Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka prevalensen av katarakt i Bolivia under en resa med den svenska hjälporganisationen Vision For All. Metod: Undersökningarna utfördes med hjälp av handhållet oftalmoskop av modellen Heine Beta 200S. Undersökningen genomfördes i genomfallande ljus på ca 30 cm avstånd mellan patient och undersökare. De eventuella opaciteterna i linsen graderades efter hur omfattande de var där grad 0 var inga opaciteter och grad 4 var helt opak lins och grad 5 visade att linsen inte kunde undersökas på grund av oklar hornhinna eller dylikt. Patienterna sökte själva upp undersökningsplatserna som var belägna i städerna Santa Cruz de la Sierra och San José de Chiquitos. Eftersom det fanns begränsat med plats i bagageutrymmet på resan till Bolivia, valdes en väldigt enkel metod som inte krävde avancerad utrustning. Resultat: Totalt medverkade 453 personer i studien, det vill säga 906 ögon. Medelåldern var 50,19 ±15,51 år. 62, 91% av personerna som undersöktes var kvinnor. Det totala antalet ögon som hade någon grad av katarakt var 241 stycken, vilket motsvarar 26,60%. Vid jämförelse av de olika städerna, Santa Cruz de la Sierra och San José de Chiquitos, visade det att framförallt prevalensen av katarakt grad 3 var högre i San José de Chiquitos. Slutsats: I båda städerna, Santa Cruz de la Sierra och San José de Chiquitos finns stora problem med katarakt. Förutom att försöka öka tillgängligheten på operationer, borde det läggas resurser på att tillgängliggöra information gällande vikten av att skydda sina ögon vid stark UV- strålning.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med min studie har varit att undersöka hur några pedagoger tolkar begreppet inkludering samt hur detta begrepp kan komma till uttryck i deras arbete. Data har samlats in genom fokusintervjuer med sex pedagoger från två arbetslag på en F-5 skola i Stockholm. Frågeställningen har handlat om pedagogernas syn på inkludering, vilka tankar de hade kring inkluderande undervisning samt vilka eventuella svårigheter de såg med att arbeta inkluderande. Det framkom genom studien att det rådde delade meningar mellan informanterna om vad ett inkluderande arbetssätt var. Det ena arbetslaget hävdade att det innebar att alla elever skulle befinna sig i klassrummet för att känna sig inkluderade medans det andra arbetslaget menade att det handlade om att eleven skulle känna att den var en del av sammanhanget, oavsett var den befann sig någonstans. Att arbeta inkluderande i undervisningen betydde för många av pedagogerna att eleverna skulle känna att de hade lyckats. Läxor och genomgångar av lektioner anpassades efter elevernas olika nivåer och till sin hjälp tog pedagogerna sig större friheter i sina egna arbetssätt. Pedagogerna använde sig av olika metoder för att arbeta inkluderande i undervisningen och svårigheter de såg med detta arbetssätt handlade om att lyckas hålla alla elever i arbete hela tiden och utmana dem så långt som möjligt. De fann även svårigheter med att finna balansen mellan de elever som behövde mycket hjälp och de elever som var mer självgående. / The aim with my study was to examine how some tachers interpret the term inclusion and how they implement it in their work. Information has been collected through focus interviews with sex teachers from two pedagogical teams at an elementary school in Stockholm. The mail questions regarded the teachers view and thoughts on inclusion and also eventual difficulties they saw by working with inclusion within the classroom. The study showed that there was a difference of opinion between the interviewed teachers on what including workway was. One of the pedagogical teams said that all the students should be in the classroom in order to feel included. The other team said that it was not the classroom but that students should feel included in the learning process. Many of the teachers felt that working with inclusion through learning and teaching meant that the students should feel they succeeded. Homework and lessons were adapted to the student’s individual needs. Teachers used different methods in working with inclusion in their lessons. The difficulties they seen in their work were to succeed in keeping all the students working and challenge them as far as possible. There were also difficulties finding balance between those students who needed help and those that were independent.

The field of organic electronics is recently emerging in modern electrical applications. Organic light emitting diodes have been developed and are implemented in commercially available products. The novel materials are also used in sensor applications, utilizing their intrinsic physical, chemical and electrical characteristics. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene-sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most successful organic conductive materials. Developed as antistatic coating, it is now used in other fields as well such as in electro-optical devices as transparent electrodes. One of the reasons for its widely spread use is that water-based dispersions in high quality are available. In addition, it is considered highly stable, resisting degradation under typical ambient conditions. For this work, the usability of PEDOT:PSS as active layer for electromechanical sensor applications was investigated. The electrical properties of the material were characterized including temperature dependencies and environmental influences. A piezoresistive effect with negative sign was found. It is small in magnitude and of the same order as the change in resistance due to geometrical effects. The piezoresistive effect is temperature dependent and increasing in magnitude with higher temperatures. An average longitudinal piezoresistive coefficient pi_l of -5.6x10-10 Pa-1 at room temperature has been evaluated. The transverse effect under the same conditions is opposite in sign and two thirds in magnitude of the lateral effect. The hole mobility of PEDOT:PSS follows an Arrhenius function and thus the resistivity has a negative temperature coefficient. Some other thermally induced effects have been observed such as de-doping of the material resulting in an irreversibly lowered conductivity. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the substrate material used, Joule heating of the samples played an important role during the characterization and was utilized to investigate the temperature dependencies. The change of resistance caused by an applied stress to the sample is small, with a gage factor smaller than one.

The past decades have witnessed the development of new materials with large nonlinear optical properties, which have made them attractive candidats for a broad spectrum of breakthrough applications in the electro-optic and photonic fields (e.g., telecommunication and computing). A deeper understanding of the relationship between, on the one hand, the chemical structure and, on the other hand, the electronic and (linear and nonlinear) optical properties has proven useful for the rational design of new efficient materials. Reaching such an understanding has attracted major interest in the scientific community worldwide in both academia and industry. Therefore, the development of new efficient NLO chromophores and materials along with commercial devices of high quality is helped via the establishment of multidisciplinary research teams combining: (i) the theoretical modeling using quantum-chemical computational calculations; (ii) the organic synthesis; (iii) the optical characterization; and (iv) the device fabrication. In this dissertation, quantum-chemistry is used to evaluate the second- and third-order NLO properties of series of new chromophores and take advantage of a feedback loop with the experimental team to understand the structure-property relationships.

Recently, we observed many networked market are served almost by a single platform, and can called that situation be winner-take-all. We could observed that the top website occupy huge market, and still be the top for long time. Conversely, the other website only shares the tiny market. This paper chooses the biggest Taiwan portal Yahoo!Kimo to be the research case. In addition, the case object is its e-commerce department, which is the Yahoo! only e-commerce department worldwide. Through this case, we could find out the truth of winner-take-all. In this research, we use in-depth interview and combine with secondary data. According to past researches and the situation of Yahoo!Kimo, we address the research question as follow: (1) How does Yahoo!Kimo develop their e-store platforms to maintain their e-commerce leading position in Taiwan. (2) Is there a winner-take-all phenomenon on Yahoo!Kimo? After generalize the data, we found that although Yahoo! first time enters Taiwan not successful. Their strategy is merge different kinds website, such as the leading portal Kimo, the most visiting blog Wretch, and Monday.Tech. They got their human resource and technology sooner, then become the top one portal in Taiwan provides variety services for users. For foreign website and companies enter a new market will be a good role model. Moreover, we prove Yahoo!Kimo is role model of winner-take-all.

Since the economic reform and opening up in 1978, the social environment on the Mainland of China has been changed. A golden opportunity was created for the development of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) which have been growing rapidly in recent years. Before the reform carried out throughout China, the Government had an overall and exclusive control of and thus took full responsibilities for all affairs. Under such a circumstance, community organizations and market factor were subject to the country, and short of independence and autonomy. After the reform, market-oriented economy has been creating an advantageous social environment for NGOs; in the meanwhile, a great number of NGOs have risen and developed bringing more vitality to the market economy. It is in this way that the shape of the civil society and the stability of market economy have become a whole, inseparable life community. Following Corporatism, this dissertation highlights the idea that the relationship between a country and a society is not only a vertical one, but also one of mutual benefit, cooperation and exchange. This paper will explore Chinese women¡¦s NGOs¡¦ systematic management, diverse situation, and existing problems in the post-reform China, which had undergone multiple major impacts, including the Government Party¡¦s (PRC) loosened control over community organizations, dramatic changes in party relationship and official functionality, the awakening of women¡¦s self consciousness of their own rights as a result of international women¡¦s movements and UN World Conference on Women, and the raised socio-economic level over the country. This dissertation will focus on the development of women¡¦s NGOs in 1990s in China, and be supported by cases of the All-China Women¡¦s Federation (ACWF) and other kinds of female NGOs current situations. This paper will also discuss how the ACWF has been changed from a regular governmental organization into a significant NGO. With the spreading concept of civil society on the mainland, Chinese women¡¦s NGOs have also bloomed step by step into a more diversified entity, especially those build up from the community.

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In this paper, the ¡§divided government¡¨ is defined as a situation in which the president and the parliament are controlled by different parties respectively. The formation of a ¡§divided government¡¨ depends on whether the president is able to control an absolutely majority of seats in the parliament through election or not. Some literature think that a divided government is easy to lead to policy gridlock or inefficiency and even causes stalemate in the legislative and executive branches. However, many scholars feel that a divided government may lead to policy gridlock or inefficiency, but it is in agreement with the principle of checks and balances in the constitutional system and is able to meet the expectation of majority voters. The eras of the Third and Fourth Republic in France had the same political situation as today¡¦s Taiwan, i.e., deadlock legislation, impeded policy implementation, unsteady political situation, and frequent changes of premiers. During the period of the Fifth Republic, the political situation became steady gradually after France went through three times of ¡§La Cohabitation¡¨ commencing from 1986. It formed a ¡§constitutional convention¡¨ and set a good model for constitutional governments in the world. The constitutional system of Taiwan has been similar to the ¡§semi-presidential system¡¨ of France during the era of the Fifth Republic since the constitution of the Republic of China was amended in 1997.However, in the opinion of Chen Shui-bian, he thought a president is elected by the people directly, and the prime premier may be nominated by the president directly without the consent of the President of Legislative Yuan, so the constitutional system of Taiwan should be ¡§presidential system¡¨ instead of the ¡§semi-presidential system.¡¨ Therefore, after Chen Shui-bian won the presidential election in 2000, he ignored the fact that Kuomingtan held a majority seats in the parliament, which constituted a ¡§divided government¡¨, and refused to hand over the right of forming a cabinet to Kuomingtan, the majority party in the parliamen, or endow the power to a majority alliance.Consequently, the regime changed from a ¡§government for all people¡¨ led by Chen Shui-bian and Tang Fei to a ¡§minority government¡¨ controlled by Chen Shui-bian and Su Chen-chang in the past 6 years. Till now, there have been five presidents of Executive Yuan changed.Owning to the long-term conflict and stalemate between the executive and legislative branches, the politics of Taiwan is in a state of chaos, leading to today¡¦s constitutional crisis. In view of the situations mentioned above, this article investigates into the system factors contributing to the formation of ¡§divided government¡¨ in Taiwan and the political operation and political influences of individual actors from the viewpoint of historical institutionalism. Also, the in-depth researches and studies were conducted to find out the reasons why the political situation of Taiwan became unsteady and the country fell into the constitutional crisis in the past 6 years after President Chen Shui-bian held the reins of government and discuss how to solve those problems. The author also compared and analyzed the ¡§minority government¡¨ of Taiwan, the alternating mechanism of the ¡§La Cohabitation¡¨ in France, and the formation of ¡§coalition cabinet¡¨ in order to draw lessons from their experiences and establish a good interaction among the president, the cabinet and the parliament.

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) risk alleles (mainly *2,*3B, *3C and *3A) are the major determinants of interindividual differences in the severe toxicity or efficacy of 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) during the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The frequencies of these risk alleles, known to functionally impair TPMT activity, were investigated among 167children with ALL and 206 healthy adult controls in Turkish population by using allele specific PCR and PCRRFLP methods. TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C were the only deficiency alleles detected in Turkish population with an allele frequency of 0.5% for both. The total frequency of mutant TPMT alleles in Turkish population (1.0%) was found to be significantly lower than those of other Caucasian populations (5.3-7.0%), but it was found to be very similar to Kazak population (1.2%) which is also Caucasian in ethnic origin. v In the patient group, two individuals were found to be heterozygote for *3C and *3A allele. One individual was homozygous mutant (*3B/*3C). In this study, the clinical histories of the patients with TPMT defects were examined retrospectively from hospital records. The patients with heterozygous or homozygous mutant genotypes had systematically developed severe neutropenia, infection and some other specific conditions (like lesions around mouth, oral herpes and high fever) when they were administered with 6MP during the therapy. This study provides the first data on the frequency of common TPMT risk alleles in the Turkish population, based on analysis of pediatric patients with ALL. The results would contribute valuable information to the public health, as more clinicians and patients become aware of the importance of TPMT polymorphisms, less patients will suffer from 6MP related adverse effects. In addition, in this study two genes EPHX1-microsomal epoxide hydrolase (exon 3 and exon 4 polymorphisms) and SULT1A1*2 variant &ndash / sulfotransferase 1A1, either alone or in combination were investigated as risk modifiers in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to their dual role (activation/detoxification) in the metabolism of various carcinogens. Also interactions of these polymorphisms with non-genetic risk factors (parental smoking exposure and parental age at conception) were investigated. The conclusion inferred from results was that only genetically reduced EPHX1 activity (homozygous mutant genotype for EPHX1 exon 3 polymorphism and some specific genotype combinations with exon 4 polymorphism) was found to be significantly associated with the risk of childhood ALL.

Microwave and millimeter-wave phase shifters are one of the most important structures of the antenna series that are used in communication and radar applications. They are used to form the main beam of the electronically scanned phase array antennas and generate the appropriate phase values for the antenna elements design while providing electronic beam steering. In this thesis, S-band hybrid 4 bit phase shifter of 22.5&ordm / phase resolution is designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. Bits are separately designed to maintain low phase errors and return loss. In this manner, fabrication and measurements are performed for each bit. These measurements are carried on since each bit reached to its acceptable level of operation. According to the outcomes and acquired knowledge, layout for optimum cascading of 4 bits is developed. Measurement results are compared with simulations and repeatability is tested to observe if it is convenient to use in mass production. Designs and simulations are performed by using ADS2008&reg / .