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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Una nueva forma de memoriar: la genealogía fallida como política autorial en novelas películas chilenas y argentinas del dos mil

Álvarez Parra, Natalia January 2016 (has links)
Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura
52

My name is Afrika: Setswana genealogies, trans-atlantic interlocutions, and NOW-time in Keorapetse Kgositsile's life and work

Phalafala, Portia Mahlodi January 2016 (has links)
South African poet laureate Keorapetse Kgositsile lived in extraordinary times marked by extraordinary challenges and changes. Born in 1938, exactly a decade before the draconian apartheid regime came into power, his life and work emerge from the milieus of British colonial South Africa, apartheid South Africa, civil rights America, anti-apartheid movements, anti-colonial wars in Africa, anti-imperialism in Asia, cold war politics, and the eventual demise of both the Berlin wall and the apartheid regime in South Africa. His poetry responds to these times in illuminating ways. His poetic influences point to his Tswanacentred upbringing, his encounter with Afro-American oral and literary traditions, the styles and poetics of Drum writers, the outpouring of African literature he received from the Makerere conference of Uganda, and anti-colonial critical thinkers from Africa and its diaspora. At age twenty three, post-Sharpeville massacres, he was sent into exile by the leadership of the ANC, and he took with him a corpus of Tswana literature which would in/form his poetic. He readily immersed himself in the oral and written tradition of Afro-America while in exile in the United States of America. His work interweaves the oral and literary traditions of black South Africa and black America, revealing a dynamic and complex relationship between the two geographical sites. Where oral traditions have largely been left out of the broader narrative of modernity, this study demonstrates how oral traditions remain alive and are reinvigorated, providing a resource that is then carried across the Atlantic and renewed in translation, rather than left behind to ossify. Kgositsile's prominent presence in black international periodicals and his collaborations with other diasporic cultural, political and musical figures there show that the relationship between the two geographical sites is more complex than its current positioning of Afro-America as a vanguard on which Africans model themselves. Through a reading of Kgositsile's revolutionary poetry, this study also shows how the indigenous resource base enables him to resolve the agonising temporal and spatial tensions presented by modernity's colonialism. He coins concepts that re-enchant the world through a poetic that fosters a dialogue between past and future, and traditional and modern in a simultaneous present he deems the NOW-time.
53

An Essay on the Literary Genealogy of Power : Justine - The Trial - Nausea

Hodec, Markus E. January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
54

Preliminary genealogical evidence for the Plakophilin-2 gene, PKP2 c.1162C>T founder mutation in cases with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

Machipisa, Tafadzwa January 2016 (has links)
Introduction: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a progressive form of inherited heart muscle disease characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Often the pathogenesis is linked to deleterious mutations in the desmosomal gene plakophilin-2 (PKP2). We extended investigations of the pathogenic PKP2 c.1162C>T founder mutation which had previously been reported to occur within four 'unrelated' probands (6.2%) who selfidentified as Afrikaners and who also carried a common haplotype. Common evolutionary history suggests common haplotypes are linked to a common founder and today the Afrikaner populations are a unique ethnic group in South Africa identified with various founder effects for a range of heritable disorders. Aim: This study aimed to identify the common founder using genealogical and molecular methods for the PKP2 c.1162C>T mutation in ARVC families of Afrikaner descent in South Africa. Methods and results: DNA was collected from 46 participants (7 probands and 39 relatives) from the ARVC Registry of South Africa. Probands and relatives were screened for the PKP2 c.1162C>T mutation using High Resolution Melt and Sanger sequencing. The genetic results indicated that 65.2% (30/46) of the family members harbored this mutation. High Resolution Melt, Sanger sequencing and microsatellite typing were used to create a haplotype which encompassed the c.1162C>T mutation and three microsatellite markers (M1, D12S1692 and M2) spanning the PKP2 gene. A common haplotype emerged that segregated amongst all of the affected members of the seven Afrikaner families. Genealogical tracing went back, through multiple generations, into the implicated ancestral lines of the present day Afrikaner families. Four of the seven families attained their 17th century progenitors. Through genealogical analyses of the two largest families, ACM 19 and ACM 38, we identified 116 couples which we reduced to ten candidate South African founder couples who were then subjected to further analyses. After the ACM 12 family was added to the analysis there were five candidate founder couples. Unfortunately, the ACM 71 family did not progress past the 20th century due to tracing difficulties associated with poor record keeping of mixed ancestry data in South Africa and hence, could not be linked back to any other family tree without finding ACM71.5's grandparents. Additionally, ACM 8 and 57 families were recent finds and completion of their genealogical tracing still has to done. Conclusions: Our genetic data showed that not only were 30/46 individuals positive for the PKP2 c.1162C>T mutation but that all 30 individuals also shared the same common haplotype. Our preliminary genealogy tracing data suggests that the PKP2 c.1162C>T mutation segregates at a higher frequency in the Afrikaner population possibly due to a founder effect. The genealogical evidence supports the hypothesis that the PKP2 c.1162C>T mutation is a founder mutation and that descendants of the common founders are at risk of developing ARVC. At least three more families need to be recruited to make a clear conclusion and achieve genealogical evidence based saturation, ideally, a common founder.
55

Ankh, Ujda, Seneb (Life, Strength, Health): “Let Food Be Thy Medicine,” An Epistemic Examination on the Genealogy of the Africana Holistic Health Tradition, with Preliminary Considerations in the City of Philadelphia, 1967 to the Present

Heq-m-Ta, Heru Setepenra January 2016 (has links)
The utilization of natural elements of the earth to remedy corporeal maladies dates back to the medical systems of ancient Nile Valley culture. Given the continuity and intergenerational transmission of knowledge evident in African expressions of culture, these olden naturalistic health techniques, throughout time, have continuously been used as therapeutic modalities by posterior African cultures—both continental and Diasporic. Due to its tripartite approach to healing—of mind, body and spirit— this age-old African healing tradition has gained popularity in contemporary times and is commonly known today as the locution: holistic health. The principal objective of this intellectual project is to reveal an unbroken genealogy of a thriving Africana holistic health tradition upheld by both advocates and practitioners in the field. Notwithstanding the current state of health of Africans residing in the United States, the praxis of these ancient healing customs is extant within communities which the population is predominately African. Through considering the publication of How to Eat to Live in 1967, this study articulates a resurgence among contemporary African healers of an olden healing tradition once customary on the banks of the Nile. The proposed outlook of this work to highlight the various means of alternative health available by and for African descendants that ultimately serves as a catalyst to take matters of health into our own hands. / African American Studies
56

Examining the dynamic cascading of international norms through cluster genealogies. 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and Other Cases

Sumita, Benita January 2016 (has links)
In 1998 the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement were developed following years of crises faced by the millions of people experiencing forced displacement, especially those internally displaced. These Principles were widely considered to be precedent setting, both historically and normatively. However, the examination of the construction of the international norms that underpin the Principles indicates that there are important epistemological weaknesses in widely used constructivist frameworks that understand normative shifts in international relations. They are critiqued as being impedingly linear, temporally compressed and analytically obstructive in its agent-centric view of norm cascading. This research aims to address some of these gaps with an enhanced life-cycle model using cluster genealogies and the processes of replication and particularization. The reformulated framework is tested for robustness and feasibility using two preliminary cases – UNSC Resolution 1325 and the Chemical Weapons Convention. It is then used to conduct an in-depth original analysis of the development of the 1998 UN Guiding Principles. The findings in the case of the Guiding Principles show, for example, that though the acceptance of the IDP definition was a big leap, the replication and particularization of human rights limits the humanitarian scope of the Guiding Principles, and also brings into question existing humanitarian protection of IDPs under the Geneva Conventions. Meanwhile, rooting them in ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has not shifted the community of states’ intersubjective take on sovereignty, but it has added to the existing normative tension – individual vs. state – that underpins the very understanding of sovereignty.
57

A evolução das redes de computadores e as filosofias tecno-políticas nos finais do século XX: para uma genealogia dos novo media

Pedro Filipe Terra Lopes 20 November 2015 (has links)
No description available.
58

Nero primus persecutor christianorum et praecursor antichristi : una revisión crítica de las fuentes literarias

Cuesta Fernández, Jorge 21 December 2015 (has links)
“Nero primus persecutor christianorum et praecursor Antichristi. Una revisión crítica de las fuentes literarias” se define como una labor investigadora realizada con el propósito no solo de abordar críticamente la documentación escrita mediante la cual se ha retratado a Nerón no solo como el primer perseguidor del cristianismo sino también aquella que recogió una reputación póstuma sin precedentes, pudiéndose verificar en las fuentes como se acabó vinculando un retorno futuro protagonizado por el emperador junto con el Anticristo de las formas más diversas (e incluso problemáticas) a lo largo de casi cinco siglos. De este modo, ha sido posible llevar a cabo la materialización de un proyecto de tesis doctoral a través del cual fuese posible proporcionar una novedosa y diferente perspectiva a la cuestión del perfil apocalíptico asignado de Nerón siglos después de haber fallecido y que ha sido catalogada por historiadores y especialistas a lo largo del siglo XX como Nero redivivus, dos palabras latinas que traduciéndose al castellano vendrían a significar “Nerón revivido”. Como consecuencia del diverso contenido de las fuentes así como los respectivos contextos históricos a los que pertenecieron dichos textos (especialmente aquellos sobre el vínculo entre Nerón y el Anticristo), se estableció como primordial meta determinar cuál sería el origen de tales creencias apocalípticas, el punto de partida para poder explicar cómo fue posible que casi trescientos años después de la muerte del emperador pudiera constituir en símbolo del fin de los tiempos, descartando la postura historiográfica vigente de que estos textos (junto con otros en los que no hubiese asociación alguna con el Anticristo) habían sido reunidos y catalogados bajo la misma terminología. Los objetivos establecidos para la realización de la investigación doctoral han sido los siguientes: En primer lugar, demostrar que aquellos textos en los que se informa sobre la creencia en Nerón como precursor del Anticristo (Lactancio y Sulpicio Severo) no guardaría relación alguna con el Nero redivivus; en segundo lugar, plantear el uso de terminologías latinas con las que poder catalogar correctamente todos los textos que forman parte de la cuestión clásica del Nero redivivus, incluso en aquellos en los que el nombre del emperador estaría explícito y vinculado al Anticristo y de forma diferente a la información transmitida por los autores patrísticos aludidos en el primer objetivo. En tercer lugar, señalar en qué textos sería correcta la utilización de los términos Nero redivivus y Nero rediturus, siendo ésta última expresión recientemente acuñada por historiadores como Klauck, Van Kooten o Malik. En cuarto lugar, comprobar en qué medida fueron decisivos los textos procedentes del Antiguo y del Nuevo Testamento canónico (además de otros procedentes del ámbito apócrifo) para que no solo se pudiera llegar a creerse en una asociación entre Nerón y el Anticristo, sino que ésta se prolongase desde mediados del siglo III (Comodiano) hasta la segunda mitad del V (Agustín de Hipona, Quodvultdeus, Liber genealogus). Los dos últimos objetivos estarían estrechamente relacionados con otra parte importante en la investigación, aquella centrada en el análisis del recuerdo histórico de la represión neroniana contra los cristianos y el martirio atribuido por las fuentes literarias cristianas de los apóstoles Pedro y Pablo, contemplándose de qué fuentes escritas cristianas arrancaría la consideración de Nerón como primer perseguidor y emprendiendo la revisión crítica de aquellos textos que para historiadores e investigadores en las últimas décadas contendrían referencias ocultas o implícitas tanto de la persecución anticristiana de la represión neroniana contra los cristianos como de los episodios martiriales protagonizados por Pedro y Pablo y destacadamente por el primero en algunos exponentes de la literatura apócrifa apocalíptica (Martirio y Ascensión de Isaías, Apocalipsis de Pedro). En cuanto a la metodología, en primer lugar se llevó a cabo una lectura parcial de las fuentes primarias sin prestar atención inmediata a los estudios realizados sobre estos y otros semejantes, realizándose el mismo procedimiento para la documentación necesaria y fundamental para el estudio de la primera persecución y el martirio de Pedro y Pablo. En el transcurso del curso 2012-2013 se procedió a la búsqueda de la pertinente bibliografía, gracias al acceso a bases electrónicas como JSTOR, Perseé, Dialnet y la Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. También se ha acudido a las bibliotecas universitarias más cercanas, como la de la Universidad de Alicante así como recurrido al servicio de préstamo interbibliotecario tanto de esta universidad como la de Murcia. Las nuevas tecnologías (entre ellas, la red social conocida como Academia.edu) han facilitado el contacto con varios de los autores cuyos trabajos han sido utilizados como en el caso de George Van Kooten, Jos Vaesen y Shushma Malik, entre otros. En el transcurso de los cursos académicos 2013-2014 y 2014-2015 se escribió el estado de la cuestión y la totalidad de los contenidos de la presente investigación. En lo referente a las conclusiones, como consecuencia de haber consultado el contenido de cada uno de los textos consultados para la consecución de dicha investigación, la expresión Nero praecursor Antichristi sería la apropiada para definir y calificar ideológicamente el retorno de Nerón tal y como lo transmitieron Lactancio y Sulpicio Severo, con independencia de que lo secundasen o no. Por el contrario, no sería muy acertado catalogar la creencia apocalíptica en la aparición conjunta de Nerón y el Anticristo atribuida a Martín de Tours a modo Nero redivivus ni mucho menos como Nero praecursor Antichristi, ya que del texto podría deducirse que ambos aparecerían al mismo tiempo y actuarían en ámbitos geográficos distintos. Por lo tanto, y en el caso del texto sobre la exposición de la visión del fin del mundo del mentor de Sulpicio Severo, la reaparición de Nerón varios siglos después de su fallecimiento no se produciría previamente a la del Anticristo a lo que debe añadirse que Martín no precisa que tal regreso necesitara de una resurrección previa, pudiéndose catalogar como Nero et Antichristus. Con respecto a Agustín de Hipona y más concretamente a la primera de las dos creencias surgidas de la interpretación del concepto paulino del misterio de iniquidad, no sería desacertado calificarla de Nero redivivus puesto que consistiría en la resurrección de Nerón, aunque tampoco sería descabellado definirla con muchísima más precisión como Nero redivivus quod Antichristus incarnatus, mientras que para el segundo tipo de creencia, al incluir como detalle el que Nerón no hubiese muerto, encajaría mejor con la expresión de Nero rediturus (Nerón regresa sin haber muerto). Se ha determinado también como conclusión que algunas secciones o ideas procedentes de libros de la literatura neotestamentaria y la veterotestamentaria así como algunos aspectos del pensamiento teológico desarrollado por algunos autores patrísticos sobre el Anticristo (como la reconstrucción del Templo o la aparición de dos figuras “anticristológicas”) habrían servido de fundamentos ideológicos para dar forma al pensamiento apocalíptico basado en presentar a Nerón como individuo escatológico ligado al Anticristo, previo o coetáneo a éste último. Comodiano y Victorino de Petovio (inspirados en el capítulo undécimo del Apocalipsis de Juan) recurrieron a los dos testigos y a la Bestia “que asciende del abismo” para dar forma a sus respectivas visiones apocalípticas en las que Nerón como Anticristo o el Anticristo como Nerón (Nero quod Antichristus; Antichristus quod Nero) acabaría con la vida de los dos testigos, siendo ambos identificados con Elías y Henoc, convirtiéndose en los nuevos Pedro y Pablo pero sobre todo en los apóstoles de los tiempos escatológicos. Los textos de ambos autores cristianos bien podrían catalogarse con las siguientes terminologías: Para Comodiano serían válidas tanto la de Nero quod Antichristus como la de Antchristus quod Nero (dependiendo la obra consultada) mientras que para Victorino tan solo sería válida la segunda. La reputación histórica de Nerón como primer perseguidor en la literatura cristiana inaugurada por Tertuliano y mantenida unánimemente por los autores patrísticos venideros no habría sido lo suficientemente contundente para que a Nerón se le tuviese como un recuerdo del pasado, porque trescientos años tras su muerte (de formas muy diversas) el nombre del emperador estaría asociado al del Anticristo, constatándose la existencia de diferentes creencias de índole apocalíptica y en esencia con contenidos muy similares entre sí, procediendo bien de autores individuales o probablemente de minúsculos grupos cristianos de mentalidad milenarista contrarios a la teología escatológica oficial, erigiéndose en motivo de imparable terror o miedo por la sola idea de que aquel que emprendiese la primera persecución y martirizase a Pedro y Pablo fuese capaz de regresar en el futuro previamente al Anticristo, encarnándose en él o adoptando éste último la apariencia del emperador para desencadenar una persecución mucho más violenta, convirtiéndose el nombre Nerón en señal inequívoca de que el fin de los tiempos de que estaba próximo. / "Nero primus persecutor christianorum et praecursor Antichristi. A critical review of literary sources” may be defined as a research work whose purpose is to critically address the written documentation through which Nero has been portrayed as the first persecutor of Christianity. However, it can also be defined as the one that recopilated a posthumous reputation without precedents. This can be proved in the sources as linking a future return ended starring the emperor along with the Antichrist of the most diverse forms (and even problematic) over almost five centuries. Thus, it has been possible to carry out the realization of a doctoral thesis project through which we can provide a new and different perspective to the issue of the apocalyptic profile assigned to Nero centuries after his death. This has been listed by historians and specialists during the twentieth century as Nero redivivus. These two Latin words would be translated like "Nero revived". As a result of different content sources as well as the respective historical contexts these texts belong to (especially those dealing with the link between Nero and Antichrist), it was established as a primary goal to determine what could be the origin of such apocalyptic beliefs. This would be the premise to explain, for almost three hundred years after the death of the emperor, how it was possible that this could be a symbol of the end of times, discarding the force of these texts (along with others that had no association with the historiographical stance Antichrist) which were collected and cataloged under the same terminology. The main objectives of this doctoral thesis are the following: Firstly, we would like to show that those texts dealing with the belief of Nero as the forerunner of the Antichrist (Lactantius and Sulpicius Severus) would not have any relationship with the so called Nero redivivus; secondly, to reconsider the use of the Latin terminology which has been used to catalog all the texts forming part of the classic question of Nero redivivus, including even those in which the name of the emperor would be explicit and linked to the Antichrist and in a different way to the information transmitted by the aforementioned patristic writers in the first goal. Thirdly, we would like to underline which could be the texts in which the terms Nero redivivus and Nero rediturus would be correctly used. This last term has been traditionally coined by historians such as Klauck, Van Kooten or Malik. Fourthly, we would like to check the extent to which texts from the Old and New Testament canon are instrumental (along with others from the apocryphal field) not only to believe in a partnership between Nero and Antichrist, but this is prolonged since the mid-third century (Commodian) until the second half of V (Augustine of Hippo, Quodvultdeus, Liber genealogus). The last two goals would be closely related to another important part in this research: the analysis of the historical memory of Nero's repression against Christians as well as the martyrdom attributed by the Apostles Peter's and Paul's Christian literary sources. In this way, it would be contemplated from which Christian written sources would stem the consideration of Nero as the first persecutor and undertaking a critical review of those texts that for historians and researchers in recent decades would contain hidden or implied references as regards both the anti-Christian repression Nero's persecution against Christians and the martyrdom episodes made by Peter and Paul and prominently by the former in some exponents of the apocalyptic apocryphal literature (Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah, Apocalypse of Peter). As far as the methodology of the research is concerned, first we carried out a partial reading of the primary sources without paying immediate attention to the studies based on them and similar ones. The same procedure was followed in relation to the necessary and essential documentation for the study of the first persecution and martyrdom of Peter and Paul. During the year 2012-2013, we proceeded to search the relevant literature by accessing to different electronic databases such as JSTOR, Perseus, Dialnet and the Spanish Virtual Library called Miguel de Cervantes. We also used bibliographical references from the nearest university libraries, including the University of Alicante and resorted to interlibrary loan service from this university as well as the one from Murcia. New technologies (including social network known as Academia.edu) have facilitated contact with several authors whose works have been used. This is the case of George Van Kooten, Jos Vaesen and Shushma Malik, to name a few. During the academic years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, the state of art and the entire contents of this study were written. As for the conclusions, having consulted the content of each of the texts for the achievement of that investigation, Nero praecursor Antichristi expression would be the appropriate to define and ideologically qualify the return of Nero as it was transmitted by Lactantius and Sulpicius Severus, regardless of whether it was seconded or not. On the contrary, it would not be very successful to catalog the apocalyptic belief in the joint appearance of Nero and Antichrist attributed to Martin of Tours as Nero redivivus and by no means as Nero praecursor Antichristi as we can deduce from the text that both appear at the same time and they act in different geographical areas. Therefore, and in the case of the text on the vision about the end’s days from Sulpicius Severus’s teacher, the reappearance of Nero centuries after his death would not be produced previously as that of the Antichrist. In this line, it must be added that Martin does not require that such return needed a prior resurrection, which can be categorized as Nero et Antichristus. Regarding Augustine and more specifically to the first of two beliefs arising from the interpretation of the Pauline concept of the mystery of iniquity, it would be unwise to qualify Nero redivivus as it would be the resurrection of Nero. Nevertheless, it would not be unreasonable to define it with much more precision as Nero quod Antichristus incarnatus, while for the second type of belief, to include as a detail that Nero had not died, would fit better with the expression of Nero rediturus (Nero returns without dying). In the conclusion, it has also been determined that some sections or ideas from books of the New Testament literature and Old Testament as well as some aspects of theological thought developed by some patristic writers on the Antichrist (as the rebuilding of the Temple or the appearance of two “antichristological” figures) would have provided the ideological foundations to shape the apocalyptic thinking based on featuring Nero as a eschatological individual linked to the Antichrist prior to or contemporaneous with the latter. Commodian and Victorinus of Pettau (inspired by the eleventh chapter of the Book of Revelation) resort to the two witnesses and the Beast "rising from the abyss" to shape their apocalyptic visions of Nero as the Antichrist or the Antichrist as Nero (Nero quod Antichristus; Antichristus quod Nero) would end the life of the two witnesses, both been identified as Elijah and Enoch, becoming the new Peter and Paul but especially the apostles of the eschatological times. The texts of both Christian authors could well be cataloged with the following terminology: for Commodian, both Nero quod Antichristus and Antchristus quod Nero could be valid (depending on the consulted work) while for Victorinus of Pettau, the second one would be acceptable. The historical reputation of Nero as the first persecutor in Christian literature inaugurated by Tertullian and maintained unanimously by the future patristic writers would not have been strong enough to think of Nero as a memory of the past. This could be due to the fact that, three hundred years after his death, (of very different) ways the emperor's name would be associated with the Antichrist, confirming the existence of different beliefs of apocalyptic nature and with very similar contents. These would come either from individual authors or probably from tiny Christian groups of millenarian mentality contrary to the official eschatological theology, establishing itself a source of dread or fear unstoppable by the very idea that anyone who undertakes the first persecution and martyrizes Peter and Paul was able to return in the future prior to the Antichrist, incarnated in him or the latter adopting the appearance of the Emperor to trigger a much more violent persecution, becoming the name Nero a clear signal that the end of times was near.
59

From Irrigation Engineers to Victims of Type 2 Diabetes: Connecting Natural Resource Conditions with Type 2 Diabetes in the Pima Indians of the Gila River Reservation

Stowe, Elizabeth January 2016 (has links)
Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / For over a century, Pima Indians living just south of Phoenix, Arizona on the Gila River Indian Reservation have suffered from an epidemic of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Over half of the Pima population living on the reservation is diagnosed with diabetes while the socioeconomic conditions of the tribal community are in an unstable and dilapidated state (Unnatural Causes 2008). Fifty percent of the Pimas living on the Gila River Indian Community live below the poverty level (Unnatural Causes 2008). Displacement from traditional customs and neglect from the U.S. federal government are just some of the detrimental impacts the people have faced over the last century (Unnatural Causes 2008). The discussions within this paper will attempt to address how and why the Pima Indians have experienced such severe changes in lifestyle and economy over the last century and what affect this has had on the physical health of the people in the community. By addressing these overarching issues, one should find that socioeconomics and conditions of physical health are strongly connected. Looking even closer though, specifically at the epidemic of type 2 diabetes and the contributing risk factors that this population suffers from, one will begin to question how within just a matter of 3 decades the number of diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes doubled among the Pima and how the rates are some of the highest recorded in the entire world. Moreover, the underlying issue is not simply a cause of poor diet, change in activity levels and unfavorable genetics, rather - being robbed of a critical natural resource, forced to adapt to unfavorable economic changes and in the end, the U.S. government failure to intervene – are truly the underlying causes that have impacted the health of the Pima Indians of Southern Arizona. The Pimas are people of their natural environment. Having a long history of living along the Gila River, the Pima were water irrigation engineers (Unnatural Causes 2008). Cultivating local crops, living off the land and providing for themselves using waters of the Gila River in an arid climate is as much a part of their culture as is their ancestral bloodline. The research presented in these discussions will look at the identical ancestry of Pima Indians living in Southwestern Sonora, Mexico in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Maycoba in order to evaluate the Pima tribe’s predisposition to the disease. The significance of looking at these groups is that their genetic history is the same based upon linguistic and genealogy studies (Schulz, Bennett, Ravussin, Kidd, Kidd, Esparza, Valencia, 2006). However, the Pima living in Sonora have not seen the same ever-increasing rates of type 2 diabetes or even obesity, as their northern counterparts have. Notably, the Mexican Pima have not experienced the same environmental changes (i.e. drought) either. Subsequently, the Pima of Sonora have been able to continue their traditional ways of life including subsistence farming and healthy diet and exercise. A historical background of the Arizona Pimas will be provided, from their cultural traditions as irrigation engineers to their participation in federal subsidy programs and their current economic state. In-depth historical accounts will also be made for the history of water law in the Southwestern United States, including what drove white settlers’ demand for water west of the Mississippi over the course of two centuries, to the attempts to mitigate the severity of drought on Native American reservations through multiple legislative acts. Information regarding the Mexican Pima’s current economy, levels of physical activity and typical diet will be presented in comparison to the present health and economic conditions of the Arizona Pima.
60

Estimating relationships and relatedness from dense genome-wide data

Sun, Meng January 2016 (has links)
Relationship and relatedness estimation from genetic markers is relevant to many areas, including genealogical research, genetic counselling, forensics, linkage analysis and association analyses in genetic epidemiology. Traditionally unlinked genetic markers (microsatellites) are used. But the problems which can be solved by such markers are limited. Linked genetic markers are not only available in much larger numbers, but also provide extra information which is not available from unlinked markers. It is desirable to exploit the increasing availability of dense genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) data for estimating relationships and relatedness. While Method of Moments (MoM) methods and other non-pedigree approaches only give a degree of pairwise relatedness, a pedigree likelihood approach can distinguish exact relationships. The pedigree likelihood approach also has advantages in that extra individuals can be considered jointly and extra data such as Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial SNPs can be incorporated with autosomal SNPs easily. In this thesis I firstly confirm that the increase in information obtained from large sets of linked markers substantially increases the number of problems that can be solved with pedigree approach. Furthermore, when two distant relatives do share genome segments through identity by descent (IBD), we usually have greater power to distinguish more distant relatives from unrelated pairs than was previously believed. Data on extra individuals always improve discriminatory power, but the position of the extra individuals in the pedigree dictates the extent of this increase of power. Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) is an issue for pedigree likelihood approach and it needs to be dealt with. MoM methods are easy to use and are generally robust to the effect of LD, but they are only accurate for relatives up to second cousins. I propose using pedigree likelihood approach to estimate pairwise relatedness and find we can greatly improve the accuracy in detecting distant relatives.

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