A dissertação pretende explorar a agenda da educação nas relações internacionais por meio do papel das organizações internacionais. Inseridos em uma realidade multilateral, organismos como a UNESCO, a UNICEF, o PNUD, a OCDE, a OIT e o Banco Mundial ganham cada vez mais espaço na arena internacional para discutir educação, alargando as fronteiras da ação política educacional para além do âmbito nacional. O objetivo desse trabalho é traçar um panorama histórico do entendimento destas organizações internacionais sobre o tema da educação, além de identificar qual das agências é protagonista na definição de projetos e programas educacionais. Perante a ascensão do Banco Mundial com o mandato da educação, confirmada por sua liderança na iniciativa Education for All, ainda pretende-se realizar um estudo de caso sobre as propostas do Banco Mundial na educação brasileira. A dissertação está dividida em dois artigos. O primeiro consiste em uma análise da educação de acordo com a percepção que as organizações internacionais possuem do tema, com foco na UNESCO e no Banco Mundial. O segundo artigo investiga os projetos do Banco Mundial desenvolvidos para o Brasil a partir de 1990. A finalidade do estudo é analisar de que forma os objetivos do Education for All estão presentes nesses projetos e se eles contribuem para uma mudança nas regulações, práticas e prioridades nacionais, e de que forma. / The dissertation has the purpose to explore the agenda of education in international relations through the role of international organizations. Inserted in a multilateral reality, organizations such as UNESCO, UNICEF, UNDP, OECD, ILO and the World Bank are gaining more space in international arena to discussing education, broadening the boundaries of educational policy-making beyond the national level. The aim of this study is to chart a historical overview of the understanding that these international organizations have about the topic of education, and identify which agency is the protagonist in the definition of the educational projects and programs. Given the rise of the World Bank, with the mandate of education, confirmed by its leadership in the Education for All initiative, the text also intends to conduct a case study on the proposals of the World Bank for Brazilian education. The dissertation is divided into two papers. The first one consists of an analysis of education according to the perception that international organizations, focusing on UNESCO and the World Bank. The second article investigates the Bank projects developed in Brazil since 1990. The purpose of the study is to examine how the goals of Education for All are present in these projects and if they contribute to a change in national regulations, practices and priorities, and how.

The tourism sector is one of the world's most comprehensive sectors, and it’s developing rapidly, assuming that international travel will increase significantly in the future. The fact that the tourism sector is growing and developing at such a rapid pace also means that the effects both positive and negative increase and will continue to increase. For a continued increase in tourism, a long-term, sustainable plan and development is required. Today, the concept of sustainable tourism is a well-used concept that involves three dimensions, the environmental dimension that protects and preserves the environment. The economic, to maintain a long time economic vitality and the social dimension that adress social justice. The term sustainable tourism is in line with the concept of sustainability that implies development for the future. Today there is many types of travel concept, one of them is all-inclusive which is a popular concept that is growing. The concept it is also criticized for that it does not promote sustainable tourism and development. This study examines Swedish travelers' views on sustainability on the all-inclusive concept. Based on a theoretical framework on the importance of sustainable tourism as well as research on the behavior of the tourist and by means of an empirical survey, the study can demonstrate whether there is awareness of the travelers about sustainability. The study shows empirical evidence that Swedish travelers are aware of sustainability and sustainable tourism, but they do not always act consciousness. / Turismsektorn växer och utvecklas i en snabb takt vilket leder till att även dess effekter, både positiva och negativa ökar. För en fortsatt ökad turism krävs en långsiktig, hållbar plan och utveckling. Ordet hållbar turism hänger ihop med begreppet hållbarhet som innebär utveckling för framtiden utan ett för stort avtryck på samhälle och miljö och att framtiden ska kunna emotse de behov som människor och naturen önskar, behöver samt kunna fortsätta göra det över tid. Idag är begreppet hållbar turism ett väl använt begrepp som innebär främst tre dimensioner, det miljömässiga som innebär att skydda och bevara miljön. Det ekonomiska, att bibehålla en lång tid ekonomisk livskraft och den sociala dimensionen som innebär att uppvisa en social rättvisa. Idag finns det många restyper där bland annat all-inclusive är ett populärt resekoncept som fått mycket kritik för att den inte främjar hållbar turism och utveckling. Den här studien undersöker svenska resenärers perspektiv kring hållbar turism med all-inclusive konceptet. Utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk om betydelsen av hållbar turism, tidigare forskning om turistens agerande, ansvar och skyldigheter samt med hjälp av en empirisk undersökning kan studien påvisa om det finns en medvetenhet hos resenärerna om hållbar turism. Studien visar empiriska bevis på att svenska resenärer har grundläggande kunskap om hållbar turism men att de inte alltid agerar efter sin medvetenhet.

This master thesis is focused on issue transimission system of Czech republic after 2040. Thesis is divided in two parts, teoretical and practical. Teoretical part contains present trends of transmission sytem and the most probably changes in the future decade. Practical part contains simulation of Czech transmission system and various scenarios with idea of open source.

All Blues is a unisex-brand that sells jewelry. They strive to communicate gender neutrality through their social media. All Blues communication strategy assume pictures on their social media speak for themselves and avoid influencing people's perceptions. All Blues says that gender neutral communication is essential to them which is what attracted and justified this study. The purpose is to seek an in-depth understanding of gender neutral fashion communication. A case study of All Blues communication will take place in order to fulfill the purpose of the study. The research questions are thereby: - How has a position on gender translated into the brand's communication strategy? - How do All Blues create a gender neutral expression through their visual communication? To investigate the purpose of the study a semi-structured interview took place with one of the owners of All Blues for deeper insight regarding how All Blues relates to gender structures. For further understanding a semiotic analysis was made with five pictures derived from All Blues social media. The analysis made it possible to identify multiple items from Butler's theory on gender along with Carey's ritual perspective on communication. The study shows that All Blues communication is partly successful regarding gender neutrality but it still has signs of classical gender norms. In addition to that, gender neutrality revealed a hegemonic male structure. Furthermore this shows how classical gender norms permeate our society. Overall communication can not be all gender neutral without accepting the classical gender norms that society is built upon.

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There is an ever increasing demand for higher spectral usage in wireless communication, radar and imaging systems. Higher spectral efficiency can be achieved using components that are aware of system environment and adapt suitably to the operating conditions. In this regard, radio frequency (RF) signal analysis is of paramount interest. Emergence of dispersive delay networks (DDN) has led to the significant development of microwave analogue-signal processing (ASP) and analysis. DDN causes displacement of spectral components in time domain, relative to the frequency dependant group delay response. The main challenge in the design of DDN in this context is in achieving broad bandwidth with high group delay dispersion (GDD). In this regard, all-pass networks (APN) have been explored as a potential wide-band DDN owing to the possibility of controlling the magnitude of loss characteristics without affecting the dispersion in group delay response. The synthesis procedure of lumped element APN using approximation methods is well known at audio frequencies. Most of these use operational amplifier and cannot be extended directly to RF. There is no generalised closed form analytical procedure at RF for the synthesis of APN with the required GDD. In this regard, this dissertation presents the design and implementation of all-pass networks as wide-band dispersive delay networks at radio frequencies. In this work, we begin by analysing the signal propagation through a DDN with a linear group delay response over a broad bandwidth. It is found that the signal experiences expansion of pulse width, reduction of its peak amplitude and a temporal displacement of the spectral components. Analytical expressions derived help initial synthesis of group delay response required for various ASP applications. As the first step towards implementation at RF, a single stage APN is designed using surface mount devices (SMD). This design approach takes into account practical issues such as parasitic due to mounting pads, available component values, physical dimensions, self-resonance frequency (SRF) and finite Q factor of the components used. Full wave simulation of the design with transmission line pads and components is carried out. This implementation is useful for frequencies up to the component SRF, generally about 5 GHz. This design approach makes the circuit footprint independent of frequency and the performance is limited only by the Q factor of the adopted technology. The Q factor affects the loss characteristics with a negligible effect on group delay response in the frequency band of interest. In order to extend the APN design for high group delay, a novel board level implementation is developed consisting of both lumped SMD components and distributed elements. The implementation results in a lower sensitivity of group delay performance to the commercially specified component value tolerances than the approach using all SMD components. It has been experimentally verified that the measured group delay is 2.4 ns at 1.85 GHz, which is thrice that reported in other approaches. The implementation has a reduced circuit footprint and is attractive in practical applications as it is a single layer micro strip realisation with less complex fabrication procedure and fewer components to assemble. As an extension of this towards wideband cascaded APN, an iterative design procedure is developed to achieve a monotonous group delay response over a broad bandwidth. The approach facilitates cascading of multiple stages of lumped APN with different resonance frequency and peak group delay to obtain linear and non-linear group delay responses with both positive and negative GDD. Circuits with both positive and negative GDD are required for various ASP applications such as compressive receivers and the present approach is unique in obtaining both the responses, not possible with many other RF dispersion techniques. Circuit models have been simulated by cascading transfer function responses of the individual APNs. The design is further extended for SMD implementation. To validate the above approach, a two stage APN is designed in the frequency range [0.5 - 1] GHz for a linear GDD of ±6 ns/GHz. Two negative GDD APNs are further cascaded to obtain a four stage implementation with an overall GDD of -12 ns/GHz. The experimental results are compared with full wave simulations for validation. The design using lumped SMD components has greatly improved the performance in terms of GDD with a reduced circuit footprint and lower insertion loss than previously reported approaches. As practical examples, the ASP modules are experimentally demonstrated using the fabricated APN. Frequency discrimination of two input frequencies with a frequency resolution of 500 MHz is demonstrated. Higher GDD results in higher separation of frequency components in time domain. Pulse compression and magnification is also demonstrated for different wideband LFM input signals. The dispersion effects of amplitude reduction, pulse width expansion and frequency chirping are thereby validated experimentally. In summary, the approaches presented in this dissertation enable the design of wideband all-pass networks to introduce dispersion delays over wide bandwidths, opening up the possibility for their use in analogue signal processing at radio frequencies. Some of these applications have been experimentally demonstrated and validated using time frequency analysis.

A three-dimensional inversion was implemented for magnetotellurics, which is a passive electromagnetic method in geophysics. It exploits natural electromagnetic fields of the Earth, which function as sources. Their interaction with the conductive parts of the subsurface are registered when components of the electric and the magnetic field are measured and evaluated. The all-at-once approach is an inversion scheme that is relatively new to geophysics. In this approach, the objective function – the basis of each inversion – is called the Lagrangian. It consists of three parts: (i) the data residual norm, (ii) the regularisation part, and (iii) the forward problem. The latter is the significant difference to conventional inversion approaches that are built up of a forward calculation part and an inversion part. In the case of all-at-once, the forward problem is incorporated in the objective function and is therefore already taken into account in each inversion iteration. Thus, an explicit forward calculation is obsolete. As an objective function, the Lagrangian shall reach a minimum and therefore its first and second derivatives are evaluated. Hence, the gradient of the Lagrangian and its Hessian are constituent parts of the KKT system – the Newton-type system that is set up in the all-at-once inversion. Conventional inversion approaches avoid the Hessian because it is a large, dense, not positive definite matrix that is challenging to handle. However, it provides additional information to the inversion, which raises hope for a high quality inversion result. As a first step, the inversion was programmed for the more straightforward one-dimensional magnetotelluric case. This was particularly suitable to become familiar with sQMR – a Krylov subspace method which is essential for the three-dimensional case to be able to work with the Hessian and the resulting KKT system. After the implementation and validation of the one-dimensional forward operator, the Lagrangian and its derivatives were set up to complete the inversion, which successfully solved the KKT system. Accordingly, the three-dimensional forward operator also needed to be implemented and validated, which was done using published data from the 3D-2 COMMEMI model. To realise the inversion, the Lagrangian was assembled and its first and second derivatives were validated with a test that exploits the Taylor expansion. Then, the inversion was initially programmed for the Gauss-Newton approximation where second order information is neglected. Since the system matrix of the Gauss-Newton approximation is positive definite, the solution of this system of equations could be carried out by the conventional solver pcg. Based on that, the complete KKT system (Newton\\\'s method) was set up and preconditioned sQMR solved this system of equations.

Introduction: Notre laboratoire a précédemment établi que Hoxa9 accélérait l’apparition de leucémie de type B induite par E2A-PBX1. Une analyse par qRT-PCR a montré que les niveaux d’ARN de Flt3, une cible de Hoxa9, étaient 32 fois plus élevés dans les leucémies Hoxa9/E2A-PBX1 par rapport que dans les leucémies E2A-PBX1. Il est important de noter que l’expression aberrante de Flt3 est retrouvée dans les leucémies ALL de type B et les AML. De plus, l’activation constitutive de Flt3 est associée à un faible pronostic. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la maintenance/ré-initiation des leucémies de type pré-B induites par E2A-Pbx1 est associée à la présence du récepteur Flt3. Méthodes et Résultats: Premièrement, nous avons analysé par FACS la présence de Flt3 et mesuré l’expression de Flt3 par qRT-PCR des cellules E2A-PBX1 leucémiques pré-B. Nous avons montré que les cellules leucémiques E2A-PBX1 expriment l’ARNm du gène Flt3. Cependant, le récepteur n’était détectable à la surface cellulaire que dans des proportions variant de 0.3 à 28%. Deuxièmement, nous avons évalué le potentiel leucémique des fractions positive et négative pour Flt3. Toutes deux ont été capables de ré-initier la leucémie environ 20 jours après transplantation. Des analyses par FACS ont montré qu’une proportion de cellules leucémiques exprimaient Flt3, incluant même celles provenant de la fraction Flt3-. Troisièmement, une stratégie de perte de fonction de Flt3 par shARN a été mise en œuvre afin d’examiner le rôle de la voie de signalisation de Flt3 dans les cellules leucémiques E2A-PBX1. Pour ce faire, des cellules primaires leucémiques ont été infectées, soit par le shARN anti-Flt3 soit shARN contrôle, et transplantées dans des souris receveuses. Les cellules leucémiques contenant le shARN ont été capables de régénérer la leucémie. Cependant, une proportion des cellules exprimaient toujours Flt3, ce qui indique que l’efficacité des shARn n’était pas suffisante. Conclusion et Perspectives: Nos shARN ne sont pas suffisamment efficaces sur les cellules leucémiques choisies. De ce fait, nous proposons d’utiliser des cellules leucémiques moins agressives tout en réalisant le même set-up expérimental. Des transplantations dans des receveurs KO Flt3-/- seraient également requises afin de réellement étudier l’impact de la voie de signalisation Flt3 dans la ré-initiation leucémique. / Introduction: Previous work in the laboratory have established that Hoxa9 accelerated the onset of E2A-PBX1 induced B cell leukaemia. qRT-PCR analysis showed that RNA levels of HOXA9 target Flt3 was 32-fold increased in Hoxa9/E2A-PBX1 compared to E2A-PBX1 leukaemia. It is important to note that aberrant expression of Flt3 is found in both B-ALL and AML. Moreover, constitutive activation of Flt3 is associated with a poor prognosis. We hypothesized that the acceleration of E2A-PBX1 B-ALL by Hoxa9 is caused through increased Flt3 signalling. Methods and Results: First, to evaluate whether Flt3 signalling is functionally relevant for E2A-PBX1 induced leukaemia, Flt3 expression was analysed by FACS and qRT-PCR. So far, we showed that E2A-PBX1 B-ALL express FLT3 but the receptor was detected on a variable proportion of the cells, ranging from 0.3-28 %. Secondly, we evaluated the leukemic potential of Flt3 positive and negative fractions. Both reinitiate leukaemia around 20 days post-transplantation. Thirdly, a shRNA mediated knockdown strategy for Flt3 has been applied to test the relevance of Flt3 signalling on E2A-PBX1 leukemic cells. To test this, primary leukaemic cells were infected, either with the shRNA anti-Flt3 or the shRNA control, and transplanted into recipient mice. Unexpectedly, no difference was observed between the two groups of mice. Conclusion and Relevance: Our shFLT3 is not efficient enough on the chosen leukemic cells. Therefore, we propose to apply the same set-up to a less aggressive leukaemia. Moreover, transplanting cells in Flt3-/- KO mice is required to really assess the impact of Flt3 signalling.

Teratogenes are external environmental factors that can cause a developmental or a congenital defect in exposed individuals. The methods used for detecting the embryotoxic effect of substances are the classic when laboratory mammals are used and the alternative which use in vitro and in ovo systems. The main difference between these two is that the alternative methods lack metabolism of maternal organism. The metabolism of maternal organism brings a high variability of results to systems of the classic methods. We used two alternative methods in this thesis, both using chicken embryo. The first of them was in ovo method called CHEST (Jelínek, 1977). CHEST method can be used for administration of tested substances from ED2 to ED6. The disadvantage of this method is due to the dilution of the tested substance after subgerminal application at ED2. Therefore we developed in vitro method called SANDWICH. No dilution occurs while using the SANDWICH method. The aim of this study was to develop in vitro method SANDWICH while using proven teratogene (all-trans retinoic acid) and its solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide), to estimate beginning of the embryotoxicity dose range for both substances using CHEST and SANDWICH, and finally to compare obtained results. We confirmed the embryotoxic effect of all-trans...

Die T-Zell akute lymphoblastische Leukämie (T-ALL) ist eine aggressive Krebserkrankung mit hoher Rezidivwahrscheinlichkeit und insgesamt schlechter Prognose, die häufig durch ein fehlreguliertes, meist konstitutiv aktives Notch1 gekennzeichnet ist. Ungeachtet der wichtigen Rolle von Notch1 in der T-Zell-Entwicklung sind die genauen Mechanismen, mit denen ein fehlreguliertes Notch1-Signal zur Karzinogenese führt, bislang unverstanden. Diese Fragen können mithilfe eines Rattenmodells (NICA-Ratten), das durch die transgene Expression von konstitutiv aktivem Notch1IC in Thymozyten charakterisiert ist, untersucht werden. Diese Tiere entwickeln mit hoher Inzidenz thymische Lymphome, welche sich durch unerwartete phänotypische Eigenschaften und eine rasche leukämische Aussaat auszeichnen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein Rattenmodell der T-ALL verwendet, beim dem es durch adoptiven Transfer von Lymphomzellen aus NICA-Ratten in syngene Wirte kurzfristig zu neuem und aggressivem Tumorwachstum ähnlich der humanen Variante kommt. Histologische und durchflusszytometrische Analysen offenbarten die initiale Infiltration in Lymphknoten und Knochenmark, bevor im Zuge der anschließenden leukämischen Phase nicht-lymphatische Organe kleinherdig durchsetzt wurden. Die aus den Wirten extrahierten Lymphomzelllinien zeigten einen heterogenen Phänotyp und eine ausgeprägte Neigung zur Spontanapoptose ex vivo. Die Abwesenheit zytotoxischer T-Zellen im Wirt hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Lymphometablierung und -progression, was möglicherweise auf die geringe Expression von MHC-I Molekülen zurückzuführen ist. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit wurden neue Therapieansätze in der Behandlung der Notch1-abhängigen T-ALL getestet. Da der routinemäßige Einsatz von Glukokortikoiden (GC) durch das Auftreten schwerer Nebenwirkungen und Resistenzen gekennzeichnet ist, wurde als Ansatz zur ihrer Optimierung liposomal verpacktes Prednisolon mit freiem Dexamethason in der Therapie von T-ALL in vivo im Tiermodell verglichen. Die alternative Darreichungsfom war durch ein auffallendes Wirkdefizit im lymphatischen System und ein schlechteres Gesamtüberleben gekennzeichnet. Als potentielle Ursache der rasch einsetzenden GC-Resistenz im Zuge der repetitiven Dex-Behandlung konnte eine Herunterregulierung des GC-Rezeptors nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin wurde die Frage adressiert, inwieweit eine medikamentöse Hemmung von NF-κB durch die Verwendung des Proteasomen-Inhibitors Bortezomib eine therapeutische Wirkung auf die T-ALL im Rattenmodell entfalten würde. Hierzu wurde Bortezomib im direkten Vergleich mit Dexamethason in vivo evaluiert. Die Monotherapie mit Bortezomib zeigte eine dem Dexamethason vergleichbare Wirkung in den Lymphknoten, andererseits korrelierte ein signifikantes Wirkdefizit in Milz, Knochenmark und Blut mit einem insgesamt schlechteren Gesamtansprechen. Ferner legten die gewonnenen Daten nahe, dass Bortezomib eine GC-Resistenz der T-ALL mit konstitutiv aktivem Notch1 in vivo nicht zu überwinden vermag. Zusammengefasst wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neue Erkenntnisse zur Pathogenese der Notch1-abhängigen T-ALL gewonnen und darüber hinaus limitierte Therapieeffizienzen neuartiger Behandlungsansätze mit liposomalem Prednisolon und dem Proteasominhibitor Bortezomib im Vergleich zu freiem Dex in vivo aufgedeckt. Im Hinblick auf die Erfassung der Pathomechanismen sowie auf die Entwicklung neuer Therapieansätze bietet die Möglichkeit des adoptiven Lymphomtransfers und der Generierung von neuem aggressivem Wachstum im Wirt mit hoher Analogie zur humanen Erkrankung ideale Voraussetzungen, um die Rolle von Notch1 in der der T-ALL zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit könnten somit zu einer Verbesserung von spezifischer Risikostratifizierung, Behandlungs-möglichkeit und Prognose der an T-ALL erkrankten Patienten beitragen.