Complexation properties of 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy) have been studied with a series of first row transition metal ions by UV-vis, 1H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry and ƒ´H values for the tpy complexation processes have been determined. These studies reveal that Zn2+ is the best suited metal ion for the reversible coordination of the terpyridine ligand. Thus, supramolecular coordination polymerization of perylene bisimide fluorophores containing terpyridine functionalities have been investigated by using Zn2+ as metal ion. The formation of the dimeric complexes in the case of monotopic model comounds and coordination polymerization of ditopic functional building blocks have been confirmed by 1H NMR studies. The optical properties of dimeric and polymeric complexes have been investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The Zn2+ coordination to the terpyridine unit does not effect the advantageous fluorescence properties of perylene bisimide moieties. The reversibility of the formation of coordination polymers has been established by 1H NMR and additionally by DOSY NMR and fluorescence anisotropy measurements. Coordination polymer strands can be visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which also reveals the formation of an ordered monolayer film at higher concentration. The average polymer length has been determined by AFM to 15 repeat units, which correlates well with the value estimated by 1H NMR to >10 repeat units. / Die Komplexierungseigenschaften von 2,2':6',2''-Terpyridin (tpy) wurden mit einer Reihe von Übergangsmetallen mittels UV-Vis, 1H-NMR und Isothermer Titrationskalorimetrie (ITC) untersucht, dabei wurde auch die Komplexierungsenthalpie bestimmt. Diese Studien zeigen, dass Zn2+ am besten zum Aufbau reversibler Terpyridin-Koordinationspolymere geeignet ist. Aus diesem Grund wurde die supramolekulare Polymerisation von Terpyridin-funktionalisierten Perylenbisimid-Fluorophoren mit Zn2+ untersucht. Die Bildung des dimeren Komplexes im Fall der monotopen Modellverbindung und des Koordinationspolymers im Fall des ditopen Liganden wurde durch NMR Titrationen bestätigt. Die optischen Eigenschaften der Komplexe wurden durch UV-Vis und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie untersucht. Die Koordination von Zn2+ an die Terpyridin-Einheit zeigt keinen Einfluß auf die vorteilhaften Fluoreszenzeigenschaften der Perylenebisimid-Einheit. Die Reversibilität der Koordinationspolymer-Bildung wurde durch NMR nachgewiesen und zusätzlich durch DOSY NMR und Fluoreszenzanisotropie-Messungen bestätigt. Die Koordinationspolymerstränge können durch Rasterkraftmiskroskopische Messungen (AFM) visualisiert werden. Bei Probenpräparation aus konzentrierter Lösung bildet sich dabei eine Monolage eines geordneten Films. Die durchschnittliche Polymerlänge wurde durch AFM auf ca. 15 Wiederholungseinheiten bestimmt. Dieser Wert stimmt gut mit dem aus NMR-Daten bestimmten Wert von >10 Einheiten überein.

No description available.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 8 novembre 2023) / Un contrôle glycémique adéquat est essentiel chez les personnes vivant avec le diabète de type 2 (DT2) afin de prévenir les complications sur le long terme, dont les maladies cardiovasculaires. La prise en charge du DT2 doit donc permettre d'optimiser le contrôle glycémique via de saines habitudes de vie, dont l'alimentation est une partie intégrante, et l'utilisation de médication antihyperglycémiante. Toutefois, la relation entre la qualité alimentaire, l'intensité de la médication antihyperglycémiante et la qualité du contrôle glycémique n'a jamais été évaluée dans un contexte de vraie vie. Ce mémoire présente un portrait détaillé du DT2 et des approches préconisées pour sa prise en charge, ainsi qu'une étude transversale dont l'objectif était d'évaluer la relation entre la qualité de l'alimentation et l'intensité de la pharmacothérapie chez des adultes québécois vivant avec un DT2. Les résultats montrent que, globalement, il n'y avait aucune évidence d'association entre la qualité alimentaire et l'intensité de la médication antihyperglycémiante. Cependant, chez les personnes plus jeunes (hommes <50 ans, femmes <60 ans) et chez celles sans histoire de dyslipidémie et d'hypertension artérielle, la qualité alimentaire était inversement associée à l'intensité du traitement antihyperglycémiant. De plus, l'intensité de la pharmacothérapie antihyperglycémiante était inversement associée à la qualité du contrôle glycémique. Une tendance statistique suggérait également une relation favorable entre la qualité de l'alimentation et du contrôle glycémique. Ces résultats suggèrent un manque d'adéquation entre la qualité alimentaire et l'intensité de la pharmacothérapie au sein de cette cohorte d'adultes avec un DT2. La nature de cette relation résulte assurément d'interactions entre une multitude de caractéristiques individuelles et systémiques détaillées dans ce mémoire. Le développement d'approches favorisant la complémentarité entre de saines habitudes alimentaires et l'utilisation de médication antihyperglycémiante devrait tenir compte de ces facteurs afin de faciliter l'optimisation du contrôle glycémique et la prévention des complications. / Optimisation of glycemic management is essential in people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to prevent long-term complications, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this context, T2D management relies on healthy lifestyle habits, of which diet is a crucial part, and glucose-lowering medication use to reach and maintain glycemic targets. However, no study has yet assessed the relationship between diet quality, glucose-lowering medication intensity and glycemic management quality in a real-life setting. This thesis presents important concepts regarding T2D and its management, followed by a cross-sectional study whose objective was to assess the relationship between diet quality and glucose-lowering medication intensity among individuals living with T2D from Quebec. Results show that, overall, there was no evidence of an association between diet quality and glucose--owering medication intensity. However, in people who were younger (men <50 years, women <60 years) and in those without a personal history of dyslipidemia and hypertension, diet quality was inversely associated with pharmacotherapy intensity. Furthermore, glucose-lowering medication intensity was inversely correlated to glycemic management quality in the overall cohort. A statistical trend also suggested a favorable association between diet and glycemic management quality. These results suggest a lack of adequacy between diet quality and glucose-lowering medication intensity among this cohort of adults living with T2D. This relationship is likely the result of interactions between numerous individual and systemic characteristics, which are detailed in this thesis. Approaches promoting diet quality along with medication use in a complementary fashion should consider these elements in an effort to ease glycemic management optimization and prevent T2D complications.

La structure de l’acide kojique et sa réactivité permet d’effectuer des transformations conduisant à la synthèse de composés polycycliques différents et structurellement très diversifiés. Ces hétérocycles sont obtenus en plusieurs étapes en s’appuyant sur des réactions typiques telles que des cycloadditions [5+2], Diels-Alder, [5+2]/[4+2] tandem, des réactions à 3 composantes ou encore l’utilisation de lithiens. L’utilisation d’appareillages spécifique tels que un réacteur micro-ondes et un synthétiseur en flux continue permettent l’obtention des molécules ciblées d’une façon plus spécifique et efficace. Les chimiothèques de molécules obtenues peuvent dès lors être testé pour une éventuelle activité biologique envers diverses structures. / The structure of kojic acid and its reactivity give the opportunity to make tranformations leading to the synthesis of different polycyclic compounds and structurally diversified. These heterocycles are obtained in several steps by typical reactions like [5+2] cycloaddtions, Diels-Alder reactions, tandem [5+2]/[4+2] cycloadditions, 3 compounds reactions or the use of lithiens. The use of specific equipments like microwave equipment and continuous-flow equipment give the opportunnity to obtain target molecules. Compounds libraries will be test for a biological activity.

This diploma thesis is focused on microdetermination of cobalt by UV-VIS spectrophotometry with organic agents and comparison with atomic absorption spectrometry. In the first part properties, occurance and importance of cobalt in the environment are desribed, complete with as a part of vitamine B12. Attention is also given to cobalt compounds, especially in the oxidative states +II and +III. Methods of preconcentration and preparation cobalt determination in real samples are adduced. In this thesis are described some optical analytical methods with accept on spectrophotometric agents for determination of cobalt. The experimental part of this thesis icludes optimalization of the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with choosen organic agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol and optimalization of atomic absorption spectrometry for cobalt determination. All of real samples of water (surface, underground, mineral and waste) were measured by both 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol via UV-VIS and via atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of determinations were compared. A sample of vitamine B12 was measured too by all techniques.

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Food Science Institute -- Animal Science & Industry / J. Scott Smith / A rapid direct solvent extraction method for the extraction of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) in irradiated beef using acetonirile was developed and evaluated. The 2-DCB in commercially irradiated ground beef patties was extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus or with acetonitrile via direct solvent extraction. The hexane and the acetonitrile extracts were evaporated to dryness. Then, the fat in the hexane extract was removed with filtration by standing at -20 °C after the addition of a mixture of ethylacetate and acetonitrile. The defatted extract as well as the acetonitrile extract were purified with a 1 g silica cartridge and was injected into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 2-DCB concentration in irradiated patties was 0.031 ± 0.0026 ppm (n = 5) for the Soxhlet method and 0.031 ± 0.0025 ppm (n = 10) for direct solvent extraction. The effect of low-energy X-rays on the formation of 2-DCB was investigated in frozen ground beef. Beef patties (85/15) were irradiated by low-energy X-rays and gamma rays at 3 targeted doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 kGy. The 2-DCB was extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. There was no significant difference in 2-DCB concentration between gamma-ray- and low-energy X-ray-irradiated patties at all targeted doses. The metabolism of 2-DCB was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The incubation mixture from the in vitro study was extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus and injected into a GC-MS). The hexane extract from the in vitro study and of rat feces was also derivatized with a silylation reagent and injected into a GC-MS. The average percentage of 2-DCB recovered from the test incubations (2-DCB with S9 and NADPH) was 23%, compared with 50% from the controls (2-DCB in buffer). The GC-MS chromatograms of the derivatized samples showed that 2-DCB was metabolized to 2-dodecylcyclobutanol.

The fatty acid amides, a structurally diverse endogenous congener of molecules active in cell signaling, may prove to have diverse activity due to their interface with a number of receptor systems, including, but not limited to cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and PPARγ. Select extracts of Echinacea spp. contain the fatty acid amides known as alkylamides. These extracts were a previously popular remedy relied on by U.S. physicians, one of the top sellers in the natural products industry and are currently a frequently physician prescribed remedy in Germany. In the series of experiments contained within, Galenic ethanolic extracts of Echinacea spp. root were used for the quantification, identification, degradation and bioactivity studies. On extraction, depending on the ratio of plant to solvent and fresh or dry, the data indicate that there is variability in the alkylamide classes extracted. For example the acetylene alkylamides appear to extract under different concentrations, as well as degrade faster than the olefinic alkylamides. In addition, the alkylamides are found to degrade significantly in both cut/sift and powdered forms of echinacea root. Human liver microsome oxidation of the major alkylamide dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide generate hydroxylated, caboxylated and epoxidized metabolites. The carboxylated metabolite has, thus far, shown different immune activity than the native tetraene isobutylamide. Bioactivity studies, based on cytokine modulation of the alkylamides have been assumed to be due to a classic CB2 response. However, the results of experiments contained herein suggest that IL-2 inhibition by the alkylamide undeca-2E-ene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide, which does not bind to CB2, is due to PPARγ activation. These data, combined with data generated by other groups, suggest that the alkylamides of Echinacea spp. are polyvalent in effect, in that they modulate multiple biochemical pathways.

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic illness affecting ~21 million people globally. Currently available antipsychotic agents act through a dopamine D2 receptor mechanism, and produce extrapyramidal or metabolic side effects. Hence, there is a need for novel targets and agents. The mGlu2/5-HT2A receptor heteromer has been implicated in the action of antipsychotic agents, and represents a novel and attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia. A long-term goal of this project is to synthesize bivalent ligands where a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist is tethered to an mGlu2 PAM via a linker. The goals of the investigation were to study the SAR of risperidone (an atypical antipsychotic agent) at 5-HT2A receptors using a “deconstruction-reconstruction-elaboration” approach to determine the minimal structural features of risperidone that contribute to its 5-HT2A receptor affinity and antagonism, and to determine where on the “minimized risperidone” structure an mGlu2 PAM can be introduced. Additional goals included studying the binding modes of various mGlu2 PAMs and identifying where on an mGlu2 PAM a risperidone “partial” structure could be introduced. Biological studies of deconstructed/elaborated analogs of risperidone suggest that the entire structure of risperidone is not necessary for 5-HT2A receptor affinity and antagonism, and that a fluoro group contributes to 5-HT2A binding. 6-Fluoro-3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,2-benz[d]isoxazole that has only half the structural features of risperidone retains 5-HT2A receptor affinity and antagonist activity, and represents the “minimized risperidone” structure with the piperidine nitrogen atom representing a potential linker site for eventual construction of bivalent ligands. Molecular modeling studies at 5-HT2A receptors suggest that risperidone and its analogs have more than one binding mode. Modeling studies to evaluate binding modes of various PAMs at mGlu2 receptors, coupled with known SAR information, were used to identify a PAM (JNJ-40411813), and the pyridone nitrogen atom of JNJ-40411813 as a potential linker site. Additionally, potential synthetic routes for JNJ-40411813 were explored that might be of value in the synthesis of bivalent ligands. Based on the structural features of 6-fluoro-3-(4-piperidinyl)-1,2-benz[d]isoxazole, a new pharmacophore for 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, consisting of one aromatic region, a basic protonated amine and hydrogen bond acceptors, has been proposed.

Small chiral molecules are very important building blocks in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. These building blocks include nitrogen and oxygen-containing heterocycles such as 2-oxazolidinones, 1,3-oxazinan-2-ones, 2-oxazolines, oxazines, morpholine and morpholinones. Because of their interesting properties, chiral heterocycles have stirred great interest in the synthetic chemist community to develop useful and efficient strategies to these molecules. In this dissertation, the design and syntheses of various heterocyclic building blocks are presented, as well as the testing of their biological activities as antibacterial. Another very interesting family of heterocycle-containing molecules are the Aeruginosins. They are a family of marine natural products isolated from a blue-green algae, which display inhibitory activity against serine proteases such as thrombin, trypsin, and factor VIIa. Most aeruginosins contain an heterocyclic moiety called the 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole (Choi) ring; this Choi moiety is a rigid bicyclic unnatural amino acid and is the core structure in the aeruginosins, indispensable to their biological activity. A synthesis of a ring-oxygenated variant of the Choi from D-mannose is reported in this dissertation. The ring-oxygenated variant of 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole can potentially be used as a surrogate of Choi in the design and synthesis of aeruginosin-based thrombin inhibitors.