No

Yes / This essay draws on insights taken from Lacanian psychoanalysis to rethink and resituate notions of the self and subjectivity within the theory and practice of experiential leadership development. Adopting an auto-ethnographic approach, it describes the author’s own experience as a participant in a programme of equine assisted learning or ‘horse whispering’ and considers the consequences of human-animal interactions as a tool for self-development and improvement. Through an analysis of this human/animal interaction, the essay presents and applies three Lacanian concepts of subjectivity, desire and fantasy and considers their form and function in determining the often fractured relationship between self and other that characterises leader-follower relations.

No / This article offers a new perspective on environmental citizenship by proposing the 'subjectivity-institution-structure' framework. Applying the framework to a sustainable water innovation project in north-west England, it argues that the meaning of environmental rights, the understanding of required environmental responsibilities, and the degree of public participation in decision-making, are shaped by individuals' subjective values, institutional arrangements and structural conditions. Our framework makes power explicit in the practice of environmental citizenship. It is intended to help set reasonable targets for sustainable development actions, which is particularly important when working with individuals with limited power.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo explorar as intervenções urbanas na cidade de Porto Alegre e seus efeitos sobre os modos de vida na cidade. Quer-se problematizar e construir entendimentos das forças que constituem essas intervenções, que por vezes escapam do controle e padronização urbanístico, por outras integram grandes projetos de revitalização e ocupação do espaço urbano. Tais intervenções podem estar em sintonia com a arte urbana, o a(r)tivismo, o efêmero, o urbanístico, a arquitetura e os movimentos de ocupação dos espaços públicos. Através de uma metodologia baseada na errância e na cartografia, em que o pesquisador se propõe a fazer do próprio corpo superfície aos acontecimentos, constroem-se narrativas acerca das forças que compõem a cidade. Busca-se, assim, captar os efeitos das intervenções em suas possibilidades de enfrentamento aos imperativos homogeneízadores da cidade - atrelados às premissas do biopoder e da produção capitalística - ou as possibilidades de criação e defesa da potência de vida, propondo novas estilísticas e formas de enfrentamento do niilismo passivo contemporâneo. Em suas andanças, o pesquisador-errante capta efeitos de abertura de limiares, de possibilidades de encontros, de dissipação do medo, de produção de espetáculo, de emergência de microfacismos, de gentrificação, entrelaçando-se à produção do novo nas subjetividades emergentes no meio urbano. Tal produção conjura subjetividades-containers, isto é, subjetividades blindadas e descartáveis, de acordo com a lógica do consumo, do espetáculo e de uma saúde reduzida ao corpo. Entretanto, também operam heterogeneidades, produzem desvios potencializadores da vida, quando se colocam como medianeras, promovendo possibilidades de criação e de defesa da potência de vida. Problematiza-se, portanto, como as intervenções urbanas produzem narrativas acerca dos modos de vida na cidade, descrevendo suas singularidades discrepantes e paradoxais. / This research aims to explore the urban interventions in the city of Porto Alegre and its effects on ways of lives in the city. The intention is to discuss and build understandings of the forces that constitute these interventions, which often escape control and urban standardization, in other times are part of larger revitalization projects and occupation of urban space. Such interventions can be in tune with the urban art, activism art, the ephemeral, the urban, architecture and public spaces occupation movements. Through a methodology based on wanderings and cartography, in which the researcher intends to make his own body the surface of the events, narratives are constructed about the forces that make up the city. It seeks, therefore, to capture the effects of the interventions in their coping possibilities to homogenizing imperatives of the city – linked to premises of biopower and capitalistic production - or the possibility of creating and defending the potential of life, proposing new stylistic and forms of confrontation of contemporary passive nihilism. In his walks, the researcher-wandering captures effects of opening thresholds, of meeting possibilities, of dissipation of fear, spectacle production, emergency of microfacisms, gentrification, intertwining with the production of the new in the emerging subjectivities in the urban environment. For now, this production conjures subjectivities-containers, this means, armored and disposable subjectivities, according to the logic of consumption, spectacle and health reduced to the body. However, they also operate heterogeneities, produce deviations of potentiators of life when posing as sidewalls, promoting opportunities for the creation and defense of potential of life. It is problematized, therefore, how urban interventions produce narratives about the ways of life in the city, describing their disparate and paradoxical singularities.

This essay looks at subjectivity in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves employing a psychoanalytic approach and using the theories of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Woolf’s relation to the theories of her contemporary Sigmund Freud was unclear. Psychoanalytic scholarship on Woolf’s writings, nevertheless, established itself in 1980’s as a dominant scholarly topic and has been growing since. However, the rigidity and medicalizing discourse of psychoanalysis make it poorly compatible with Woolf’s feminist, anti-individualist writing. This essay is a reading of The Waves, in which psychoanalytic theory is infused with a Deleuzo-Guattarian approach. The theories of psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, and especially his concept of the Other, together with Rosi Braidotti’s concept of nomadic subjectivity, are used as relevant tools for thinking about subjectivity in the context of The Waves. The resultant reading is a criticism of psychoanalysis. In this reading, two characters are looked at in detail: Percival and Bernard. Percival emerges as the Lacanian Other, who, situated at the central nexus of power, symbolises the tyrannies of individuality and masculinity. Simultaneously, Percival is detached from the metaphysical world of the novel. His death marks a shift from oppressive individuality towards nomadic subjectivity. For Bernard, nomadic subjectivity is a flight from the dead and stagnating centre towards periphery, where new ethics can be negotiated. The essay concludes with the implications of such reading: the affirmation of nomadic subjectivity makes the Deleuzo-Guattarian approach more relevant in the context of Woolf, whereas psychoanalytic striving towards structure, dualism, and focus on pathology are rejected as incompatible with her texts.

ABSTRACT THE REAL AND THE IMAGINARY THRESHOLDS OF OTTOMAN SUBJECTIVITY TaStan, CoSkun Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdogan YILDIRIM March 2010, 262 pages. This work examines the nature of frames that restrict our perspectives and thus give birth to such sociological entities like societies, communities and nations. How is the dualism of &ldquo / inside-outside&rdquo / created on sociological and psychic levels? More importantly, what instruments play what kind of roles in the creation of that dualism? Examining the formation of Ottoman subjectivity as a case, this study gives original answers to these questions. The psychoanalytic theory, which opened a new methodological domain for the social sciences in the past century, productively accommodated a good amount of works on these questions. Sigmund Freud&rsquo / s pioneering works on the dynamics of human psyche and Jacques Lacan&rsquo / s theories of human subjectivity played important roles in the improvement of this domain. Beginning from the second half of the past century, discussions on identity and belonging, as well as such furious social questions as nationalism, racism and xenophobia, have been held in the light of the new approaches of psychoanalytic theories in the field of social sciences. In this sense, this study can be seen as a part of those approaches, because methodologically, it bases itself on the opportunities offered by a particular psychoanalytic theory, namely, that of a French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan. I pick up two of Lacan&rsquo / s productively scrutinized concepts, namely the &ldquo / real&rdquo / and the &ldquo / imaginary&rdquo / , to develop a particular perspective towards this question: How is the dualism of inside-outside created in different contexts throughout the Ottoman history, so that this dualism could give birth to Ottoman subjectivity? Taking the two Lacanian concepts as a base, I analyze the instruments that play the role of &ldquo / thresholds&rdquo / in the formation of the dualism of &ldquo / inside-outside&rdquo / , under two general headings: The &ldquo / real thresholds&rdquo / and the &ldquo / imaginary thresholds&rdquo / . To put in a very brief manner, a &ldquo / real threshold&rdquo / is born out of any material obstacle that puts restrictions of any kind to the abilities of human body (natural obstacles like mountains, rivers and oceans, as well as designed obstacles like any object of war architecture, for instance, fall into this heading). Imaginary thresholds, on the other hand, are the &ldquo / images of selves&rdquo / that reflect back to us on the social ground, just in the same manner as our mirror-images come back to us and provide us with a subjective feeling of self (like the diplomatic texts and the mythologies). Although I borrow the two Lacanian terms (i.e. real and imaginary) to build up a theory of thresholds, I do not hesitate to bend and reshape those concepts whenever necessary, to build the conceptual tools into a rather ergonomic manner.

The field of peace education presently remains undertheorized suffusing praxis and pedagogy as foundation within the edifices of dissembling postModernity marked within the Institute of Rationality. (Re)imag(e)(in)ing critical pedagogy in a peace education-to-come, enjoins readers/writers along a putative journey through the violence of metaphysics in the fundamental question of difference bridging chiastic ethico-philososphical terrain, reconceptualizing pedagogical endeavour in ethicus obligatus to the other towards a renewing peace literacy within academe. Peace education can reconstitute the force of community on planes of difference unfolding socialis aequitus and peace, reframing the nature of our being, self and other as the appositional realm of separation/connection. The opening of peace, as concept, ethos, through critical pedagogy in/by the fashioning of discursive forms acknowledging the semio-theoretical chain constructing human social relationality proffers a solid theoretical foundation for the field of peace education, re-tracing difference across socio-ethno-politico-historical structures. Central tenets of the evolving field of peace education are reconfigured in deontological proposition through deconstruction as precursorial project in reason affording performative discourse transversing the transcendental signified, peace, in another idiom eclipsing spatio-temporal illusion, affording diachronous affirmation and revelation in a crucial luminous snapshot within the post-conflict setting of Northern Ireland concerning fundamental matters of peace and education. Peace education as constituent element of contemporary peace knowledges and principal arena for education for peace within the unconditional university is fundamentally challenged in a commitment to peace literacy to adduce and address all interwoven questions of difference, justice, peace, and education within academe. A new beginning compels another reading in presence honouring the other and Other in ethico-philosophico-pedagogy radically questioning our individual and collective rationality in relation to understandings of human social relationality and the transperformative tenets of peace education in difference through différance, cathecting presence anew while (re)configuring academe primarily concerned with difference, peace, and social justice as discursis unfolding impossibility. Consequently, the order of phallogocentricism and its sponsoring patriarchal institution that would sublimate a discourse on/of difference in substitution, as the same irrupts in the fissure another perspectivity opening through presence, presence in meaning, presence in spatiality, presence in temporality in the impossibility of the limit.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo explorar as intervenções urbanas na cidade de Porto Alegre e seus efeitos sobre os modos de vida na cidade. Quer-se problematizar e construir entendimentos das forças que constituem essas intervenções, que por vezes escapam do controle e padronização urbanístico, por outras integram grandes projetos de revitalização e ocupação do espaço urbano. Tais intervenções podem estar em sintonia com a arte urbana, o a(r)tivismo, o efêmero, o urbanístico, a arquitetura e os movimentos de ocupação dos espaços públicos. Através de uma metodologia baseada na errância e na cartografia, em que o pesquisador se propõe a fazer do próprio corpo superfície aos acontecimentos, constroem-se narrativas acerca das forças que compõem a cidade. Busca-se, assim, captar os efeitos das intervenções em suas possibilidades de enfrentamento aos imperativos homogeneízadores da cidade - atrelados às premissas do biopoder e da produção capitalística - ou as possibilidades de criação e defesa da potência de vida, propondo novas estilísticas e formas de enfrentamento do niilismo passivo contemporâneo. Em suas andanças, o pesquisador-errante capta efeitos de abertura de limiares, de possibilidades de encontros, de dissipação do medo, de produção de espetáculo, de emergência de microfacismos, de gentrificação, entrelaçando-se à produção do novo nas subjetividades emergentes no meio urbano. Tal produção conjura subjetividades-containers, isto é, subjetividades blindadas e descartáveis, de acordo com a lógica do consumo, do espetáculo e de uma saúde reduzida ao corpo. Entretanto, também operam heterogeneidades, produzem desvios potencializadores da vida, quando se colocam como medianeras, promovendo possibilidades de criação e de defesa da potência de vida. Problematiza-se, portanto, como as intervenções urbanas produzem narrativas acerca dos modos de vida na cidade, descrevendo suas singularidades discrepantes e paradoxais. / This research aims to explore the urban interventions in the city of Porto Alegre and its effects on ways of lives in the city. The intention is to discuss and build understandings of the forces that constitute these interventions, which often escape control and urban standardization, in other times are part of larger revitalization projects and occupation of urban space. Such interventions can be in tune with the urban art, activism art, the ephemeral, the urban, architecture and public spaces occupation movements. Through a methodology based on wanderings and cartography, in which the researcher intends to make his own body the surface of the events, narratives are constructed about the forces that make up the city. It seeks, therefore, to capture the effects of the interventions in their coping possibilities to homogenizing imperatives of the city – linked to premises of biopower and capitalistic production - or the possibility of creating and defending the potential of life, proposing new stylistic and forms of confrontation of contemporary passive nihilism. In his walks, the researcher-wandering captures effects of opening thresholds, of meeting possibilities, of dissipation of fear, spectacle production, emergency of microfacisms, gentrification, intertwining with the production of the new in the emerging subjectivities in the urban environment. For now, this production conjures subjectivities-containers, this means, armored and disposable subjectivities, according to the logic of consumption, spectacle and health reduced to the body. However, they also operate heterogeneities, produce deviations of potentiators of life when posing as sidewalls, promoting opportunities for the creation and defense of potential of life. It is problematized, therefore, how urban interventions produce narratives about the ways of life in the city, describing their disparate and paradoxical singularities.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo explorar as intervenções urbanas na cidade de Porto Alegre e seus efeitos sobre os modos de vida na cidade. Quer-se problematizar e construir entendimentos das forças que constituem essas intervenções, que por vezes escapam do controle e padronização urbanístico, por outras integram grandes projetos de revitalização e ocupação do espaço urbano. Tais intervenções podem estar em sintonia com a arte urbana, o a(r)tivismo, o efêmero, o urbanístico, a arquitetura e os movimentos de ocupação dos espaços públicos. Através de uma metodologia baseada na errância e na cartografia, em que o pesquisador se propõe a fazer do próprio corpo superfície aos acontecimentos, constroem-se narrativas acerca das forças que compõem a cidade. Busca-se, assim, captar os efeitos das intervenções em suas possibilidades de enfrentamento aos imperativos homogeneízadores da cidade - atrelados às premissas do biopoder e da produção capitalística - ou as possibilidades de criação e defesa da potência de vida, propondo novas estilísticas e formas de enfrentamento do niilismo passivo contemporâneo. Em suas andanças, o pesquisador-errante capta efeitos de abertura de limiares, de possibilidades de encontros, de dissipação do medo, de produção de espetáculo, de emergência de microfacismos, de gentrificação, entrelaçando-se à produção do novo nas subjetividades emergentes no meio urbano. Tal produção conjura subjetividades-containers, isto é, subjetividades blindadas e descartáveis, de acordo com a lógica do consumo, do espetáculo e de uma saúde reduzida ao corpo. Entretanto, também operam heterogeneidades, produzem desvios potencializadores da vida, quando se colocam como medianeras, promovendo possibilidades de criação e de defesa da potência de vida. Problematiza-se, portanto, como as intervenções urbanas produzem narrativas acerca dos modos de vida na cidade, descrevendo suas singularidades discrepantes e paradoxais. / This research aims to explore the urban interventions in the city of Porto Alegre and its effects on ways of lives in the city. The intention is to discuss and build understandings of the forces that constitute these interventions, which often escape control and urban standardization, in other times are part of larger revitalization projects and occupation of urban space. Such interventions can be in tune with the urban art, activism art, the ephemeral, the urban, architecture and public spaces occupation movements. Through a methodology based on wanderings and cartography, in which the researcher intends to make his own body the surface of the events, narratives are constructed about the forces that make up the city. It seeks, therefore, to capture the effects of the interventions in their coping possibilities to homogenizing imperatives of the city – linked to premises of biopower and capitalistic production - or the possibility of creating and defending the potential of life, proposing new stylistic and forms of confrontation of contemporary passive nihilism. In his walks, the researcher-wandering captures effects of opening thresholds, of meeting possibilities, of dissipation of fear, spectacle production, emergency of microfacisms, gentrification, intertwining with the production of the new in the emerging subjectivities in the urban environment. For now, this production conjures subjectivities-containers, this means, armored and disposable subjectivities, according to the logic of consumption, spectacle and health reduced to the body. However, they also operate heterogeneities, produce deviations of potentiators of life when posing as sidewalls, promoting opportunities for the creation and defense of potential of life. It is problematized, therefore, how urban interventions produce narratives about the ways of life in the city, describing their disparate and paradoxical singularities.

Abstract This study examines the paradigm shift from philosophy of subject to the philosophy of intersubjectivity. Modern pedagogic thought is deeply rooted in the philosophy of subjectivity. Its point of departure is the concept of the autonomous subject capable to form and define him-/herself and the world of his/hers. This line of thought is the main conceptual framework of theory of formation (Bildung) tradition. Theory of education (Erziehung) has been built upon a presupposition, that educational influence makes human being able to use reason potential to every human being and thus to realize the process of formation. Pedagogical thought of Immanuel Kant is the most prominent example of modern pedagogical thought. Kant argues that human becomes human through education. Education should force human to the autonomous use of reason. However, the concept of educational influence is in contradiction to the kantian idea of human freedom and autonomy. Despite of educational heteronomy should educatee be recognized as an autonomous subject. This basic problem of the modern theory of education is called pedagogical paradox. Helmut Peukert and Jan Masschelein have tried to find option fort the philosophy of subjectivity and thus the way out from the pedagogical paradox. This can be done by the shift from the philosophy of subject to the philosophy of intersubjectivity. According to Habermas, philosophy and human sciences must abadon the idea of autonomous subject and intersubjectivity must be taken as the basic concept of the theoretical reflection. Intersubjectivity must be seen as basis for the human existence. Thus pedagogical action is seen as communicative action. Peukert and Masschelein have not taken in account the critics against Habermas' and Tugendhat's project. Dieter Henrich and Manfred Frank argue intersubjectivity cant take priority against subjectivity or vice versa. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity have the same origin in human existence. Human beining must be seen as subject and person. The author attempt to reconstruct this line of thought by the conceptual analysis of Johann Gottlieb Fichte's philosophy. This opens possibilities for the educational understanding of Henrich's philosophy and his programmatic theory of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. / Tiivistelmä Työssä tarkastellaan subjektifilosofian ja intersubjektiivisuusteorian välistä suhdetta. Moderni pedagoginen ajattelu nousee subjektifilosofisesta perinteestä. Sen sivistysteoreettisena lähtökohtana on ollut ajatus itseään ja omaa maailmaansa määrittävästä autonomisesta ja itsetoiminnallisesta subjektista, joka kykenee käyttämään omaa järkeään. Kasvatusteoreettisen refleksion kohteena on puolestaan ollut kysymys siitä, kuinka kasvatuksellisen vaikuttamisen avulla on mahdollista tuottaa tai saada aikaan autonomisen subjektin kehittyminen. Immanuel Kantin pedagoginen ajattelu on esimerkki modernista pedagogisesta ajattelutavasta ja sen ongelmista. Kantin mukaan ihminen tulee ihmiseksi kasvatuksen kautta. Kasvatuksen tehtävänä on mahdollistaa, että ihminen oppii käyttämään ihmiselle ominaista potentiaalista järkeä itsenäisesti. Tämä edellyttää kuitenkin ulkoista kasvatuksellista pakkoa, joka on ristiriidassa Kantin ja koko modernin filosofian kannalta keskeisen itseä määrittelevän vapaan subjektiviteetin periaatteen kanssa. Hän kiteytti modernin pedagogiikan dilemman kysymykseen "kuinka kultivoida vapautta pakolla". Kasvatuksellinen pakko on välttämätön järjen autonomisen järjenkäytön empiirisen kehittymisen kannalta. Pakosta huolimatta kasvava on kuitenkin tunnustettava alusta saakka vapaana olentona. Tätä argumentaatiomallia ja sen myöhempiä variantteja on nimitetty pedagogiseksi paradoksiksi. Erityisesti saksalaisella kielialueella on etsitty vaihtoehtoja subjektifilosofiselle paradigmalle. Helmut Peukert ja Jan Masschelein ovat pyrkineet osoittamaan, kuinka pedagoginen paradoksi on ratkaistavissa siirtymällä subjektifilosofisesta paradigmasta intersubjektivistiseen ajattelutapaan. He nojautuvat vahvasti Jürgen Habermasin ohjelmalliseen näkemykseen, jonka mukaan subjektifilosofian umpikujat ja ongelmat siirtyvät pois päiväjärjestyksestä, mikäli filosofiassa ja laajemmin myös ihmistieteissä luovutaan autonomisen itseriittoisen subjektin ensisijaisuuden periaatteesta ja korvataan se oletuksella kielellisen intersubjektiviteetin ensisijaisuudesta subjektiviteettiin nähden. Kasvatustieteessä tämä merkitsee pedagogisen toiminnan samaistamista kommunikatiiviseen toimintaan. Kasvatustieteellisessä keskustelussa ei ole kuitenkaan otettu huomioon intersubjektivistista käännettä kohtaan esitettyä kritiikkiä. Dieter Henrich ja Manfred Frank ovat filosofian alueella kritisoineet Habermasia ja tämän ajatteluun vaikuttanutta Ernst Tugendhatia siitä, ettei intersubjektivistinen käänne ole aivan yksinkertaisesti toteutettavissa. Näin siksi, ettei ainakaan käsiteanalyyttisen tarkastelun tasolla ole mahdollista osoittaa, kuinka subjektiviteetti olisi kielellisen intersubjektiviteetin johdannainen. Henrich onkin esittänyt, että subjektiviteetti ja intersubjektiviteetti ovat yhtä alkuperäisiä ilmiöitä. Tästä seuraa, että konkreettista yksilöä on tarkasteltava sekä subjektina että persoonana. Henrichin ohjelmallista näkemystä on mahdollista eksplikoida Johann Gottlieb Fichten interpersoonallisuusteorian ja subjektiteorian avulla. Fichten ajattelu avaa myös mahdollisuuden kasvatus- ja sivistysteoreettiselle tarkastelulle, joka ei palauta pedagogista toimintaa palauteta joko subjektifilosofiseen tai intersubjektivistiseen paradigmaan. Fichten kasvatus- ja sivistysteoreettisten implikaatioiden avulla on siten mahdollista avata tietä Henrichin subjektiteoreettisten näkemysten kasvatus- ja sivistysfilosofiselle reseptiolle.