Das primäre Ziel meiner Arbeit ist es, das Gesellschaftsgefüge der memphitischen Region für die Zeit des Neuen Reiches erstmals auf einer Vollständigkeit anstrebenden, breiten Basis näher zu beleuchten. Dazu soll zunächst eine aktualisierte und umfassende Sammlung an Personendaten für die memphitische Region erstellt werden. Die Materialgrundlage ist dabei bewusst sehr breit angelegt und nicht auf ausgesuchte Personenkreise beschränkt, sondern durchdringt alle im epigraphischen Befund belegten sozialen Schichten der memphitischen Bevölkerung. Obwohl die Zusammenstellung prosopographischer Daten eine gängige Methode darstellt, die gesellschaftliche Interaktion alter Kulturen abzubilden und zu analysieren, wurde sie in der Ägyptologie des 3.-2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. erstaunlicherweise schon längere Zeit nicht mehr auf breiter Basis angewandt. Für die großen Fundplätze wie etwa Theben im 2. Jahrtausend oder die Zeit der Pyramidenprojekte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. existieren lediglich Separatabhandlungen. Die wenigen Versuche, wie etwa die „Materialien zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte“ von Wolfgang Helck, sind mehr als 50 Jahre alt und konnten noch nicht auf die heutige Datenfülle und digitalen Rechercheoptionen zurückgreifen. Im Herbst 2013 wurde mit der Zusammenstellung des Inschriftenmaterials und dem Aufbau einer prosopographischen Datenbank begonnen. Die Datenaufnahme und -speicherung erfolgt in einer zu diesem Zweck angelegten FileMaker-Datenbank. Jede Person erhält hier einen Eintrag, der mit einer stabilen Personen ID versehen ist. Die Hauptunterscheidungskriterien einzelner Individuen sind deren Datierung, Genealogie und Titulatur (hier vor allem Titelfolgen und Kombinationen). Jedem Datenbankeintrag sind mehrere Datenblätter untergeordnet, in denen die unterschiedlichen prosopographischen Informationen zu einer Person dokumentiert werden können. Bislang konnten 1611 Personen in die Datenbank eingespeist werden, eine im Vergleich in der Ägyptologie für diesen Zeitraum bislang noch nicht prosopographisch verarbeitete Größenordnung. Da die überlieferten Privatdenkmäler memphitischer Amtsträger innerhalb eines komplexen Geflechts sozialer Interaktion als Medium zur Selbstrepräsentation und Mittel zur Partizipation und Kommunikation fungieren, ermöglicht die Sammlung und Auswertung der Texte es die Vorgänge sozio-kultureller Kommunikation und der jeweiligen personellen Teilhabe daran zu untersuchen. Dabei greift mein Vorhaben auf der einen Seite auf klassische Instrumentarien mit dem Ziel der Identifikation von Individuen, genealogischen Zusammenhänge und Karrieren zurück. Die Herangehensweise wird auf der anderen Seite mit den Chancen einer Methodik untermauert, die sich darüber hinaus der Erarbeitung von Kollektivbiographien zuwendet. Durch sie werden die einzelnen Personen nicht als isolierte Einheiten, sondern als Individuen definiert, die auf sozialer Ebene untereinander agieren, soziale Bindungen eingehen und demnach bestimmten Personengruppen und sozialen Netzwerken zugeordnet werden können. / Egypt\'s capital and royal residence – Memphis – and its exceptional rich inventory of textual sources forms the main focus of my dissertational project. The remaining epigraphic material dating to the New Kingdom, mainly originates from Memphite burial contexts and contains therefore high quantities of prosopographic data (e.g. names, titles, geneaological relations), which provide information about the administrative and cultic personnel belonging to different Memphite institutions. Nevertheless, investigations of the people, who are recorded in inscriptions they left intentionally on objects and monuments in the Memphite region have occurred only sporadically. Moreover, the relevant works consist mostly of bare compilations of personal data and their arrangement to prosopographic lists. That\'s why it is the aim of my thesis to document all individuals attestested on inscribed monuments as well as their relationship with each other marked by social and genealogical ties. Based on that I\' like to attain a regional prosopography for the whole New Kingdom, which is for the first time not limited to specific groups of people, but illuminates all identifiable social classes of the Memphite society.

Summaries and keywords in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie histories-argeologiese studie bied ‘n basiese beskrywing van die materiële kultuur van ‘n afgeleë Suider-Afrikaanse plaas wat tussen die 1880’s en die 1930’s bewoon is. Die studie berus op ‘n gedetailleerde ontleding van die opgegraafde vondste wat herwin is van ashope wat met drie wooneenhede op die plaas Welkomskraal, geleë in die distrik Venterstad in die Noordoos-Kaap, verbind word. Die artefakte is aan die hand van die naslaanversameling in die Bloemfonteinse Nasionale Museum en handelsadvertensies geïdentifiseer. Die materiële kultuur dek die volle spektrum van die alledaagse lewe van die plaasbewoners en word aangevul deur genealogiese data, wat aantoon dat die grondeienaars die nasate was van die eerste trekboere wat hulle in die gebied gevestig het. Die bewoningsperiode van Welkomskraal val saam met die tweede industriële revolusie, wat gekenmerk is deur die massaproduksie van goedere en ‘n toenemend globale handelsnetwerk. Die versameling lewer bewys dat boere in die verre binneland toegang tot ‘n wye reeks ingevoerde produkte gehad het, hoewel hulle nie noodwendig welvarend was nie. / This historical archaeological study provides a baseline description of the material culture of a remote southern African farm occupied between the 1880s and the 1930s. The study is based on a detailed analysis of the excavated finds recovered from middens associated with three homesteads, located on the farm Welkomskraal, in the Venterstad district of the north-eastern Cape. Artefacts were identified using the reference collection of the National Museum in Bloemfontein and commercial adverts. The material culture covers the full spectrum of the daily lives of the farm’s occupants and is complemented by genealogical data, which indicate that the landowners were the descendants of the first trekboers who settled in the area. The occupation of Welkomskraal coincided with the second industrial revolution, which was characterised by mass production of goods and an increasingly global trade network. The assemblage attests that farmers in the deep interior had access to a wide range of imported goods although they were not necessarily prosperous. / Anthropology & Archaeology / M.A. (Argeologie)

La intervención psicosocial contra la violencia de género ha sido un tema escasamente investigado en Quito. Esta investigación pretende indagar sobre algunas preguntas: ¿Cómo se construye a la violencia de género como problema para ser intervenido en Quito? ¿Qué efectos tienen esas concepciones en las políticas locales? ¿Cómo se conciben a las personas con las que se interviene? ¿Cómo se interviene en ese problema? ¿Qué efectos tienen esas intervenciones en las personas que hacen parte de los procesos? Para responder a estas inquietudes académicas se utilizaron las producciones narrativas y la aproximación genealógica como métodos para recolectar la información. Esta tesis ha sido concebida como compendio de artículos. El título del primer artículo explica el tema tratado: “Silencios y acentos en la construcción de la violencia de género como un problema social en Quito”. El segundo, “Tramoyas, personajes y tramas de la actuación psicológica en violencia de género en Quito”, trata sobre las concepciones y prácticas de profesionales de la psicología sobre el problema y su solución. El tercero, titulado “La violencia de género en la intervención psicosocial en Quito. Tejiendo narrativas para construir nuevos sentidos”, versa sobre las comprensiones y prácticas en los servicios de personas que han vivido situaciones de violencia de género. Se concluye que la violencia de género en Quito ha sido construida en cinco matrices semiótico-materiales: la sexualidad, la salud, los derechos humanos, la seguridad ciudadana y las prácticas disciplinares. En las políticas y metodologías de atención de los servicios municipales se han enfatizado aquellas matrices que abordan al problema desde lo legal, mientras se han silenciado las incursiones que la conciben como un mecanismo de control de la sexualidad y sobre el cuerpo. Eso ha conllevado, en última instancia, a que las soluciones al problema se encuentren en el registro de lo individual, perdiéndose el carácter público de la violencia de género. En relación con las maneras de comprender a las usuarias de los servicios, se identificó que se las comprende como: víctimas, sujetos en falta, y sujetas al discurso del Otro, siendo escasos los abordajes que se aproximaban al reconocimiento de su agencia. En referencia a la actuación psicológica se evidenció el énfasis en la “victimología clínica” y en el “paradigma de salvación”. / Few studies have been done on psychosocial intervention in cases of gender violence in Quito. The purpose of this investigation is to shed light on a number of questions: How is gender violence in Quito constructed as a problem requiring intervention? What effects do these conceptions have on local policies? How are persons who receive intervention conceived? What kind of intervention takes place? What effects do these interventions have on the persons who are part of the processes? To respond to these matters, the production of narratives and the genealogical approach were used as methods for gathering information. This thesis was conceived as a series of articles. The title of the first article explains the issue under analysis: “Silences and accents in the construction of gender violence as a social problem in Quito”. The second, “Sets, characters and plots of psychological performance in gender violence in Quito,” is about the conceptions and practices professionals in the field of psychology apply in dealing with the problem and in looking for a solution. The third, entitled “Gender violence in psychosocial intervention in Quito. Weaving narratives to construct new meanings,” is about understandings and practices in serving persons who have lived situations of gender violence. We conclude that in Quito gender violence has been constructed according to five semiotic-material matrices: sexuality, health, human rights, citizen safety, and disciplinary practices. In policies and methodologies for treatment offered through city services, those matrices which deal with the problem from a legal standpoint have been emphasized while approaches that conceive of the problem as a mechanism for controlling sexuality and the body have been silenced. This has lead, in the final analysis, to looking for solutions to the problem in the individual realm while ignoring the public character of gender violence. As for the users of these services, we found that they are understood as: victims, subjects at fault, and subjects in the discourse of the Other; very few approaches recognizing their agency were applied. In regard to psychological performance, an emphasis on “clinical victimology” and the “salvation paradigm” was evident.

El trabajo de investigación doctoral que presentamos a continuación se centra en la construcción socio/sexual del cuidado materno y el amor de madre, en el periodo histórico de la segunda posguerra mundial (1945-1960). La tesis que se propone es que lo materno es resultado de una serie de conexiones entre saberes y políticas, así como de múltiples tecnologías materiales y semióticas por medio de los cuales se produce, se regula y organiza una forma de domesticidad y maternidad estrechamente vinculada a la emergencia de la sociedad de consumo y que marcó una ruptura respecto a los modelos anteriores. El cuidado y el amor de madre se piensan menos como experiencias construidas por las mujeres, que resultados de intervenciones ajenas, en función de determinados intereses políticos, económicos, ideológicos o religiosos y de modo puntual en este trabajo, de un conjunto de demandas provenientes del campo psi y sus alianzas con el Estado y el mercado. La pregunta que guio el desarrollo de la investigación es ¿cuáles son las articulaciones históricas entre saber y poder que conforman la experiencia del cuidado materno realizado por las mujeres? De modo puntual, y siguiendo la tesis de Michel Foucault respecto a las relaciones entre saber y poder – saber/poder- se analiza la emergencia de un nuevo objeto de conocimiento en el campo de las disciplinas psi (psicoanálisis, psicología y psiquiatría), resultado de lo que se llamó el giro hacia la madre de la teoría psicoanalítica, impulsado por un grupo de psicoanalistas refugiados por la guerra en E.UU. Este giro supuso la emergencia de una nueva formación discursiva y por consiguiente la construcción de un nuevo objeto de conocimiento: el apego. Siguiendo el modelo genealógico propuesto por el filósofo francés, se reconstruyeron las condición de posibilidad histórica de esta nueva formación discursiva así como las transformaciones de las propias reglas de formación del discurso psi que permitieron dar un salto cualitativo en su desarrollo teórico, y una transformación sustancial de sus objetos, metodologías y explicaciones. Con este objetivo se analizó un fragmento de la historia de las mujeres occidentales así como un fragmento de la historia el campo psi vinculadas a la emergencia a partir de las guerras mundiales, de un modelo de feminidad llamado el modelo de la domesticidad, en medio de lo que Susan Sontag (2005) llamó una imaginación del desastre. Para ello se analizaron las condiciones históricas de la guerra fría, así como el nacimiento del estado de bienestar y la tecnificación y automatización de la casa y los trabajos reproductivos. El modelo occidental de la domesticidad de posguerra fue a la vez el resultado de los movimientos de la guerra fría y un locus de enunciación a través del cual se performaron sus imaginarios, especialmente el del american way of life. Esta domesticidad vinculó los múltiples deseos de las mujeres en un deseo monolítico de familia, privacidad y consumo y a través de ella se corporalizaron unas tecnologías de poder específicas dirigidas a gobernar la vida y la reproducción, construyendo cuerpos femeninos bajo lo que Rich (1986) llamó el imperativo heterosexual y Wittig (2005) la heterosexualidad obligatoria. Fueron tres los movimientos que hicieron posible la aparición de este nuevo objeto de estudio (superficie de formación) y la epistemologización de los objetos del psicoanálisis: las propias limitaciones de las reglas del discurso clínico psicoanalítico y que Bowlby modificó profundamente a partir de la introducción de la observación experimental , por otro, las condiciones históricas de la guerra fría y finalmente, la alianzas socio-técnicas del psicoanálisis con las ciencias de la información y las máquinas de guerra –que en tiempos de paz se diversificaron además como máquinas domésticas-.El campo psi sufrió todo un proceso de modificación de sus objetos, sus metodologías y su función social, al incorporar dentro de sus explicaciones las tecnologías semióticas de guerra –como la teoría cibernética y el lenguaje de códigos- erigiéndose en un dispositivo de control tanto de la normalidad como de la anormalidad, a través de un movimiento en que el mundo interior y las emociones pasaron a ocupar un lugar central en la producción y reproducción capitalistas. Finalmente se plantea que las relaciones entre la historia de la psicología y la historia de las mujeres, pueden dar las claves para comprender los nuevos modos de subjetivación que emergen con el capitalismo pos-fordista, también que el cuidado y el amor de madre caben ser comprendidas como ficciones políticas encarnadas y que es preciso comprenderlas desde un proceso de ciborgización de lo psi, pues tanto las identidades femeninas como la identidad de este campo - su visibilidad así como sus modos de existencia - no pueden ser pensado sin la participación de los animales como de las máquinas. / The doctoral research we present below is focused in the socio/sexual construction of maternal care and “mother’s love”, during the postwar world II historical period (1945 – 1960). The thesis proposal is that maternity is the result of a number of connections between knowledge and politics, as well as multiple material and semiotic technologies through which domesticity and maternity are produced, regulated and organized, in a way closely linked to the rise of consumer society , breaking with previous models. Mother’s love and care are less built from women experiences that from external action of political, economic, ideological or religious interests. Specifically in this research, from the demands of “psi” field, as well as its partnership with both state and market. The research question then was: which are the historical links between knowledge and power that shape the experience of maternal care for women? Following to Michel Foucault’s thesis about the relations between knowledge and power, maternity is analyzed as a new object of knowledge in the “psi” sciences field (psychoanalysis, psychology and psychiatry), result of the so called “turn to the mother” in psychoanalytic theory, powered by a group of war refugees psychoanalists in the United States. This turn supposed the rise of a new discursive formation and therefore the construction of a new object of knowledge: attachment. According to the genealogical model proposed for the French philosopher, this new discursive formation historical conditions of possibility are rebuilt, as well as the transformation of “psi” speech rules during the postwar period. For this purpose, a fragment of the history of Western women was analyzed, as well as a fragment of the history of psi field, linked to the rise since world wars period of a domesticity model of feminity, in the middle of what Susan Santong called “imagination of disaster”. For that, historical conditions of cold war are analyzed, as well as the birth of welfare state, and reproductive work technification and automatization. The occidental postwar model of domesticity was both a result of cold war movements, and a locus of enunciation through which their imaginaries, especially the American way of life, were performed. This domesticity linked the multiplicity of women desires in the one monolithic desire of family, privacy and consume. Also through domesticity, specific power technologies directed to govern life and reproduction were embodied, building female bodies under what Rich (1986) called heterosexual imperative, and Wittig (2005) compulsory heterosexuality. There were three movements that enable both the appearance of this new research object and the episthemologyzation of psychoanalysis objects: first, the very own limitations of psychoanalysis clinical speech rules, wich Bowlby changed deeply with the introduction of experimental observation; second, the historical conditions of cold war; and finally, the socio – technical alliance of psychoanalysis with information sciences and war machines – which during peace time diversified also as domestic machines. The psi field experienced a process of modification in their objects, methodologies and social function, by the incorporation of explanations from war semiotic technologies, -such as cybernetic theory or code language-. It became then into a dispositive of control for both normality and abnormality, by positioning emotions and inner world as central places for capitalist production and reproduction. Finally, it is proposed that relationships between history of psychology and history of women could give us some clues to understand the new ways of subjectivation that rise with post fordist capitalism. Also, mother’s love and care are understood as embodied political fictions, so it would be needed to understand them as a “cyborg-ization” process of psi field, since both female identities and psi field identity cannot be throught without the participation of animals and machines.

Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severely debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor circuit dysregulation and ultimately, causes impairment of movement. This condition is due to the selective degradation of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain, which subsequently results in the pathological symptoms namely bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability and rigidity. It was initially hypothesized that individuals who develop PD were exposed to an environmental trigger(s) that caused the onset of the disease, but more recently, a significant genetic component, coupled to environmental factors have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Currently, there are eight genes (Parkin, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA, DJ-1, ATP13A2, EIF4G1 and VPS35) that have been directly implicated in PD. Worldwide, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is increasing as populations are living longer. In Europe, Canada and USA, it has been projected that the prevalence of PD may increase by a factor of two between 2010 and 2050; approximately a 92% increase. In Tanzania (the only study done in sub-Saharan Africa) an even larger increase of 184% between 2005 and 2025 is predicted, due to the fact that the speed of populations ageing in developing countries, will exceed that of developed countries. Research into the causes and risk factors underlying neurodegenerative disorders such as PD is therefore urgently needed for policy makers and governments in developing nations to take appropriate action to deal with this impending health care problem. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular aetiology of a group of South African PD patients. A total of 262 patients from various ethnic backgrounds were recruited for the study, and 35% had a positive family history of PD with the average age at onset (AAO) being 54.3 years of age (SD = 12.5 years). Mutation screening of the known PD genes (Parkin, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA and DJ-1) was performed using high resolution melt and Sanger sequencing. Genotyping was done using fluorescently-labelled PCR primers followed by electrophoresis on an ABI 3130xl genetic analyser (for CTG repeats in JPH3) and with a KASP™ Genotyping Assay (for a 16bp indel in DJ-1). In order to identify a novel PD-causing gene, whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted on three Afrikaner probands with an Illumina Genome Hiseq 2000TM and the sequences were aligned using the NCBI Human Reference Genome 37.2. The BORG (Bio-Ontological Relationship Graph) semantic database, which models the relationship of human and model organism genes to functions, pathways and phenotypes, was used to filter and prioritise genetic variants shared between the three PD exomes. It was determined that the known PD genes do not play a significant role in disease pathogenesis in the South African patients as only 15/262 (5.7%) of the patients harboured mutations: seven in Parkin, one in PINK1, six in LRRK2 and one in SNCA. Only one of the patients harboured a 16bp indel variant at the transcription start site of DJ-1. None of the Black PD patients had pathogenic repeat expansions in JPH3 thereby excluding Huntington disease-like 2 as a cause of the disease phenotype. Genealogical analysis revealed that six of the apparently unrelated Afrikaner PD probands were related to a founder couple that immigrated to South Africa in the 1600s which suggests that there is a possible founder effect for the disease. Bioinformatics analysis of WES data on three of the probands identified 21 variants in 12 genes that were present in all three PD exomes and fulfilled various criteria. Sanger sequencing was used for verification of five variants and of these, two (in CDC27 and NEDD4) were found to be artefacts. The remaining three (in HECDT1, TBCC and RNF40) were excluded based on the lack of cosegregation with disease and the high frequency of the allele in controls. Further work is necessary to verify the presence of the remaining sixteen variants and to characterise each of them for their possible pathogenicity. The discovery of novel PD-causing genes is important as this may shed light on the pathways or processes that are involved. A current hypothesis implicates the lysosome-dependent pathway as a unifying biochemical pathway that can account for the phenotypic spectrum within PD. Notably, although Mendelian forms are thought to account for only about 10- 15% of cases, the study of Mendelian inherited variants is likely to provide insight into the pathophysiology of the more common sporadic form of this condition. Dissecting the key molecular mechanisms underlying PD will provide critical information for improved treatment strategies and drug interventions that will ultimately prevent or halt neuronal cell loss in susceptible individuals. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Parkinson se siekte (PS) is 'n erge neurodegeneratiewe bewegings-siekte, wat motorstroombaan disregulasie veroorsaak. Dit lei uiteindelik tot beperkte bewegings vermoëns. Hierdie toestand word veroorsaak weens die selektiewe agteruitgang van die dopaminergeniese neurone in die substantia nigra pars compacta in die midbrein, wat later lei tot die patologiese simptome naamlik: bradykinesia, rustende spiersametrekkings, posturale onstabiliteit en rigiditeit. Daar is aanvanklik vermoed dat individue wat PS ontwikkel, aan 'n omgewingsfaktor(e) blootgestel is wat die aanvang van die siekte veroorsaak het, terwyl meer onlangs is daar 'n aansienlike genetiese komponent tesame met omgewingsfaktore geïdentifiseer, wat betrokke is by die patogenese van die siekte. Tans is daar agt gene (Parkin, PINK1, LRRK2, SNCA, DJ-1, ATP13A2, EIF4G1 en VPS35) wat direk by PS geïmpliseer is. Wêreldwyd is daar ‗n toenemende voorkoms van neurodegeneratiewe siektes aangesien bevolkings langer leef. In Europa, Kanada en die VSA, is daar geprojekteer dat die voorkoms van PS tussen 2010 en 2050 met 'n faktor van twee verhoog kan word. Dit is ongeveer 'n 92%- verhoging. In Tanzanië (die enigste studie wat tot dusver in sub-Sahara Afrika gedoen is) word daar selfs ‗n groter toename, van 184% tussen 2005 en 2025 voorspel. Dit is te danke aan die feit dat die bevolkings- veroudering in ontwikkelende lande die van ontwikkelde lande sal oorskry. Ondersoeke na die oorsake en risiko-faktore onderliggend aan neurodegeneratiewe siektes, byvoorbeeld PS, word dus dringend benodig deur beleidmakers en regerings in ontwikkelende lande, sodat hulle die nodige stappe kan neem om hierdie dreigende gesondheidsorg-probleem op te los. Die doel van die huidige studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die molekulêre etiologie van 'n groep Suid-Afrikaanse PS pasiënte. 'n Totaal van 262 pasiënte van verskillende etniese agtergronde, is gewerf vir die studie. Hiervan het 35% 'n positiewe familiegeskiedenis van PS en die gemiddelde aanvangs ouderdom (AAO) was 54,3 jaar (SD = 12,5 jaar). Mutasie-analise van die bekende PS gene is uitgevoer met behulp van hoë resolusie smelt en Sanger volgordebepaling. Genotipering is gedoen met behulp van fluoresserend geëtiketteerde PKR inleiers met elektroforese, op 'n ABI 3130xl genetiese analiseerder (CTG herhalings in JPH3), en met 'n KASP ™ Genotipering toets (vir 'n 16bp indel in DJ-1). Ten einde, om 'n nuwe PSveroorsakende geen te identifiseer was heel eksoom volgordebepaling (WES) uitgevoer op drie Afrikaner PS positiewe pasiënte met 'n Illumina Genome Hiseq 2000™ en die volgorders is gerangskik met behulp van die NCBI Menslike Verwysings Genoom 37.2. Die BORG (Bio- Ontologiese Verhoudings Grafiek) semantiese databasis, wat gebaseer is op die verhouding van die mens en model organisme gene funksies, paaie en fenotipes, en is gebruik om genetiese variante, wat gedeel word tussen die drie PS exome te filtreer en te prioritiseer. Daar is vasgestel dat die bekende PS gene nie 'n belangrike rol in die patogenese van die siekte in die Suid-Afrikaanse pasiënte speel nie. Dit is aangesien slegs 15/262 (5.7%) van die pasiënte bekende mutasies dra: sewe in Parkin, een in PINK1, ses in LRRK2 en een in SNCA. Slegs een van die pasiënte het 'n 16bp delesie variant in die transkripsie promotor area van DJ-1 gedra. Geen van die Swart PS pasiënte het patogeniese herhalings in JPH3 vertoon nie. Gevolglik is Huntington siekte-agtige 2 uitgesluit as 'n oorsaak van die siekte fenotipe. Genealogiese analise het getoon dat ses van die skynbaar onverwante Afrikaner PS pasiënte verwant is aan 'n stigter paartjie wat in die 1600's na Suid-Afrika geïmigreer het, wat daarop dui dat daar 'n moontlike stigter effek vir die siekte is. Bioinformatiese analise van WES data vir drie van die pasiënte, het 21 variante in 12 gene geïdentifiseer, wat in al drie PS exome teenwoordig was en verskeie kriteria vervul het. Sanger volgordebepaling is gebruik vir die bevestiging van vyf variante en van hierdie, is twee (in CDC27 en NEDD4) bevind om artefakte te wees. Die oorblywende drie (in HECDT1, TBCC en RNF40) is uitgesluit gebaseer op die gebrek aan gesamentlike-segregasie met die siekte en die hoë frekwensie van die allele in die kontrole groep. Verdere werk is nodig om die teenwoordigheid van die oorblywende variante te verifieer en om elkeen van hulle te karakteriseer vir hulle moontlike patogenisiteit. Die ontdekking van die nuwe PS-veroorsakende gene is belangrik aangesien dit lig kan werp op die stelsels of prosesse wat betrokke is. 'n Huidige hipotese impliseer die lisosoom-afhanklike pad as 'n verenigende biochemiese padweg, wat verantwoordelik is vir die fenotipiese spektrum binne PS. Alhoewel Mendeliese vorms vermoedelik verantwoordelik is vir slegs omgeveer 10-15% van die gevalle, is die studie van Mendelse gene geneig om insig te verkry in die patofisiologie van die meer algemene sporadiese vorm van hierdie toestand. Ontleding van die kern molekulêre meganismes onderliggend aan PS sal kritiese inligting vir beter strategieë vir behandeling en geneesmiddel-intervensies voorsien, wat gevolglik neuronale sel verlies in vatbare individue sal voorkom of beëindig. / Medical Research Council / National Research Foundation / Harry Crossley Foundation

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, I will be concerned with the viability of a tragic theology that is at the same time able to cohere with the standards of a classically orthodox Christian theology. My study will focus on a particular figure, namely Rowan Williams who, I will argue, exemplifies a blending together of these two concerns. However, as we shall see in this study, ‘tragic theology’ is by no means an uncontroversial affair since some argue that it implies heterodox conclusions in relation to God, creation, sin, etc. My aim is to counteract this claim that a classically orthodox theology cannot coexist with a tragic perspective. I will make the claim that tragic theology aims to emphasise the reality of contingency, conflict and suffering in relation to human life as seriously as possible, without effacing the difficulty it proposes to thought and the limits of human action, while at the same time holding onto the conviction that these beliefs can exist comfortably with an orthodox theological perspective. Through my study of Williams, which will largely follow a genealogical approach, I aim to show that Williams is able to emphasise this difficulty of tragedy, while at the same time believing in the fundamental goodness of creation, the possibility of transformation, hope and healing, as understood within a incarnationally-centred understanding of ‘the redemption of time’. Systematically speaking, I will attempt to arrange Williams’ understanding of tragedy according to four motifs which recur throughout his oeuvre, namely contingency, contemplation, compassion, and non-closure, all of which can be understood within the context of a classical Christian theology of God, salvation, and creaturely finitude. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ek sal in hierdie studie ondersoek instel na die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n tragiese teologie wat terselfdertyd met die kriteria vir ‘n klassieke, ortodokse Christelike teologie belyn is. My studie fokus op 'n bepaalde figuur, te wete Rowan Williams, wat, – so argumenteer ek – hierdie twee aspekte op eksemplariese wyse aan die orde stel. Soos uit hierdie studies al blyk, is die begrip ‘tragiese teologie‘ geensins 'n onomstrede saak nie, aangesien sommige juis argumenteer dat dit afwykende beskouinge aangaande God, die skepping, die sonde, ensovoorts, impliseer. My doel in hierdie studie is om die standpunt uit te daag dat 'n klassieke, ortodokse teologie noodwendig teenoor `n tragiese perspektief gestel moet word. Ek wil juis argumenteer dat 'n tragiese teologie daarna streef om die werklikheid van kontingensie, konflik en lyding ernstig te neem, sonder om in die proses die uitdagings wat dit vir die proses van nadenke en vir die grense van menslike handeling inhou, op te hef. Terselfdertyd word die oortuiging gehuldig dat `n tragiese teologie‘ gemaklik met `n klassieke, ortodoksie teologiese persektief saamval. In die bestudering van Williams se werk, wat grootliks 'n genealogiese benadering volg, wys ek uit hoe Williams hierdie komplekse aspek van tragedie verreken, terwyl hy terselfdertyd aan die fundamentele goedheid van die skepping, asook aan die moontlikheid van transformasie, hoop en heling, vashou. Hierdie oortuiginge word binne die kader van `n inkarnasie-gesentreerde verstaan van die ‘verlossing van die tyd‘ geplaas. Sistematies beskou, sal ek poog om Williams se verstaan van tragedie volgens vier motiewe wat deurlopend in sy werk voorkom, te bespreek. Hierdie vier motiewe is onderskeidelik die motiewe van kontingensie, kontemplasie, medelye en nie-sluiting (of voortdurende openheid). Daar word geargumenteer dat al hierdie begrippe binne die konteks van `n klassieke Christelike teologiese raamwerk aangaande God, redding en eindigheid geplaas kan word.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis traverses the complexities and entanglement of theoretical and practical processes in a Post-structural age. Through the deconstruction of stable systems of knowledge and thought, this age has become synonymous with uncertainty. In an attempt to navigate a time of continual change, Foucault proposes a toolkit. Foucault advocates deconstruction, critical engagement and reflection. In addition to these tools, this thesis moves through genealogical, mapping, archaeological and glass (blowing) methodologies. My practice cannot be separated from theory, it is excavated concurrently. Foucault, Derrida, Nietzsche, Deleuze and Guattari open up knowledge systems in an effort to uncover alternative thought trajectories and create a space in which complexity can exist. Knowledge circulating in this space is not fixed, it manifests in moments. My practical project, Fleeting Certainty, also aims to create an open space. It does not culminate in one, autonomous work, but is rather an archive of moments. Viewers will also be equipped with a toolkit of light and lenses with which to create moments of their own. Therefore moments will generate continuously. These theoretical and practical processes do not culminate in a coherent conclusion. There is a pause, a comma, but there are many more trajectories or lines to follow. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis deurkruis die ingewikkeldhede en verstrengeling van teoretiese en praktiese prosesse binne ’n Post-strukturele tydperk. Hierdie tydperk het, deur die dekonstruksie van stabiele stelsels van kennis en denke, gelykstaande aan onsekerheid geword. In a poging om ’n tydperk van voortdurende verandering te verken, stel Foucault sekere hulpmiddels voor. Foucault bepleit, dekonstruksie, kritiese betrokkenheid en besinning. Benewens hierdie hulpmiddels, maak hierdie tesis gebruik van genealogiese, karterings-, argeologiese en glas (blaas) metodologieë. Die praktiese komponent van my werk hou ten nouste verband met die teoretiese en kan nie van mekaar geskei word nie. Foucault, Derrida, Nietzsche, Deleuze and Guattari stel kennisstelsels oop in ’n poging om alternatiewe gedagtegange te ontbloot en skep ’n ruimte waarin kompleksiteit kan bestaan. Kennis wat in hierdie ruimte bestaan, is nie vas of bepaald nie, maar kom in oomblikke voor. My praktiese projek, Fleeting Certainty, poog ook om ’n ‘oop’ ruimte te skep. Die projek loop nie uit op een selfstandige werk nie, maar dien as ’n versameling of argief van oomblikke. Kykers sal ook toegerus word met hulpmiddels in die vorm van lig en lense waarmee hulle oomblikke van hul eie kan skep. Oomblikke sal dus voortdurent geskep word. Hierdie teoretiese en praktiese prosesse loop ook nie op ’n samehangende gevolgtrekking uit nie. Daar is ’n pouse, ’n komma, maar daar is baie meer bane of lyne om te volg.

Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apart from the literature of Ancient Israel itself, and contemporary literature from the ancient Near East, archaeological data continue to be an important source for the historian seeking to elucidate a history of ancient Israel or certain aspects of that history. Notwithstanding certain developments in the field of Biblical scholarship as well as archaeology, the discipline of Biblical archaeology continues to survive as the framework in which these two disciplines join forces, and, quite possibly, may enter into the historical discourse in meaningful dialogue with each other. The historical discourse of course, is multidimensional, that is to say, the insights deriving from a diversity of methodological approaches are being integrated and related to each other in order to gain an improved understanding of the Old Testament (or certain aspects thereof), and the cultural-historical context from which the Old Testament came to be. Of decisive importance for Biblical archaeology is the foundation on which this dialogue takes place, after all, the basis on which the dialogue takes place has a determining influence on the collection and interpretation of archaeological data; and the use of them, similarly, on the understanding and interpretation of the Bible. The title of this dissertation suffices to indicate that the focus is on burial stories and burial customs in Palestine during the Iron Age. The dissertation then proceeds to show how a certain aspect of Old Testament views of death and dying, that is the coherence between posterity (the living) and the ancestors (those who have died) - which, among other things surface in the genealogical presentation of burial stories - can be understood from the burial customs in Syro-Palestine. In that respect the archaeological data contributes to an understanding of the death notices (presenting themselves as genealogical material in family burial stories) within the culturalhistorical milieu in which they appear. The coherence between religious documents and their cultural embeddedness contributes to a bettter understanding of the theological significance of the relevant texts. In addition to the fact that archaeology expands the database of historical discourse, important aspects of the Old Testament world of experience and historical context come to the fore that have so far been ignored in this discipline. An important aspect of burial customs, in terms of both the archaeological record (family graves) and the literary legacy of Ancient Israel (death notices and genealogies in the Old Testament) is the continuing relationship between the preceeding generations (the ancestors that have passed on) and the posterity (the community of those still living). The connection established in family burial stories between genealogical material (death notices) and the family burial customs highlights an important perspective, that is, the relation between the preceeding generations and the community still living as an element of the expectation of the future, or the future-directedness of Ancient Israel. The expectation of the future, with specific reference to the grave, is defined in terms of continuity in the generational community of familial relations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Naas die literatuur van Ou Israel self, sowel as kontemporere literatuur uit die ou Nabye Ooste, bly argeologiese data In belangrike bron tot beskikking van die historikus wat In geskiedenis van Ou Israel of sekere aspekte daarvan wil verduidelik. Nieteenstaande sekere verwikkelinge op die gebied van die Bybelwetenskap aan die een kant, en van die Argeologie aan die ander kant, bly die dissipline Bybelse argeologie voortleef as die kader waar die twee dissiplines by mekaar aansluit, en bes moontlik tot In sinvolle dialoog met mekaar kan toetree in In historiese diskoers. Die historiese diskoers is uit die aard van die saak multidimensioneel van aard, dit wil se die insigte vanuit In verskeidenheid metodologiese benaderings word geintegreer en in verband tot mekaar gestel ten einde In beter begrip van die Ou Testament (of sekere aspekte daarvan) en die kultuur-historiese milieu - van waaruit die Ou Testament ontstaan het - te verkry. Van deurslaggewende belang vir die Bybelse argeologie is die basis waarop hierdie dialoog plaasvind. Die basis waarop die dialoog plaasvind, het immers In bepalende invloed op die versameling en interpretasie van argeologiese data; en die gebruik daarvan vir die verstaan en interpretasie van die Bybel. Die titel van die proefskrif dui reeds aan dat daar gefokus word op grafvertellinge en grafgebruike gedurende die Ystertyd in Palestina. Vervolgens word aangedui hoe In bepaalde aspek van die Ou-Testamentiese sieninge oor die dood, naamlik die samehang tussen die nageslag (lewendes) en die voorgeslag (ontslapenes) - wat onder meer ter sprake kom in die genealogiese aanbieding van die grafvertellinge - vanuit grafgebruike in Siro-Palestina verstaan kan word. In die opsig dra argeologiese gegewens daartoe by om die doodsberigte (wat by wyse van genealogiese materiaal in die familiegrafvertellinge na vore tree) te verstaan binne die kultuurhistoriese milieu waarin dit voorkom. Die samehang tussen religieuse dokumente en die kulturele bedding daarvan dra daartoe by dat ons die teologiese betekenis van die tekste wat ter sprake kom, beter kan verstaan. Afgesien van die feit dat die argeologie die databasis van die historiese diskoers verbreed, tree belangrike aspekte van die Ou-Testamentiese leefwereld of historiese milieu na vore wat grootliks geignoreer is in die vakgebied. 'n Belangrike aspek in doodsgebruike, beide wat betref die argeologiese rekord (familiegrafte) sowel as die literere nalatenskap van Ou Israel (doodsberigte en geslagsregisters in die Ou Testament), is die verbondenheid wat bly voortbestaan het tussen die voorgeslagte (ontslape voorvaders) en die nageslagte (nog lewende gemeenskap). Die verband wat gele word in die familiegrafvertellinge tussen genealogiese materiaal (doodsberigte) en die familiegraf bring 'n belangrike perspektief na vore, naamlik die verbondenheid tussen die voorgeslagte en die nog lewende gemeenskap as 'n element van die toekomsverwagting of toekomsgerigtheid van Ou Israel. Die toekomsverwagting word, met spesifieke verwysing na die graf, gedefinieer in terme van kontinurteit in familiale verband.

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002 / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ondersoek in hierdie studie sentreer random die diskoers in Antjie Krog se sewende digbundel, Lady Anne (1989). Die ondersoekprableem is die vraag na die wyse waarop die diskoers van hierdie teks georden en' geproduseer word. Foucault se teorie oor diskoersanalise word as kritiese werktuig gebruik by die beantwoording van hierdie vraag. Foucault (1981) omskryf diskoers onder meer as die sosiale gebruik van taal gesitueer binne bepaalde kontekste en verbonde aan spesifieke instansies. Volgens Foucault vertoon diskoers 'n innerlike orde of formasie wat argeologies opgediep kan word; dit het 'n regulerende funksie wat nie net betekenis afbaken nie, maar betekenis praduseer in die positiewe sin van die woord (Foucault, 1981). Wanneer hierdie regulerende funksie genealogies ontleed word, blyk dit dat diskoers mag uitoefen deur die meganismes van kennis, waarheid en self (Foucault, 1980), Diskoers artikuleer kennis wat die self die waarheid oor die self toe-eien. Dit roep op sy beurt weer die prableem van vryheid en politieke verset op. Die ondersoek fokus op die volgende vraagstukke random die diskoers in Lady Anne: die diskursiewe patrone in die teks; die beperkinge wat op die diskoers geplaas word (Foucault, 1981); die outeursfunksie soos beskryf deur Foucault (1979); die fiksionalisering van die lady Anne Barnard-geskiedenis aan die hand van die genealogiese benadering (Foucault, 1970; 1972). Daar sal ook ingegaan word op die verestetisering van die politieke diskoers in Suid-Afrika, asook op die kwessie in watter mate daar sprake is van stemgewing aan die Ander. Die sentrale vraagstuk wat ondersoek word, is: wat is die posisie van die wit skeppende vrau in Suid-Afrika en hoe word hierdie posisie ingeskryf in die diskoers van die Afrikaanse letterkunde? In samehang hiermee word gelet op kwessies soos subjektiwiteit, beskrywing van die objek, asook die subjek se posisie met betrekking tot die tradisie waarin sy die teks inskryf. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation centers on the discourse in Antjie Krog's seventh volume of poetry, Lady Anne (1989). The central thesis of the dissertation is to analyse the way in which the discourse of the text under discussion is being ordered and produced. The theoretical approach is based on Foucault's discourse analysis. Foucault (1981) defines discourse as, among others, the social usage of language within specific contexts and as part of specific institutions. According to Foucault, discourse has an internal order or formation which one can reveal by way of an archaeological approach; it also has a regulatory function which not only delineates meaning, but produces meaning in the more positive sense of the word (Foucault, 1981). If one analyses this regulatory function by way of a genealogical approach, it appears as if discourse exercises power over mechanisms such as knowledge, truth and self (Foucault, 1980). Discourse articulates knowledge that the self claims as a particular truth. This calls to mind issues such as the problem of freedom and political resistance. This dissertation focuses on the following issues pertaining to the discourse in Lady Anne: the discursive patterns in the text, the limitations placed on the production of discourse (Foucault, 1981), the author function as used by Foucault (1979), the fictionalization of the history of Lady Anne Barnard by means of a genealogical approach (Foucault, 1970; 1972). Another pertinent issue that will be analysed is the aestheticisation of the political discourse in South Africa, as well as the manner in which a voice is given to the so-called Other. The central issue of this investigation is the following: What is the position of white creative women in South Africa and how is this position being inscribed into the discourse of Afrikaans literature? Concomitantly, issues such as subjectivity, the description of the object, as well as the subject's position within the literary tradition will be analysed.

This thesis argues the need for a critique of foundational values which are often taken to be unquestionable. Values and evaluations inform the decision-making of human individuals on a daily basis on all possible levels – the local, the national, the international, and the global. Yet for all the importance of values, their origin, functioning and effects are rarely brought to light. This paper opposes critique as a creative and genealogical endeavour against shallow conformist analyses that serve the established status quo. With the aid of Nietzsche’s philosophy, in its first part this paper establishes an outline of how a proper critique would look. The proposed method of critique – a transvaluation which seeks to determine the origin of values in order to interpret them in a novel and more affirmative fashion – is then applied via the philosophy of Spinoza in the second part of the thesis wherein the origin of values is questioned. The third part employs the philosophy of Badiou both to bring back the critique to a more modern footing and to juxtapose Badiou to Spinozist and Nietzschean transvaluations. This part also paves the way for a concluding comparative section where the key features of the three philosophers are contrasted regarding the foundational values which where perpetually criticized throughout the thesis. The overall purpose of the paper is to explore the possibility of an alternative method of critique to the seemingly dominant modern opposition... [to full text] / Šis darbas teigia, jog reikia užsiimti kritika pamatinių vertybių, kurios dažnai yra laikomos nekvestionuojamomis. Vertybės ir vertinimai veikia žmonių sprendimus kiekvieną dieną visais įmanomais lygmenimis – vietiniu, nacionaliniu, tarptautiniu ir globaliu. Tačiau nepaisant vertybių svarbos, jų kilmė, veikimas ir poveikiai yra retai nuodugniai svarstomi. Šiame magistriniame darbe kritika kaip kūrybinė ir genealoginė veikla yra oponuojama paviršutiniškai ir konformistiškai analizei, kuri tarnauja dominuojančioms galioms. Su Nietzsche filosofijos pagalba, pirmoji šio darbo dalis apibrėžia kaip turėtų atrodyti tikra kritika. Siūlomas kritikos metodas – pervertinimas, kuris siekia nustatyti vertybių kilmę tam, kad interpretuotų jas nauju ir labiau teigiamu būdu – yra taikomas su Spinozos filosofija antrojoje dalyje, kurioje keliamas klausimas apie vertybių kilmę. Trečioji dalis naudojasi Badiou filosofija tam, kad grąžintų kritiką į šių dienų laikus ir supriešintų pastarąjį su Spinozos ir Nietzsche pervertinimais. Ši dalis taipogi paruošia dirvą apibendrinamai lyginamajai daliai, kurioje apžvelgiamos pagrindinės trijų filosofų nuostatos apie pamatines vertybes, kurios kritikuojamos viso darbo metu. Bendras šio darbo tikslas yra išbandyti alternatyvaus kritikos metodo galimybes: dabartinė situacija atrodo tokia, kur būtina rinktis tarp radikalaus nepasitenkinimo viskuo, arba tarp radikalaus konformizmo. Šių ekstremalumų alternatyva būtų pervertinanti kritika, užsiimanti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]