Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / En esta investigación me interesa articular un campo de estudio: la Archivística Histórica, entendida como un puente vinculante entre dos disciplinas para indagar la historia de los archivos y los documentos. Utilizando la genealogía foucaultiana como una herramienta metodológica y analítica, pretendo aplicar este modelo de estudio en un caso de estudio concreto: el proceso de conformación del archivo de la Parroquia de El Sagrario de Santiago de Chile entre los siglos XVII y XVIII. Para ello, analizo las diferentes normativas –tanto de la Corona como de la Iglesia– que convirtieron a la Parroquia de El Sagrario en una institución productora, organizadora y conservadora de documentos en dicho periodo. En un contexto de colonización y en un Occidente que se concibió como cuerpo, las parroquias indianas fueron concebidas como satélites imbricados a un sistema de recopilación, ordenación y sistematización de información para acrecentar el conocimiento y el poder de la Monarquía. También, fueron percibidas como un mecanismo de extensión de los sentidos de los sucesivos monarcas. Los curas rectores y sus tenientes, así, devinieron en parte de sus ojos, oídos y manos, tal como declararon algunos textos emblemáticos y de ciencia política que circularon en esa época. Más adelante, analizo hasta qué punto la legalidad se plasmó en la práctica laboral de los distintos funcionarios eclesiásticos durante esos 30 años, enfocándome en las prácticas de escritura y vaciamiento de información en los libros de bautismo. Sostengo que la disposición originaria de la función atribuida al archivo se mezcló con intereses administrativos e institucionales más locales y el registro fue heterogéneo y variopinto. En una sociedad que delegó la escritura como la colonial, fueron ellos los encargados de estampar el relato oral de sus clientes en un soporte duradero y bajo un formato organizado que permitió una futura accesibilidad a los habitantes de Santiago que buscaron una garantía de sus derechos y de su memoria. Fueron ellos, también, los autores intelectuales de los escritos materiales que, más adelante y en otro contexto, fueron y han sido utilizados por los investigadores –principalmente, demógrafos históricos y genealogistas– para reconstruir el pasado y representar el pasado. Esta doble función –de ventrílocuo en su mundo y de filtro que modela las percepciones sobre el pasado de los investigadores– obliga a interesarse en las prácticas iv archivísticas de estos sujetos y, conjuntamente, en el contexto en que desarrollaron sus actividades. De ahí que este proyecto proponga leer los archivos desde los distintos contextos de producción –intelectual, político, institucional y técnico– para concebirlos como un objeto de investigación y problematización. Así, me hago parte del debate contemporáneo que se ha denominado como giro archivístico e incorporo los aportes conceptuales y metodológicos de la Archivística, una disciplina embrionaria, poco y mal conocida en la Academia y que es vista como una técnica o una ciencia auxiliar en Chile. Esta minusvaloración local no difiere radicalmente del panorama experimentado en otros países. Sin embargo, en momentos de centralidad académica y social de los archivos, considero que es justo y necesario posicionarla para dar cuenta de su potencia y valor como disciplina autónoma, abierta y dialogante. Tomar consciencia de que existe una realidad que rodea a los archivos, que son instituciones con prácticas administrativas que pueden diferir de la reglamentación, que funcionan con humanos –y no máquinas– que producen, custodian y sistematizan la información, que esas personas poseen distintas capacidades y motivaciones y que, en fin, los archivos y los documentos tienen una historia, podría contribuir a enriquecer nuestra lectura de este tipo de fuentes. Más aún, repensar los archivos por medio del análisis de los mecanismos de su confección (aunque sea sólo de una parte de su documentación) podría ayudar, conjuntamente, a cuestionar nuestro trabajo como historiadores y estar más atentos a los límites de la producción del conocimiento historiográfico.

<p>Sarah Kane’s first play Blasted (1995) has often been read in a normative and biographical way by critics, authors and previous researchers. This essay makes a supplementary close reading of Blasted from gender and genealogical perspectives and utilizes theoretical works by Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray and Michel Foucault. My study makes clear that the characters different positions in language and talk create and maintain a power imbalance between them. Efforts to change and develop one’s individual position in language and talk are being made throughout the play since it is the only way to bring about a change in the social power structure. A fact that in turn also subsequently punishes those efforts. By analyzing the tools of representation, Kane points out a direct link between a violent power imbalance in a couples relationship and the violence of a war zone. In Blasted, it is revealed how violence in a private situation is mirrored in a situation of public violence and how the public violence, in turn, crawls back to the private zone and there repeats itself. By forcing one of the main characters to regress back to the infancy of language and from there alter the ability to act within the framework of human interrelations, Kane demonstrates how a change in social structures can be made, and as is shown in this essay, this indicates that a knowledge of how the social structures are being maintained and how they in turn can be disarranged, is what is required to create an opportunity for change.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

Thesis (M.A. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2007.

Rezensiertes Werk: Genealogie des Staates : Prämissen des neuzeitlichen Politikdenkens. - Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2003. - 940 S. - (Beiträge zur politischen Wissenschaft ; 130) Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2002 ISBN: 3-428-11117-6

This study is focusing of the Swedish public library as an institution for general education during the period of 1910 to 1990. The aim is to enhance the knowledge of the construction of the Swedish citizen during the organized modernity.  What were the functions of the educational efforts characterizing public library, what procedures, technologies and techniques were in use´, how did they govern and what was the inherent impact of the citizen? With inspiration from the work of Michel Foucault the library discourse have been examined from a genealogical perspective illuminating discursive and non-discursive apparatuses, technologies and relations of power within the public library practices. The public library activities were organized hierarchic, giving the national library the overall responsibility for strategic activities, thus governing regional and local libraries to form localities, book collections, methods for studies considered appropriate for people. The local libraries´ responsibility was to offer the citizens appropriate books and methods for general studies. Bio-power technologies and disciplinary techniques, such as panoptical, expert strategies and central governing are in use. Limited selections, exclusions, rating based on hierarchical principles, governing on distance, self-regulation are the most important and common not only within the field of public library but in society as a whole.  Thus, forming an active and accountable citizen that is capable of making choices, recurrently willing to reconstruct herself by studies and consumption of books. The conclusion is that this citizen, consuming knowledge and high culture, corresponds well to the requirements of the modern society. / Staten, subjektet och pedagogisk teknologi. En nutidshistorisk studie av politiska epistemologier och styrningsmentaliteter i det tidiga 2000-talet

Sarah Kane’s first play Blasted (1995) has often been read in a normative and biographical way by critics, authors and previous researchers. This essay makes a supplementary close reading of Blasted from gender and genealogical perspectives and utilizes theoretical works by Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray and Michel Foucault. My study makes clear that the characters different positions in language and talk create and maintain a power imbalance between them. Efforts to change and develop one’s individual position in language and talk are being made throughout the play since it is the only way to bring about a change in the social power structure. A fact that in turn also subsequently punishes those efforts. By analyzing the tools of representation, Kane points out a direct link between a violent power imbalance in a couples relationship and the violence of a war zone. In Blasted, it is revealed how violence in a private situation is mirrored in a situation of public violence and how the public violence, in turn, crawls back to the private zone and there repeats itself. By forcing one of the main characters to regress back to the infancy of language and from there alter the ability to act within the framework of human interrelations, Kane demonstrates how a change in social structures can be made, and as is shown in this essay, this indicates that a knowledge of how the social structures are being maintained and how they in turn can be disarranged, is what is required to create an opportunity for change.

La tesi è uno studio sociologico dell'origine del marketing tra il 1890 e il 1930 negli Stati Uniti. Seguendo il metodo genealogico che Weber derivò da Nietzsche, presentò nel saggio sull'oggettività e utilizzò nella ricerca sull'etica protestante, ho considerato l'odierna centralità del marketing nel capitalismo di consumo, generalmente data per scontata come un fatto naturale, come il problema della ricerca e ho studiato le condizioni di possibilità del suo emergere. La ricerca mostra come gli strumenti di marketing dapprima si svilupparono autonomamente e, infine, s'integrarono formando la logica del marketing che risponde alle richieste sociali e, al contempo, stimola il desiderio. L'inquadramento teorico weberiano relativo alla dinamica di razionalizzazione e disincantamento spiega perché questa logica emerse come vittoriosa. Vi era un'affinità elettiva tra i fini del consumatore come il tipo d'uomo emergente e la logica del marketing. L'incessante desiderio - effetto del disincantamento del mondo - di esperienze e di sperimentazione sull'identità, attraverso gli stili di vita, del consumatore stava in un rapporto di causazione reciproca con la promozione, da parte del marketing, del consumo come strumento adeguato ad appagare tale desiderio in continuo cambiamento. Sin dall'origine, il marketing produce forme di reincantamento estetico-emozionale per mezzo della razionalizzazione. / The thesis is a sociological study of the birth of marketing between 1890 and 1930 in the United States. Following the Nietzsche-inspired genealogical method Weber presented in the 'Objectivity' essay and used in his work on the Protestant ethic, I considered the present-day relevance of marketing within consumer capitalism, usually taken for granted as an obvious fact, as the research problem and I delved into a study of its conditions of emergence. The analysis shows how marketing tools at first developed separately and were eventually joined in building the specific logic of marketing that both answers to social needs and stirs and spurs desire. The Weberian theoretical framework of rationalization and disenchantment explains why this logic could become victorious. There was an elective affinity between the aim of the consumer as the emerging type of man and the logic of marketing. The consumer's ongoing longing for experiences and for the play of the Self through lifestyles, resulting from the disenchantment of the world, was in a relation of reciprocity with the marketing promotion of consumption as the adequate means to satisfy the everchanging desire. Since its birth, marketing has been producing forms of aesthetic-affective re-enchantment by means of rationalization.

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This paper focuses on the subject of Simone de Beauvoir and how she creates her view of motherhood. With help from Toril Moi’s method – which she calls personal genealogy – as a standpoint I have read Beauvoir’s autobiography Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter with and against her essay about women, The Second Sex. The genealogy tries to understand the term ‘making’ and the idea of production or construction and the personal genealogy sees the subject – the person – as an extraordinarily complex effect of a whole network of different discourses or determinants. In order to be able to understand Beauvoir’s view on motherhood I have read her philosophy with and against the feminist philosopher Ulla M. Holm’s and the radical feminist Adrienne Richs’ theories about mothering and the institution of motherhood. In Beauvoir’s other works I have also found keys to the patriarchal motherhood she writes about in The Second Sex. A motherhood she in her individual life dissociates herself from, and through which she creates her own self, when she ten years after The second Sex publishes the first volume in her autobiography. With help from Julia Kristeva’s theory about the abject my study also shows that the ”motherhood as slavery” that she runs away from has made engraving marks in her own body.