231 |
The role of the medical social worker in helping patients at the Royal Victoria Hospital to accept and use a referral to the psychiatric service when their original request was for treatment of their physical complaints.Steeves, Elizabeth. January 1951 (has links)
Great progress has been made by medical science today toward the successful treatment of many diseases so that they no longer present the same threat to man's existence. Along with this, increasing attention is being directed toward those patients who return again and again to the clinic or the private doctor with complaints for which no organic basis can be found. [...]
|
232 |
The personal family and social circumstances of old people in greater montreal 1961-1962.Chesworth, Olive., Kelly, Sheila., Lucas, Kathleen., Witkov, Barbara., Negru, Lena. January 1962 (has links)
This thesis describes a pilot study carried out in Montreal to help plan a larger cross-Montreal survey of old age. The primary aim of the project is to pre-test a schedule developed by Mr. Peter Townsend of the European Section of the Social Science Research Committee, International Association of Gerontology. The Townsend schedule is to be used as a basis for the collection of data in cross-national surveys in other countries. [...]
|
233 |
Des sciences pour nous comprendre : vérité et réalisme dans les pratiques de sciences humainesRenaudo, Gérard 20 September 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Pouvons-nous être réalistes et dire le vrai en sciences humaines, lorsque nous étudions nos façons de penser, de faire sens, de nous comporter ? Habituellement, les SH donnent à cette question une réponse métaphysique en se fondant dans la réalité et la vérité des choses qu'elles examinent vues comme spécifiquement humaines. Mais nous n'attendons des SH qu'une étude de la compréhension humaine, et en cela elles ne sont que des activités ordinaires utilisant le langage. Notre question doit donc être posée dans le langage ordinaire. Cependant, à considérer que sens et compréhension ne sont que des usages, on est enclin à considérer tout savoir à ce propos comme relatif à une situation ; la vérité peut alors être considérée comme relative, et les SH comme irréalistes. Nos sciences méritent une autre voie autorisant un usage réaliste de ''vrai''. Je soutiens que ceci peut être trouvé dans une philosophie du langage ordinaire qui partage avec les SH la même matière première : le sens, la compréhension. D'Austin elles peuvent hériter sa conception non-essentielle de ce qui apparaît comme réalité dans la signification ; de Cavell, l'analyse de la compréhension dans notre accord dans le langage ; de Diamond, une solution à la question du réalisme en le prenant en considération dans nos attitudes. Pour illustrer ces usages de ''vrai'' en SH, je propose une lecture de Foucault montrant sa manière de rechercher une attitude réaliste. En conclusion, je décris comment les SH doivent être vues comme des pratiques : non pas dans un espoir de vérification, mais dans l'acceptation de leur dépendance à nos usages de ''vrai'' et à nos attitudes.
|
234 |
Social arv og anbragte børn i et udviklingsperspektiv /Thygesen, Lotte Marie. January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Kandidatopgave. / Speciale. Generel pædagogik.
|
235 |
Resource scarcity and social identity in the political conflicts in BurundiJengo, Elisabeth Naito 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since Burundi gained independence in 1962, this country has experienced periods of mass
communal violence. Extensive scholarly research has focused on exploring the factors
behind, and the nature of, the conflicts in Burundi from a socio-ethnic perspective. There has,
however, been a persistent lack of attention paid to the inextricable relationship between
environmental factors; particularly the scarcity of resources, coupled with rapid population
growth; and Burundi‘s recent history of internal conflict. Noteworthy explanatory factors,
which are often ignored in literature on the environment and conflict, have thus motivated
this study. Burundi is an example of this reality because of a highly dependent agricultural
economy and a constant growing population. This study used a descriptive analysis, as
methodological tool; in order to gain an understanding of Burundi‘s land question - that is,
how limited access to land and the constantly increasing population have led to
environmental degradation, that served as motivational trigger factors for the violent political
conflicts that occurred at various periods between 1965 and 1993 in this country. This study
addresses this epistemological gap. In order to explore the nexus between environmental
factors, land access, population growth and the political conflicts in Burundi, this study draws
and builds upon Jared Diamond‘s (2005) five point framework of potential trigger factors to
environmental collapse. Moreover, Diamond‘s (2005) ecocide theory argues that there are
eight specific indicators to demonstrate how societies undermine themselves by damaging
their own environment; thus resulting in an ecocide. This theory was applied to the two main
environmental variables examined in this study. More specifically, this theoretical
perspective provided a base for exploring how land issues, population growth, environmental
degradation and political change can be understood as important precursors to the violent
conflicts in Burundi. What may be surmised by this study; is that there is indeed a positive
correlation between these forces, where the values of the independent variables (land access
and population growth) are associated with the values of the dependent variable (violent conflict). This correlation, therefore, calls for an acknowledgement of the complexity of the
Burundian conflicts and that ethnicity which has dominated contemporary conflict analysis is
but one of several social rifts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert Burundi in 1962 onafhanklikheid verkry het, het hierdie land periodes van massa
gewelddadige politieke konflik ervaar. Uitgebreide wetenskaplike navorsing het daarop
gefokus om die faktore agter die gebeure, sowel as die aard van die konflik in Burundi vanuit
‘n sosio-etniese perspektief, te ondersoek. Tog word daar steeds gebrekkige aandag geskenk
aan die onlosmaaklike verhouding tussen omgewingsfaktore, veral gebrek aan hulpbronne,
gepaardgaande met die voortgesette bevolkingsaanwas; asook Burundi se onlangse
geskiedenis van interne konflik. Noemenswaardige gapings, wat dikwels in die verklarende
literatuur geïgnoreer word, het dus hierdie studie gemotiveer. Burundi is ‘n voorbeeld van
hierdie werklikheid omdat die land baie afhanklik van landbou is; as gevolg van die
kontstante bevolkingsaanwas in die land. Hierdie navorsing het beskrywende analise as ‘n
metodologiese instrument gebruik om insig te kry oor Burundi se grondkwessie – met ander
woorde hoe die beperkte toegang tot grond en ‘n toenemende bevolkingsaanwas gelei het tot
die agteruitgang van die omgewing. Bostaande faktore het as motiverende sneller faktore
gedien, wat aanleiding gegee het tot die gewelddadige politieke konflik, wat gedurende
verskillende periodes tussen 1965 en 1993 in hierdie land ontstaan het. Hierdie studie poog
dus om hierdie epistomologiese gaping aan te spreek. Ten einde die verband (nexus) tussen
omgewingsfaktore, grondbesit, bevolkingsaanwas en die politieke konflikte in Burundi te
ondersoek, steun en bou hierdie studie voort op Jared Diamond (2005) se vyfpunt raamwerk
van potensiële sneller faktore, wat lei tot omgewings ineenstorting. Verder beweer Diamond
(2005) se omgewings uitwissing (ecocide) teorie dat daar agt spesifieke aanduidings is om te
demonstreer hoe gemeenskappe hulself ondermyn deur hul eie omgewing te
beskadig/vernietig: wat uitloop op omgewings uitwissing (ecocide). Hierdie teorie is
aangewend in die twee hoof omgewings veranderlikes, wat in die studie/ navorsing
ondersoek is. Hierdie teoretiese perspektief het ook spesifiek ‘n basis voorsien om te
ondersoek hoe grondkwessies, bevolkingsaanwas, omgewings agteruitgang en politieke
verandering verstaan kan word as belangrike aanwysers van die geweldadige konflik in Burundi. Deur middel van hierdie studie kan ‘n duidelike opsomming gemaak word dat daar
inderdaad ‘n positiewe korrelasie tussen hierdie magte voorkom, waar die waardes van die
onafhanklike veranderlike (toegang tot grond en bevolkingsgroei) geassosieer word met die
waardes van die afhanklike veranderlike (geweldadige konflik). Hierdie korrelasie verg dus
‘n beroep om erkenning te gee aan die kompleksiteit van konflik in Burundi. Hierdie etniese
debat, wat tans die oorheersende konflik aanvuur, is maar net een van die verskeie
interpretasies van sosiale breekpunte in Burundi is.
|
236 |
Social protection for vulnerable children in ZambiaMoonga, Fred January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focused on the social protection of vulnerable children in Zambia. The aim was to find out how social protection had evolved and how it was conceptualised – its functions and types, policies and programmes, the benefits and services, and the risks and vulnerabilities that it addresses. A descriptive study design was used with qualitative methods of collecting and analysing data. The sample of 24 participants from government and nongovernmental organisations involved in social protection delivery as well as carers of children was drawn from the Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia respectively. A semi-structured interview schedule was used, and all the recorded interviews were transcribed by the researcher and sent back to the participants for proofreading or corrections, where necessary, before analysis.
The basic needs, the empowerment, the risk management, the rights-based, and the capability approaches have been used to further the conceptualization, design features and implementation modalities of social protection. Additionally, given that a theoretical basis for social protection is still lacking, the study drew on representational, explanatory, normative, human capital, social construction, social contractual, and structural social work theories in order to complement, extend and verify the findings.
Ethical clearance (number Desc_Moonga2012) was obtained from Stellenbosch University’s Research Ethics Committee. The ethical clearance certificate was used to apply for and obtain permission from the Zambian Ministry of Community Development Mother and Child Health and nongovernmental organisations involved in the study.
Empirically, the study found that social protection was an old activity under a new name and was being scaled up rapidly but biased towards cash transfers. By and large, social protection in Zambia is provided as unconditional transfers, mainly as social assistance. No existing legislative or policy framework specifically focused on social protection was found, although the latter had been drafted at the time of the study. The Zambian government and a number of partners such as CARE, Child Fund, World Vision and the World Food Programme, to mention only a few, were found to be involved, but their efforts were fragmented and interventions for children were limited, fragmented and less responsive to the current risks and vulnerabilities of children. The study also established that if 2–3% of the country’s gross domestic product as recommended by the International Labour Organization were used, Zambia could afford to provide extensive social protection coverage (beyond its current offering) by using local resources. However, this would require putting in place appropriate and sustainable resource mobilisation measures and decentralization of the processes and interventions.
Based on these and other concluding findings, it is recommended that in order for social protection for vulnerable children in Zambia to be effective, among other requirements, political will is needed in the provision of social protection for vulnerable groups, especially children, through legislative and policy frameworks. Additionally, there is a need for sustainable resource mobilisation, especially through progressive taxation such as taxation of undeserved income and taxation of big businesses, especially mining companies. However, due to limitations in qualitative methods and descriptive designs and the small sample of the data used, the conclusions and recommendations of the study are but conjectural. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het op die maatskaplike beskerming van kwesbare kinders in Zambië gekonsentreer. Die doel was om te bepaal hoe maatskaplike beskerming ontwikkel het en gekonseptualiseer is – die soorte en funksies van maatskaplike beskerming, die beleide en programme daaroor, die voordele en dienste wat daarmee verband hou, en die gepaardgaande risiko’s en kwesbaarhede. ʼn Beskrywende navorsingsontwerp met kwalitatiewe metodes vir data-insameling en -ontleding is gebruik. Die steekproef van 24 deelnemers uit die staatsektor en nieregeringsorganisasies wat met die lewering van maatskaplike beskerming gemoeid is, sowel as kinderversorgers, het uit die Lusaka-, sentrale en suidelike provinsies van Zambië gekom. ’n Semigestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik. Die navorser het alle opnames van onderhoude getranskribeer en dit voor ontleding aan die deelnemers gestuur om te proeflees en enige nodige regstellings te maak.
Die basiese behoefte-, bemagtiging-, risikobestuur-, regsgebaseerde en vermoëns benaderings is gebruik om die konseptualisering, ontwerp kenmerke en implementering van modaliteite van maatskaplike beskerming te bevorder. Benewens die gebrek aan ’n teoretiese grondslag vir maatskaplike beskerming, het die studie op die verteenwoordigende- verklarende-, normatiewe-, menslikekapitaal-, maatskaplikekonstruksie-, maatskaplikekontrak- en strukturele maatskaplikewerk-teorieë staatgemaak om die bevindinge aan te vul, uit te brei en na te gaan.
Etiekgoedkeuring (nommer Desc_Moonga2012) is van die Universiteit Stellenbosch se Navorsingsetiekkomitee verkry. Die etiekgoedkeuringsertifikaat is op sy beurt gebruik om toestemming te vra en te verkry van die Zambiese Ministerie van Gemeenskapsontwikkeling en Moeder- en Kindergesondheid en nieregerings-organisasies wat by die studie betrokke was.
Die empiriese bevinding van die studie is dat maatskaplike beskerming ’n ou aktiwiteit met ’n nuwe naam is, en dat dit vinnig uitgebrei word, dog na kontant-oorplasings oorhel. Maatskaplike beskerming in Zambië geskied merendeels as onvoorwaardelike oorplasings, hoofsaaklik in die vorm van maatskaplike bystand. Geen bestaande regs- of beleidsraamwerk wat bepaald oor maatskaplike beskerming handel, kon opgespoor word nie, hoewel werk aan ’n beleidsraamwerk ten tyde van die studie aan die gang was. Die Zambiese regering en ’n aantal vennote, waaronder CARE, Child Fund, World Vision en die Wêreldvoedselprogram, om net enkeles te noem, is betrokke by maatskaplike beskerming dienslewering, maar hul pogings is gefragmenteer. Veral intervensies vir kinders is beperk, gefragmenteer en nie juis ingestel op die kinders se huidige risiko’s en kwesbaarhede nie. Daarbenewens het die studie vasgestel dat indien 2–3% van die land se bruto binnelandse produk gebruik word, soos wat die Internasionale Arbeidsorganisasie aanbeveel, Zambië kan bekostig om met behulp van plaaslike hulpbronne omvattende maatskaplike beskerming (wat verder strek as sy huidige aanbod) te bied. Dít sou egter vereis dat toepaslike en volhoubare maatreëls en desentralisering van prosesse en intervensies ingestel word om hulpbronne te mobiliseer.
Op grond van hierdie en ander bevindinge is die gevolgtrekking dat maatskaplike beskerming vir kwesbare groepe in Zambië slegs doeltreffend sal wees indien die nodige politieke wil bestaan om deur regs- en beleidsraamwerke maatskaplike beskerming aan hierdie groepe, veral kinders, te voorsien. Daar bestaan ook ’n behoefte aan volhoubare hulpbronmobilisering, veral deur progressiewe belasting soos belasting op onverdiende inkomste en belasting op groot ondernemings, bepaald mynmaatskappye. Weens die beperkinge van kwalitatiewe metodes en deskriptiewe ontwerpe, sowel as die klein datasteekproef wat gebruik is, is die gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings van die studie egter bloot verondersteld.
|
237 |
Social work intervention with parents of a premature infantAfrica, Rionell Janine 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSocialWork)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research originated from the researcher's interest in the effect of high-risk
pregnancy, premature birth and infancy on the emotional well-being of parents. The
research undertaken particularly focused on exploring the psychosocial experiences of
parents with a premature infant. The study aimed at investigating various social work
intervention strategies that can be applied to address the problematic factors parents with
a premature infant are confronted with. The purpose of this research is to provide a
theoretical knowledge basis, in order to set guidelines for social work intervention, to
ensure effective service rendering to parents with premature infants.
The research report includes a review of the literature discussing premature labour and
birth, the premature infant and the psychosocial experiences of parents. Social work in
health care, kangaroo care, crisis intervention, family therapy and grief counselling are
also discussed to create a theoretical knowledge basis in order to serve as a guideline for
social workers, to ensure effective and efficient social work service rendering to parents
with a premature infant.
The empirical research involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to
explore the psychosocial experiences of parents and the effectiveness of social work
intervention. The population admitted in the Military hospital during the period 2001 to
2003 consisted of +- 60 cases. To enable the researcher to conduct the research study
50% of the overall population was used which resulted in a sample of 20 respondents
consulted in the period 2002 to 2003. The respondents were invited to a group meeting
where questionnaires, which included open-ended and closed questions, were used to
collect the data.
The results obtained were analyzed and compared to relevant literature in order to assess
the reliability of the research. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations were offered from the findings of the study. The fmdings of this study serve as a guideline for
professionals, specifically social workers in the medical setting, to be able to render an
effective service to parents with a premature infant. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorsprong van hierdie navorsing het ontstaan na aanleiding van die navorser se
belangstelling rakende die effek wat hoë-risiko swangerskap, premature kraam en die
premature baba op die emosionele welstand van die ouer het. Die navorsingsondersoek
fokus spesifiek daarop om die psigo-sosiale ondervindinge van ouers te verken. Die
studie poog ook daarin om verskeie maatskaplike intervensiestrategieë te ondersoek wat
aangewend kan word om die problematiese faktore waarmee ouers gekonfronteer word
aan te spreek. Die doel van die navorsing is om 'n teoretiese kennisbasis daar te stel wat
as riglyne benut kan word vir die implementering van maatskaplikewerk-intervensie ten
einde 'n effektiewe diens aan ouers met premature babas te kan lewer.
Die navorsingsverslag bied 'n oorsig van die literatuur waarin premature kraam, die
premature baba en die psigo-sosiale ondervindinge van ouers in diepte bespreek word.
Verskeie maatskaplike intervensiestrategieë word ook bespreek met verwysing na
maatskaplike werk in die gesondheidsektor, kangaroosorg, krisisingryping, gesinsterapie
en rouberading.
Die empiriese studie sluit in die benutting van beide die kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe
metodes ten einde die psigososiale ondervindings van ouers met premature babas te
verken asook die effektiwiteit van maatskaplikewerk-intervensie te ondersoek. Die totaal
ouers met premature babas opgeneem in die Militêre hospitaal vir die tydperk 2001 tot
2003 het +- 60 gevalle beloop. Ten einde dit dus vir die navorser moontlik te maak om
die navorsingstudie te kan onderneem is 50% van die populasie betrek in die
navorsingstudie waaruit 'n steekproef van 20 respondente saamgestel is met wie
gekonsulteer is in die periode 2002 tot 2003.
Die respondente is genooi na 'n groepvergadering waartydens vraelyste uitgedeel is om
data te bekom. Oop en geslote vrae is ingesluit in die vraelyste. Die resultate en
bevindinge verkry is geanaliseer en vergelyk met die literatuur om die betroubaarheid
van die navorsing te toets. Gevolgtrekkinge is gemaak en aanbevelings daarop gebaseer is na aanleiding van die bevindinge van die studie aangebied. Die bevindinge van
hierdie studie kan aangewend word as 'n riglyn vir professionele persone met spesifieke
verwysing na maatskaplike werkers in die gesondheid sektor, om 'n effektiewe diens te
kan lewer aan ouers met premature babas.
|
238 |
Foster care of AIDS orphans : social workers' perspectivesDe Jager, Este 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M Social Work (Social Work))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to shed some light on the needs of children orphaned by AIDS
as well as on the training and support that their foster parents will need, in order to
provide guidelines for equipping foster parents to care for AIDS orphans. The motivation
for this study was the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS in the South Africa and the one million
South African AIDS orphans left in its wake. Most of these children end up in substitute
homes, and many of them in foster care. Researchers agree that AIDS orphans have
special needs because of the circumstances surrounding their parents’ death. Foster
parents will therefore need to be prepared to meet these needs. It is an internationally
documented fact that foster parents have a need for training and support to meet the
demands of foster care, and having an AIDS orphan as a foster child will increase, and
focus this need. The study was also motivated by the current shortages and challenges
in the foster care system in South Africa which makes it difficult for social workers to
effectively train and support foster parents, and aims to contribute towards overcoming
some of these problems so that foster parents can be properly prepared to see to the
well-being of the AIDS orphans in their care.
The research was done based on a literature study, which firstly made use of the
Ecological Systems Perspective to explore the effects of parental death by AIDS on their
children. Subsequently an overview of foster care within the South African context is
given, with emphasis on foster care in general, foster care within the challenging South
African context and foster care of AIDS orphans. The last part of the literature review
discusses foster parent cell groups as a means of training and supporting the foster
parents of AIDS orphans for the parenting process.
The empirical investigation of the study investigated to what extent, and in what ways,
social workers are training and supporting foster parents to care for AIDS orphans. This
investigation confirmed some of the findings of the literature study, namely that AIDS
orphans have needs that differ from those of other foster children and that social workers
are too overburdened to be able to give the foster parents of these orphans the needed
training and support. In light of the findings derived from the literature study and empirical research,
conclusions and recommendations are made concerning the phenomena under
investigation. The recommendations focus on guidelines that can be used by social
workers to train and support the foster parents of AIDS orphans. The recommendations
centre on the utilisation of resource-friendly methods to train and support foster parents;
bringing structure into the foster care process and on social workers having to use
research for guidance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om lig te werp op die behoeftes van kinders wat deur VIGS
wees gelaat is, sowel as op die opleiding en ondersteuning wat hul pleegouers nodig
het, ten einde riglyne te verskaf vir die toerus van pleegouers om na VIGS-weeskinders
om te sien. Die studie is gemotiveer deur die vinnige verspreiding van MIV/VIGS in Suid-
Afrika en die een miljoen VIGS-weeskinders wat agtergelaat is. Die meeste van hierdie
kinders word in plaasvervangende huise ingeneem, waarvan baie pleegsorgplasings is.
Navorsers stem saam dat VIGS-weeskinders spesiale behoeftes het as gevolg van die
omstandighede wat met hul ouers se dood gepaard gaan. Pleegouers sal dus voorberei
moet word om in hierdie behoeftes te voorsien. Internasionale studies bewys dat
pleegouers self ‘n behoefte aan opleiding en ondersteuning het om aan die vereistes
van pleegsorg te voldoen. Hierdie behoefte verdiep en word meer gefokus vir ‘n
pleegouer wat ‘n VIGS-weeskind in pleegsorg neem. Die studie is ook gemotiveer deur
die huidige tekortkominge en uitdagings inherent aan die pleegsorgstelsel in Suid-Afrika
wat dit vir maatskaplike werkers moeilik maak om pleegouers genoegsaam op te lei en
te ondersteun. Die studie het dus ten doel gehad om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot die
oorkoming van sommige van hierdie probleme sodat pleegouers voorbereid kan wees
om na die welsyn van hierdie weeskinders in hulle sorg om te sien.
Die navorsing is gebaseer op ‘n verreikende literatuurstudie. Die literatuurstudie het
eerstens gefokus op die gebruik van die Ekologiese Sisteemperspektief om die effek van
ouers se afsterwe weens MIV/VIGS op kinders te ondersoek. Daarna is ‘n oorsig gegee
van pleegsorg binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Klem is geplaas op pleegsorg in die
algemeen, pleegsorg binne die uitdagende Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en pleegsorg
spesifiek met VIGS-weeskinders. Die laaste deel van die literatuuroorsig bespreek die
moontlikheid om pleegouer-selgroepe te benut om pleegouers die nodige opleiding en
ondersteuning te gee vir die proses van ouerskap.
Die empiriese studie ondersoek ook in watter mate en op watter manier, maatskaplike
werkers besig is om die pleegouers van VIGS-weeskinders op te lei en te ondersteun.
Hierdie ondersoek bevestig sommige van die bevindinge van die literatuurstudie;
spesifiek dat VIGS-weeskinders unieke behoeftes het en dat maatskaplike werkers te oorlaai is om die pleegouers van hierdie weeskinders die nodige opleiding en
ondersteuning te bied.
In die lig van die bevindinge van die literatuurstudie en empiriese navorsing is
gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings gemaak. Die aanbevelings het primêr gepoog om
riglyne te verskaf wat deur maatskaplike werkers gebruik kan word om pleegouers op te
lei en te ondersteun. Die aanbevelings het gesentreer rondom die gebruik van hulpbronvriendelike
maniere om pleegouers op te lei en te ondersteun; die strukturering van die
pleegsorgproses en die noodsaaklikheid vir maatskaplike werkers om daadwerklik van
navorsing gebruik te maak vir leiding.
|
239 |
Social mobility and cohesion in post-apartheid South AfricaVon Fintel, Marisa 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty years after the end of apartheid, South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in
the world. Socio-economic polarisation is entrenched by the lack of social capital and interactions
across racial and economic divides, blocking pathways out of poverty. This dissertation examines
social mobility and cohesion in post-apartheid South Africa by considering three related topics.
Chapter 2 of the dissertation examines the impact of school quality on the academic performance
of disadvantaged learners as one of the most important enforcing factors perpetuating the social and
economic divides. Given the historic racial and economic stratification of the South African public
school system, many black children are sent to historically white public schools as a way to escape
poverty. Using longitudinal data, this chapter estimates the effect of attending a historically white
school on the numeracy and literacy scores of black children. The main challenge is to address the
selection bias in the estimates, for which a value-added approach is implemented in order to control
for unobserved child-specific heterogeneity. In addition, various household covariates are used to
control for household-level differences among children. The results indicate that the attendance of a
former white school has a large and statistically significant impact on academic performance in both
literacy and numeracy which translates into more than a year’s worth of learning. The main finding is
robust to various robustness checks.
In Chapter 3 the dissertation examines social cohesion by considering the concept of reference groups
used in the evaluation of relative standing in utility functions. The chapter develops a model in which
various parameters are allowed to enter the utility function without linearity constraints in order to
determine the weight placed on the well-being of individuals in the same race group as the respondent
versus all the other race groups living in one of three specified geographic areas. The findings suggest
that reference groups have shifted away from a purely racial delineation to a more inclusive one subsequent
to the country’s first democratic elections in 1994. Although most of the weight is still placed on
same-race relative standing, the estimates suggest that individuals from other race groups also enter the
utility function. The chapter also examines the spatial variation of reference groups and finds evidence
that the relative standing of close others (such as neighbours) enter the utility function positively while
individuals who live further away (strangers) enter the utility function negatively.
Finally, Chapter 4 provides a summary of the dynamics of income in South Africa, using longitudinal
household data. Chapter 4 is aimed at separating structural trends in income from stochastic shocks
and measurement error, and makes use of an asset-based approach. It first estimates the percentage
of individuals who were in chronic poverty between 2010 and 2012 and then estimates the shape of
structural income dynamics in order to test for the existence of one or more dynamic equilibrium points,
which would be indicative of the existence of a poverty trap. The findings do not provide any evidence
for the existence of a poverty trap. In addition, contrary to earlier findings, the results do not provide
evidence for the existence of an asset-based threshold at which the structural income accumulation
paths of households bifurcate. Instead, the results seem to indicate the existence of a threshold beyond
which structural income remains persistent with very little upward mobility. The robustness of the
results is confirmed by making use of control functions in order to correct for any measurement error
which may exist in the data on assets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Twintig jaar nadat apartheid beëindig is word Suid-Afrika steeds as een van die wêreld se mees ongelyke
lande gekenmerk. Sosio-ekonomiese polarisasie word verskans deur die gebrek aan sosiale kapitaal
en interaksies tussen rassegroepe en ekonomiese klasse, wat lei tot die versperring van roetes
uit armoede. Hierdie proefskrif bestudeer sosiale mobiliteit en samehorigheid in post-apartheid Suid-
Afrika deur middel van drie verwante onderwerpe.
Hoofstuk 2 van hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die impak van skoolkwaliteit op die akademiese prestasie
van benadeelde leerders as een van die belangrikste faktore wat huidige sosiale en ekonomiese skeidings
afdwing. Gegewe die historiese verdeling van die openbare skoolstelsel volgens ras en ekonomiese
status, word heelwat swart kinders na historiese blanke skole gestuur ten einde armoede te ontsnap.
Deur gebruik te maak van paneeldata word die impak van skoolbywoning van ’n historiese blanke skool
op die geletterheid van swart kinders - in beide wiskunde en Engels - beraam. Die grootste uitdaging
is om enige sydigheid in die beramings aan te spreek, waarvoor daar van ’n waarde-toevoegings inslag
gebruik gemaak word ten einde te kontroleer vir enige individuele heterogeniteit. ’n Verskeidenheid
kontroles op die vlak van die huishouding word gebruik ten einde te kontroleer vir verskille tussen
kinders uit verkillende huishoudings. Die resultate dui daarop dat bywoning van ’n historiese wit
skool ’n groot en statisties beduidende impak op die akademiese prestasie van beide wiskundige asook
litterêre geletterdheid het, wat omgeskakel kan word in meer as ’n jaar se leerwerk. ’n Verskeidenheid
verifikasie toetse bevestig die geldigheid van die resultate.
Hoofstuk 3 van die proefskrif bestudeer sosiale samehorigheid deur die samestelling van verwysingsgroepe
in die evaluasie van relatiewe posisionering in nutsfunksies te oorweeg. Die hoofstuk ontwikkel
’n model waarin verskeie parameters sonder liniêre beperkings in die nutsfunksie toegelaat word ten
einde die gewig te beraam wat geplaas word op die welstand van individue in dieselfde rasgroep as die
respondent teenoor al die ander rasgroepe wat in een van drie gespesifiseerde geografiese areas woon.
Die bevindings dui daarop dat, na die land se eerste demokratiese verkiesings in 1994, die definiering
van verwysingsgroepe weggeskuif het van ’n verdeling volgens ras na ’n meer inklusiewe definisie.
Alhoewel meeste van die gewig steeds geplaas word op relatiewe posisionering teenoor individue van
dieselfde ras, dui die beramings daarop dat individue van ander rassegroepe ook ingesluit word in
die nutsfunksie. Die hoofstuk beoordeel ook die ruimtelike variasie van verwysingsgroepe en bevind
dat die relatiewe posisionering van nabye individue (soos byvoorbeeld bure) die nutsfunksie positief
beïnvloed terwyl individue wat vêr weg woon (vreemdelinge) die nutsfunksie negatief beïnvloed.
Hoofstuk 4 van die proefskrif sluit af met ’n opsomming van die inkomste dinamika in Suid-Afrika,
deur gebruik te maak van paneelhuishoudingdata. Die laaste hoofstuk mik om die strukturele tendens
in inkomste van enige stogastiese skokke en metingsfoute te isoleer en maak gebruik van ’n
bate-gebasseerde inslag. Dit beraam eerstens die persentasie van individue wat in kroniese armoede
verkeer het tussen 2010 en 2012 en beraam dan die vorm van die strukturele inkomste dinamika. Dit
word gedoen ten einde vir die bestaan van een of meer dinamiese ekwilibrium punte te toets, wat
aanduidend sou wees van die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik. Die bevindings bied nie enige bewyse vir
die bestaan van ’n armoedestrik nie. Ook bied die resultate geen bewyse vir die bestaan van ’n bategebasseerde
drempel waar die strukturele inkomste akkumulasieroetes van huishoudings vertak nie, in
teenstelling met vorige resultate. In plaas daarvan, blyk die resultate te dui op die bestaan van ’n drempel
waarna strukturele inkomste volhardend bly met baie min opwaardse mobiliteit. Die geldigheid
van die resultate word bevestig deur gebruik te maak van kontrolefunksies ten einde te korrigeer vir
enige metingsfoute wat moontlik in die data van bates mag bestaan.
|
240 |
Toward the development of a corporate social responsibility leadership questionnaireVan Zyl, Liam Tian 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, organisations in South Africa and around the world have started to realise that they have responsibilities towards the environment and communities they operate in, and that their responsibilities stretch further than just making profits for their shareholders. This growing awareness amongst organisations resulted in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to escalate in importance and significance (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). The organisations‟ social responsibilities entail more than merely philanthropic activities in that the “social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (voluntary) expectations that society has of organisations at a given point in time” (Carroll & Shabana, 2010, p. 89). Apart from being a powerful and positive force for social change, organisations can also reap multi-faceted business returns from their CSR endeavours. Large organisations that have specific positions or departments that coordinates the various components of their CSR initiatives needs competent CSR leaders who can act as champions and drive CSR initiatives in their respective organisations. The purpose of this study was to identify the behaviours/competencies necessary to be an effective CSR leader and to develop a CSR leadership measurement instrument that could be used to assess CSR leadership competencies amongst CSR leaders of South African organisations. An ex post facto research design that included both qualitative and quantitative phases was used. A three-phase scale development process based on the work of Netemeyer, Bearden and Sharma (2003) was followed to develop the CSR leadership measurement instrument. Phase 1 (construct definition and domain specification) entailed a literature review, expert judging, as well as the identification of CSR leadership behaviours/competencies. The Leadership Behaviour Inventory (LBI-2) (Spangenberg & Theron, 2010; 2011) was identified to form the basis of the CSR-LQ. In-depth interviews with five CSR leaders were held and they judged the applicability of the 20 dimensions of the LBI-2 for CSR leadership. Additional CSR leader behaviours and competencies were identified through the use of the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). Phase 2 (generation and judging of measurement items) included a process of item generation and expert judgement of measurement items. The revised LBI-2 items, together with new items were compiled in a questionnaire. A 5 point Likert-type scale (1=not at all important to 5=absolutely critical) was used to judge the importance of the CSR-LQ items. A further sample of CSR leaders (n=13) served as expert judges to indicate the applicability and relevancy of the CSR-LQ items. Purposive sampling together with snowball sampling was used to generate the sample. Phase 3 (finalisation of the measurement instrument) entailed finalising the CSR-LQ prior to empirical testing. The study resulted in the identification of CSR leadership competencies and the development of a CSR leadership measurement instrument. It is however too early to draw conclusions from this study, and it is hoped that future researchers will build on this study and develop a comprehensive CSR leadership competency model that could be used to identify and develop successful CSR leaders that will contribute to the CSR objectives of their respective organisations and add to the future development of the country. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Organisasies regoor die wêreld, asook in Suid-Afrika, het in die afgelope jare begin besef dat hulle verantwoordelikhede het teenoor die omgewing en gemeenskappe waarin hulle werksaam is en dat hul verantwoordelikhede verder strek as om bloot wins vir hul belanghebbendes te maak. Hierdie toenemende bewustheid onder organisasies het tot gevolg gehad dat die konsep van korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid (KSV) in belangrikheid en betekenis toegeneem het (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). Organisasies se sosiale verantwoordelikheid behels meer as bloot filantropiese aktiwiteite deurdat dit ekonomiese, wetlike, etiese, en diskresionêre (willekeurige) verwagtinge wat die gemeenskap van organisasies het op 'n gegewe tydstip insluit (Carroll & Shabana, 2010). Buiten vir die feit dat KSV 'n kragtige en positiewe mag vir sosiale verandering is, kan organisasies ook veelvuldige besigheidsvoordele uit hul KSV-pogings trek. Groot organisasies, wat spesifieke posisies of departemente het om die verskeie komponente van hul KSV-inisiatiewe te koördineer, benodig bevoegde KSV-leiers wat as kampvegters kan optree en die KSV-inisiatiewe in hul onderskeie organisasies kan dryf. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die nodige gedrag/bevoegdhede van 'n effektiewe KSV-leier te identifiseer en om 'n KSV-leierskap-meetinstrument te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word om KSV-leierskapbevoegdhede onder KSV-leiers van Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies te meet. 'n Ex post facto navorsingsontwerp wat beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe fases ingesluit het, is gebruik. 'n Skaalontwikkelingsproses, gebaseer op die werk van Netemeyer, Bearden and Sharma (2003) en bestaande uit drie fases, is gevolg om die KSV-leierskap-meetinstrument te ontwikkel. Fase 1 (konstrukomskrywing en domeinspesifikasie) het 'n literatuurstudie, kennersoordeel, asook die identifikasie van KSV-leierskapsgedrag/-bevoegdhede bevat. Die Leierskapsgedrag-inventaris (LBI-2) (Spangenberg & Theron, 2010; 2011) is geïdentifiseer om die basis te vorm van die korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheidsleierskap-vraelys (CSR-LQ). In-diepte onderhoude is met vyf KSV-leiers gevoer en hulle het die toepaslikheid van die 20 dimensies van die LBI-2 ten opsigte van KSV-leierskap beoordeel. Bykomende KSV-leierskapsgedrag en -bevoegdhede is geïdentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van die Kritiese Insident-tegniek (KIT). Fase 2 (skep en oordeel van metingsitems) het 'n proses van itemskepping en kennersoordeel van metingsitems ingesluit. Die hersiene LBI-2-items, tesame met nuwe items, is in 'n vraelys saamgevat. 'n Vyf-punt Likert-tipe skaal (1=glad nie belangrik nie tot 5=absoluut noodsaaklik) is gebruik om die belangrikheid van die CSR-LQ-items te bepaal. 'n Verdere steekproef van KSV-leiers (n=13) het as kenners/beoordelaars gedien om die toepaslikheid en relevansie van die CSR-LQ-items aan te dui. Doelgerigte steekproefneming deur middel van sneeubal-steekproefneming is gedoen om die monster te genereer. Fase 3 (finalisering van die meetinstrument) het die finalisering van die CSR-LQ – voor empiriese toetsing – behels. Die studie het gelei tot die identifisering van KSV-leierskapbevoegdhede en die ontwikkeling van 'n KSV-leierskap-meetinstrument. Dit is egter te vroeg om gevolgtrekkings uit hierdie studie te maak, en daar word gehoop dat toekomstige navorsers op hierdie studie sal voortbou. Sodoende kan 'n omvattende KSV-leierskapbevoegdheidsmodel ontwikkel word wat gebruik kan word om suksesvolle KSV-leiers te identifiseer en te ontwikkel. Hierdie suksesvolle KSV-leiers sal tot die KSV-doelwitte van hul onderskeie organisasies kan bydra en waarde kan toevoeg tot die toekomstige ontwikkeling van die land.
|
Page generated in 0.6745 seconds