de soluções para a construção de sistemas adaptativos. Nesta pesquisa são apresentadas aplicações e uma proposição para a construção e modelagem de sistemas adaptativos, através da extensão do conceito de objetos com características da tecnologia adaptativa. Através deste estudo avaliou-se o impacto da aplicação do dispositivo adaptativo em um formalismo com tipo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstram que a tecnologia adaptativa é propícia para linguagens orientadas a objetos e que os diagramas UML são capazes, com pequenas extensões, de representar o comportamento adaptativo adequadamente. / This study addresses the issue of implementing object-oriented software with adaptive characteristics, having as primary purpose simplify the implementing process. The key theoretical basis consisted in adaptive technology and its application in various formalisms. Adaptive Object Model has been taken as comparison basis to solutions to implement adaptive systems. This study describes applications and a proposition to implement and model adaptive systems, through the extension of object concept with adaptive technology characteristics. It also evaluates the impact of applying adaptive devices in formalism with types. The results obtained demonstrate that adaptive technology is suitable for object-oriented languages and that UML diagrams are capable of presenting adaptive behavior appropriately with a small number of extensions.

Os riscos fazem parte do cotidiano das empresas. Eles variam conforme sua natureza, a chance de ocorrer e o impacto que pode ocasionar às organizações. Por diversas razões, as empresas de pequeno e médio portes estão mais suscetíveis à imprevisibilidade e aos efeitos negativos dos riscos. Desse modo, é essencial que criem processos capazes de gerenciar os riscos de modo contínuo e sistêmico. Entretanto, o que se pode constatar é que ainda são raros os casos de empresas desses portes que possuam esses mecanismos de gestão. Essas empresas são fundamentais para o sistema econômico nacional, tanto pela geração de empregos quanto pelo crescimento do PIB e desenvolvimento do país. Na revisão bibliográfica desta pesquisa, o autor busca expor os principais conceitos existentes para o termo \"risco\" que, apesar de ser objeto de estudo há muito tempo, ainda possui definições bastante distintas; busca também apresentar aspectos importantes sobre o Gerenciamento de Riscos Corporativos e detalhar os dois principais modelos usados no mundo: COSO e ISO 31000, além de apresentar um modelo de identificação de riscos que abrange toda cadeia de valor das empresas. Como objetivos, identificar e avaliar quais são os principais riscos envolvidos na gestão de uma pequena empresa nacional do setor de TI, além de propor uma estratégia de tratamento para eles. A metodologia escolhida foi a pesquisa ação, na qual o pesquisador possui uma postura direta e ativa sobre a pesquisa e sobre a problemática. A pesquisa foi realizada sob uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter exploratório. Após identificação, avaliação e proposição de uma estratégia para tratamento dos riscos, conclui-se que é possível a implementação de um processo de Gerenciamento de Riscos Corporativos em uma empresa de pequeno porte e esse processo pode criar condições favoráveis para sobrevivência e crescimento das organizações. Muitos riscos descritos na literatura, que afetam negativamente as pequenas e médias empresas em vários países do globo, foram identificados na empresa analisada, enfatizando a necessidade de gestão dos riscos de um modo sistêmico, abrangente e contínuo. São poucas as pesquisas sobre este tema, na literatura nacional e, portanto, são fundamentais os estudos que possam contribuir para melhor entendimento deste universo. / Risks are part of everyday business. They vary according to their nature, the chance to occur and the impact they can have on organizations. For various reasons, small and medium-sized enterprises are more susceptible to unpredictability and the negative effects of risks. In this way, it is essential that they create processes capable of managing risks in a continuous and systemic way. However, what can be seen is that there are still rare cases of companies of these sizes that have these management mechanisms. These companies are fundamental to the national economic system, both for the generation of jobs and for the GDP growth and development of the country. In the bibliographic review of this research, the author seeks to expose the main concepts existing for the term \"risk\" that, despite being object of study for a long time, still has quite different definitions; he also seeks to present important aspects of Enterprise Risk Management and to detail the two main models used in the world: COSO and ISO 31000, in addition to presenting a model of risk identification that covers the entire value chain of companies. The objectives are to identify and evaluate the main risks involved in the management of a small national IT company, and propose a treatment strategy for them. The methodology chosen was action research, in which the researcher has a direct and active attitude about the research and the problem. The research was carried out under a qualitative approach from an exploratory perspective. After identifying, evaluating and proposing a risk management strategy, it was possible to conclude that it is possible to implement an Enterprise Risk Management process in a small company, and this process can create favorable conditions for the survival and growth of the organization. Many risks described in the literature, which negatively affect small and medium enterprises in several countries of the globe, were identified in the analyzed company, emphasizing the need for risk management in a systemic, comprehensive and continuous way. There are few researches on this topic, in the national literature and, therefore, are fundamental studies that can contribute to a better understanding of this universe.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2016. / This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. / Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 221-224). / High-Speed Rail (HSR) has been expanding throughout the world, providing various nations with alternative solutions for the infrastructure design of intercity passenger travel. HSR is a capital-intensive infrastructure, in which multiple subsystems are closely integrated. Also, HSR operation lasts for a long period, and its performance indicators are continuously altered by incremental updates. With this background, design and monitoring of lifecycle properties, or "ilities", is an important factor to achieve long-term successful operation. This thesis aims to analyze and evaluate dynamic behaviors of "ilities" and their interactions in HSR operation. After the literature review and the study of industrial trends about HSR "ilities", safety, availability and profitability are chosen as key "ilities" which should be monitored in HSR operation. The Tokaido Shinkansen in Japan, and Amtrak's service in the US Northeast Corridor (NEC) are chosen as cases to study "ilities" trends. In the Tokaido Shinkansen, three "ilities" form a positive feedback loop to make HSR operation successful. The NEC shows high profitability, but it does not perform as well in terms of safety and availability due to several systemic factors. System Dynamics (SD) is applied to visualize interactions of "ilities" and other variables of interest. Qualitative causal loop diagrams (CLD) reveal several feedback loops affecting "ilities". In particular, the integration of train operation and infrastructure / rolling stock management results in the emergence of major feedback loops which cannot easily be captured by other methodologies. Qualitative SD models are converted into quantitative SD models, and numerical simulations are run to further understand the structure of causal loop diagrams. Estimated parameters in the Tokaido and the NEC suggest the different relationships among "ilities" and other variables. Further, sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate how different policies affect "ilities" in future HSR operations. / by Tatsuya Doi. / S.M. in Engineering Systems

Este trabalho estuda o problema da construção de sistemas orientados a objetos com características adaptativas, tendo como principal objetivo simplificar o processo de construção. Para isso o trabalho utiliza como base teórica a Tecnologia Adaptativa e sua aplicação em diversos formalismos. O Modelo Adaptativo de Objetos foi utilizado como base de comparação de soluções para a construção de sistemas adaptativos. Nesta pesquisa são apresentadas aplicações e uma proposição para a construção e modelagem de sistemas adaptativos, através da extensão do conceito de objetos com características da tecnologia adaptativa. Através deste estudo avaliou-se o impacto da aplicação do dispositivo adaptativo em um formalismo com tipo. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstram que a tecnologia adaptativa é propícia para linguagens orientadas a objetos e que os diagramas UML são capazes, com pequenas extensões, de representar o comportamento adaptativo adequadamente. / This study addresses the issue of implementing object-oriented software with adaptive characteristics, having as primary purpose simplify the implementing process. The key theoretical basis consisted in adaptive technology and its application in various formalisms. Adaptive Object Model has been taken as comparison basis to solutions to implement adaptive systems. This study describes applications and a proposition to implement and model adaptive systems, through the extension of object concept with adaptive technology characteristics. It also evaluates the impact of applying adaptive devices in formalism with types. The results obtained demonstrate that adaptive technology is suitable for object-oriented languages and that UML diagrams are capable of presenting adaptive behavior appropriately with a small number of extensions.

The objective of this study is to investigate the appropriateness of the term kami (神) as the translation of the term ‘God’ from the point-of-view of Dynamic Equivalent (DE) translation in Japan. The study argues that the translated term kami (神) in the Japanese Bible was adopted at first without sufficient investigation of its appropriateness but because of its penetrating character, it became the exclusive term to represent the monotheistic God. Discussion of the effect of the philosophy of Dynamic Equivalent translation in the history of Bible translation in Japan and the history of the changes of the Japanese notion of God is used to justify the validity of the above argument. As a procedure, two translation methods (DE and FE) seen in conventional Bible translations have been compared, supported by case studies where these methods are used. Next, to understand the mind of the Japanese who were the recipients of the new concept of God, the history of Japanese Shinto is discussed. Finally, the lives of two Japanese assistants of Japanese Bible translation, Anjirō and Otokichi, are studied. The study concludes that the adoption of kami (神) was appropriate from the point-of-view of DE translation, and the Japanese assistants also applied the DE translation method unconsciously. A reassessment of their selection of the terms for God is possible if they are seen as examples of the DE translation method.

Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 博士 / 理学

The flipped classroom is a teaching methodology that is well documented within the education research literature, growing within the academic environment, and quickly making its way into library instruction. It flips the traditional classroom by presenting lecture content in advance as homework in a digital format, while using face-to-face class time to focus on assessment, handsͲonͲactivities and class discussion. This paper will include a summary of the flipped classroom research literature and its value for application to music library instruction, an overview of the development and design of a new research methods course for undergraduate students at the University of Saskatchewan, and presentation of results from an initial survey of student learning and engagement. Findings show that the flipped classroom is a highly adaptable method for delivering music research methods content, which takes advantage of educational technology and online learning to enhance the student]s learning and engagement within the class. The course at the center of this case study prepares undergraduate music students to find, use and evaluate information resources in physical and online environments, and to prepare students to complete a research-based program notes. writing assignment as part of their yearͲend recital requirements. The design of the research methods course relied on a collaborative and consultative approach with the Department of Music and the University Centre for Teaching Effectiveness. Learning objectives were informed by current information literacy standard including the Information Literacy Instructional Objectives for Undergraduate Music Students (Music Library Association) and the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (ACRL), with a nod to the Draft Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education (ACRL), currently in development. The course aims to meet undergraduate students where they already are, in a continually evolving digital environment, and to position them to better understand the evolving practices of music research in the digital age.