nÃo hà / Nossa pesquisa procura fazer uma anÃlise crÃtica sobre a categoria da aprendizagem no Projeto de EducaÃÃo para Todos (EPT), detalhada no Plano de AÃÃo para Satisfazer as Necessidades BÃsicas de Aprendizagem (NEBAS), destacando, nesses termos, o seu carÃter ideolÃgico e sua vinculaÃÃo com o plano de gestÃo do capital. Com base na perspectiva marxiana, tomamos como objetivo examinar as principais metas do Programa de EducaÃÃo para Todos, firmadas na ConferÃncia Mundial de EducaÃÃo para Todos, realizada em Jomtien, em 1990, e reiterada no FÃrum de AÃÃo de Dacar, no ano 2000. Nessa direÃÃo, denunciaremos tambÃm a grande articulaÃÃo universal da concepÃÃo da EPT nos paÃses pobres, mediante a utilizaÃÃo anual de RelatÃrios de Monitoramento de EducaÃÃo Para Todos (EPT), com Ãnfase nos documentos de 2003 a 2008. Resultante de um estudo eminentemente teÃrico-bibliogrÃfico e documental, nossa anÃlise centra-se na concepÃÃo onto-histÃrica do trabalho e da reproduÃÃo do ser social, comungando com autores marxistas a visÃo de que a educaÃÃo, como um complexo social, torna-se, nos marcos da sociabilidade do capital, uma mercadoria. Partindo do pressuposto de que a aprendizagem à o recurso apontado pelo prÃprio capital como importante para a sustentabilidade econÃmica e social da ordem, compreendemos que o Programa de EPT, sob a organizaÃÃo do Banco Mundial, impÃe um amplo programa de reestruturaÃÃo dos sistemas nacionais de ensino, com prioridade na universalizaÃÃo da educaÃÃo bÃsica. Asseveramos que o ideÃrio de uma educaÃÃo para todos tem sua gÃnese a partir da ascensÃo da burguesia ao poder, determinando novas relaÃÃes sociais e um novo modo de produÃÃo: o sistema capitalista. Nessa nova ordem, a formaÃÃo do trabalhador està voltada para aprendizagens Ãteis e adquiridas fora do trabalho. Sob o capital, o complexo educacional encontra-se, essencialmente, voltado para a sustentabilidade e reproduÃÃo de sua lÃgica de acumulaÃÃo ampliada. Na particularidade brasileira, constatamos um conjunto de reformas educacionais, ancoradas num pacto social para impulsionar o desenvolvimento econÃmico e a reduÃÃo da pobreza. ConcluÃmos que o Projeto de EducaÃÃo para Todos com foco nas aprendizagens para a educaÃÃo bÃsica torna-se apenas um âmecanismo educacional e ideolÃgicoâ, pois promove padrÃes mÃnimos de formaÃÃo do conhecimento, ao limitar a escolarizaÃÃo bÃsica como a necessÃria e suficiente para os paÃses pobres adentrarem na chamada economia sustentÃvel e global do SÃculo XXI. / The research seeks to develop a critical analysis of the learning category in the context of the Project of Education for All (EPT), detailed on the Plan of Action to Satisfy the Basic Needs of Learning (NEBAS), emphasizing, by these terms, its ideological character and its link with the capitalâs management plan. Based on the Marxian perspective, we aim to examine the main goals put forward by the Program of Education for All, established at the World Conference of Education for All, carried out in Jomtien, in 1990, and reiterated in the Dakar Forum of Action, in the year 2000. This way, we will also denounce the large universal articulation of the EPT conception in the poor countries, through the annual utilization of the Reports of Monitoring of Education for All (EPT), with emphasis in the 2003 through 2008 documents. Resulting from a study of a theoretical-bibliographical nature, our analysis is centered upon the ontohistorical conception of labor as the fundamental moment in the process of social reproduction, sharing with Marxist authors the idea that education as a social complex becomes itself, a commodity, in the limits of capitalâs sociability. Presuming that learning is appointed by capital as an important tool to guarantee economical and social sustainability, we reassert that the EPT Program, under the World Bank organization, imposes a wide restructuring program of the national teaching systems, with priority on the universalization of basic education. We state that the idea of an education for all has its genesis in the rise of the bourgeoisie to power, determining new social relations and a new way of production: the capitalistic system. In this new order, the workerâs formation is based upon those practical learnings which are useful to the world of production. Under the capital system, the education complex finds itself essentially based on the sustainability and reproduction of the logic of accumulation. In the Brazilian particularity, we notice a group of educational reforms, based on a social pact to drive the economic development and the poverty reduction. We conclude that the Project of Education for All, focused on the learnings towards the basic education, becomes itself only an educational and ideological tool, for it promotes minimal knowledge standards, limiting the basic schooling as a sufficient pattern for the poor countries to enter the sphere of the so called sustainable and global economy of the XXIth Century.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as políticas públicas de universalização do atendimento de eletricidade, por meio de sistemas fotovoltaicos, em algumas comunidades isoladas e propor procedimentos de aprimoramento. A pesquisa de campo foi baseada em dados qualitativos através de estudo de caso. O trabalho deu-se em três comunidades tradicionais de Ilhabela-SP, onde cem domicílios receberam sistemas capazes de fornecer 30 kWh mensais - SIGFI 30 -, em 2012. cujo financiamento foi pelo Programa Luz para Todos. Foram identificados aspectos facilitadores e barreiras para a adoção dos sistemas fotovoltaicos nessas comunidades. São apresentadas proposições para aprimoramento. O trabalho conclui que nas comunidades de Ilhabela não foi ainda garantida a consecução plena dos objetivos da política pública de poder suprir as necessidades básicas de iluminação, comunicação e refrigeração, notadamente, porque não havia geladeiras; os sistemas fotovoltaicos e a luz elétrica foram muito bem recebidos e foi constatada melhoria da qualidade de vida. / This thesis aims at analyzing public policy of electricity service universalization, by means of photovoltaic systems, in some isolated communities, as well as suggesting improvement procedures. The field research was based on qualitative data collected through case study. The work was performed in three traditional communities in Ilhabela-SP, where a hundred of households received systems capable of supplying monthly 30 kWh SIGFI 30 -, in 2012 which was financed by Light for All Program. Facilitator aspects and barriers for the adoption of the photovoltaic systems in these communities were identified. Suggestions for improvement have been presented. As a result, it is possible to conclude that a plain achievement of the public policy aimed at supplying the basic needs for illumination, communication and refrigeration in those Ilhabela communities, hasnt yet been guaranteed due to the absence of refrigerator. Photovoltaic systems and electricity were well accepted ant it was observed an improvement of quality of life.

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This study examines the role of board social and human capital in assessing the market value of firms in the UK context. As the world economy has shifted from manufacturing to service and knowledge-based economies, attributes such as knowledge, expertise, skills, ability and reputation are increasingly fundamental to the success of business enterprises. There is a growing consensus that these attributes are an increasingly valuable form of capital, asset or resource, despite their intangibility. In accounting, there are a number of problems arising from the accountability of non-physical, non-financial capital. Firstly, some forms of capital and certain assets are neither recognised nor presented in the statement of financial position. Secondly, some accounting practices relating to intangible assets are very conservative, resulting in undervalued assets and overstated liabilities. Consequently, there is an increasing gap between the book value and market value of firms. This gap restricts the relevance of information presented in financial statements and suggests that there is something missing in financial statements. This is the research problem being addressed in this study. While prior literature demonstrates that it has proven difficult to operationalise intangible forms of capital, there has been significant empirical attention and theoretical development in social and human forms. This thesis aims to contribute to accounting theory and practice by exploring the impact that board social and human capital have on firm market value. In light of extant research, it is hypothesised that social and human capital possessed at board level are positively related to the market value of firms. This study employs the Ohlson’s (1995) residual income valuation model to test the impact of social and human capital using a sample of UK firms listed on the FTSE All Share index for a period of 10 years (2001-2010). Social and human capital measures are derived from interlocking directorate ties and detailed biographic information of board directors. This study benefits from Pajek and Ucinet network packages to generate network maps and calculate positional metrics such as centrality and structural hole measures.

Monitoring progress of athletes is an essential component of the training process. Collegiate distance running coaches often use field tests to assess progress because of a lack of time and resources to do laboratory testing. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationships between physiological and strength variables measured in a laboratory and field testing measures in collegiate distance runners. Collegiate distance runners completed a series of tests in the Sport Science laboratory at East Tennessee State University to obtain physiological and strength parameters, such as V̇ O2max and vertical jump height. The athletes then completed one of two field tests (either a 3 km time trial or a 3 minute all out run test). There were strong correlations between the laboratory measures and the field test performances. These results indicate that strength is an important factor in run performance. Also, a 3 km time trial and a 3 minute all out run test are suitable for athlete monitoring.

Cancer immunotherapy is an approach to cancer therapy that involves the enhancement of the cancer patient’s own innate and/or adaptive immune systems to attack their own cancer. Clinically available cancer immunotherapies rely on different strategies: infusion of ex vivo manipulated autologous dendritic cells (DCs), infusion of genetically engineered autologous cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes, stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation, or inhibition of immunosuppressive pathways to improve T lymphocyte effector function. Nonetheless, only a small percentage of cancer patients receive benefit from immunotherapies and thus further improvements in clinical outcomes are required. Among numerous other therapeutic immunotherapies strategies being developed and tested, adenovirus serotype 5-based vectors (Ad5) have been well studied in preclinical and clinical settings. Preclinical research has shown that vaccination of mice with Ad5-OVA (an Ad5 encoding a model tumor antigen, chicken ovalbumin (OVA)) results in activation and proliferation of OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of specific killing of tumor cells that express OVA. This dissertation evaluates the potential of polymeric nanoparticles (NP) loaded with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A derivative with potent immunostimulatory effects, to improve the immunostimulatory and therapeutic effects of Ad5-OVA in a murine E.G7-OVA tumor model, a well described model that can be used for studying the immune response to Ad5-based immunotherapies. In the first part of this work, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) NP loaded with ATRA (ATRA-PLGA-NP) were prepared and characterized. Next, the antitumor effect and the magnitude of the OVA-specific immune response due to Ad5-OVA vaccination versus ATRA-PLGA-NP (or ATRA soluble) plus Ad5-OVA combination treatment were compared in vivo. The results showed that the combination treatment using ATRA-NP, but not ATRA soluble, resulted in enhanced survival and enhanced levels of OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, spleen, and tumor. Next, cRGD- and mannose-functionalized PLGA-PEG NP were developed in an attempt to actively target the tumor neovasculature and DC-rich organs, respectively. The functionalization efficacy was confirmed by ex vivo fluorescence imaging studies. In vivo studies using E.G7-OVA-challenged mice showed that treatment with ATRA-loaded cRGD-functionalized PLGA-PEG-NP + Ad5-OVA, despite not enhancing the levels of OVA-CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, substantially enhanced survival compared to either the combination of Ad5-OVA + non-functionalized ATRA-PLGA-PEG-NP or Ad5-OVA + conventional ATRA-PLGA-NP. On the contrary, treatment with mannose-functionalized PLGA-PEG-NP + Ad5-OVA, despite optimally enhancing the levels of OVA-CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood (compared to all other treatment groups), did not lead to enhanced survival compared to either the combination of Ad5-OVA + non-functionalized ATRA-PLGA-PEG-NP, Ad5-OVA + conventional ATRA-PLGA-NP, and over Ad5-OVA treatment alone. Although not investigated further in this dissertation, it was speculated that the observed trend in survival benefit provided by ATRA-PLGA-PEG-cRGD-NP + Ad5-OVA over the other NP formulations may have been due to higher levels of ATRA within the TME due to actively targeting the tumor vasculature, corroborating previous studies which demonstrated that ATRA functions as a potent stimulator of anti-tumor cellular immune responses within the tumor. The paradoxical results obtained with mannose-functionalized PLGA-PEG-NP are less readily explained. In conclusion, it was demonstrated in this work that the co-administration of Ad5-OVA and ATRA-loaded NP formulations enhanced the tumor specific cellular immune response and the survival of tumor challenged mice compared to vaccination with Ad5-OVA alone.

All-hazards pandemic planning is the foundation of current emergency management planning doctrine, yet there is limited information and limited studies related to its effectiveness in mitigating pandemics. The North Texas emergency management community handles incidents of West Nile Virus, H1N1 influenza, and a recent Ebola incident. Despite efforts to mitigate these threats, reported cases and deaths are still occurring from both influenza and West Nile virus. The purpose of this case study was to assess the risk perceptions of emergency planners in a small emergency operation center in North Texas using the cultural theory of risk perception as the theoretical framework. The raw data for this study originated from qualitative semi structured interviews with five emergency managers. By way of qualitative hand coding and thematic extraction, four primary themes emerged from the data: (a) political/organizational climate, (b) emergency response, (c) training and experience, and (d) communication. Additionally, all themes yielded relevant subthemes. The all-hazards approach to pandemic planning was effective as long as planners swiftly adjusted or adapted their plan for individual emergency events. The emergency management community still struggles with ineffective communication, negative political influences, poor coordination, and training shortfalls. Lack of trust in the levels of government emerged as a potential underlying cause to many of the issues. These findings may promote positive social change by assisting emergency management planners in assessing communications, coordination, training, appropriate use of personnel, and to identify areas where lack of trust between community partners may be affecting the overall response effort.

Bragg spaced quantum wells represent a unique class of resonant photonic materials, wherein a photonic bandgap is created by the periodic spacing of quantum wells and the associated variation in the complex susceptibility (index and absorption) of the material. Interest in BSQWs has grown in the past decade due to their large ultrafast nonlinearities and the corresponding large ultrafast reflectivity changes and transmissivity. These nonlinearities are of particular interest in areas of communication technology, where ultrafast all-optical logic components have become increasingly in demand. This research will further investigate BSQWs and the for the first time effects of spin-dependent nonlinear excitation on their photonic band structures. It will also investigate how these effects can be used in all-optical polarization switching and tunable optical buffer (slow light) applications.

In a multi-stage contest known as a two-player race, players display two fundamental behaviors: (1) The laggard will make a last stand in order to avoid the cost of losing; and (2) the player who is ahead will defend his lead if it is threatened. Last stand behavior, in particular, contrasts with previous research where the underdog simply gives up. The distinctive results are achieved by introducing losing penalties and discounting into the racing environment. This framework permits the momentum effect, typically ascribed to the winner of early stages, to be more thoroughly examined. I study the likelihood that the underdog will catch up. I find that neck-and-neck races are common when the losing penalty is large relative to the winning prize, while landslide victories occur when the prize is relatively large. Closed-form solutions are given for the case where players have a common winning prize and losing penalty. Chapter 2 then experimentally examines the prediction of last stand behavior in a multi-battle contest with a winning prize and losing penalty, as well as the contrasting prediction of surrendering in the corresponding contest with no penalty. We find varied evidence in support of these hypotheses in the aggregated data, but more conclusive evidence when scrutinizing individual player behavior. Players tend to adopt one of several strategies. We develop a taxonomy to classify player types and study how the different strategies interact. The last stand and surrendering behaviors have implications for winning margins and the likelihood of an upset, which we investigate. Behaviorally, players are typically more aggressive when they reach a state in the contest by winning rather than by losing. The third and final chapter is a distinct departure from the study of multi-battle contests. Using comprehensive census data for Cornwall County, England, I create a panel dataset that spans six censuses (1841--1891)—possibly the largest panel dataset for Victorian England at present. I present the methodology for linking individuals and families across these censuses. This methodology incorporates recent advances in census linking (including the use of machine learning) and introduces new methods for tracking migration and changes in household composition. I achieve a forward matching rate of 43%. The additional inclusion of marriage and death records could allow for well over 60% of the population to be accounted for from one census to the next. Using this new panel, I investigate the frequency with which sons pursue the same occupations that they observed their fathers doing while growing up. For sons that did not follow in their father's footsteps, I identify some correlates that may have contributed to the change.

A new innovative product, stewsticks, made with beef, pork, spices, and dehydrated vegetables, was developed as a nutritious snack. Lactic or citric acid was added at pH 5.2 or 4.6 to both meatsticks and stewsticks. Meatsticks and stewsticks were prepared by mixing ingredients until a cohesive mass was obtained. This mixture was then extruded into sticks that were cooked to about 50% of original weight. Sticks were then cut to desired length, packaged, and stored. Then meatsticks (beef, pork, and spices) were compared to stewsticks for appearance, texture, flavor, and overall acceptability. The stewsticks had excellent shelf life due to combined hurdles of pH 5.2, water activity of 0.95 or less, salt, and vacuum packaging. Compared to meatsticks, one serving (2 ounces) of stewsticks had less fat (9 vs 11 g respectively), less cholesterol (75 vs 90 mg) and more dietary fiber (4 vs 2 g), carbohydrates (20 vs 4 g), vitamin A (11 vs 2% RDA), and vitamin c {32 vs 1% RDA). The type of acid did not affect panel preference, but the samples at pH 5.2 were preferred over samples at pH 4.6. overall, meatsticks were preferred by the consumer panel over stewsticks although there were 25% of them who rated stewsticks as moderately acceptable or higher.