Située au carrefour de nombreuses routes commerciales et migratoires, Marseille est une ville contrastée où se côtoient des populations aux origines culturelles et sociales diversifiées. Souvent décrite comme « cosmopolite », il s’agit dans ce travail de questionner cette image et interroger les relations sociales en œuvre dans la ville, par l’étude d’un espace original, à l’intersection entre l’intime et le collectif, le proche et le lointain : le hammam. En examinant la relation entre la construction des espaces, les pratiques qu’ils induisent, ainsi que les discours énoncés par les acteurs, cette étude s’attache à mettre en évidence les enjeux sociaux et politiques d’identification et de différenciation qui accompagnent la construction ou la fréquentation des bains. Cette réflexion anthropologique suit comme fil conducteur la question des « mises en scène » des établissements étudiés, à travers lesquelles il est possible de saisir les différentes représentations et matérialisations du hammam, ainsi que leurs variations, sur une gamme allant de l’exotique au familier, de « l’oriental » à « l’occidental ». Ces jeux de proximité et de distanciation sont étudiés selon différentes perspectives : le rapport à l’espace urbain, les configurations spatiales des établissements, les aménagements matériels, les dimensions sensorielles, ainsi que les profils sociologiques des commerçants et de la clientèle. À la croisée entre une anthropologie urbaine des espaces marchands et une anthropologie du corps, les analyses proposées dans cette thèse permettent d’ouvrir une discussion sur le hammam comme « hétérotopie » et « espace-frontière ». / At the crossroads of numerous commercial and migratory roads, Marseille is a contrasted city where populations of diversified cultural and social origins live. Thus, this work aims to question the “cosmopolitan” image of France’s second largest city and the social relations that take place in it, by studying an original space, both intimate and collective, close and distant, the hammam. By examining the relationship between the construction of spaces, the practices they induce, as well as the speeches expressed by the actors, this study highlights the social issues of identification and differentiation which accompany the design or the attendance of bathhouses. This anthropological reflection follows as a main thread the question of the commercial “scenography” of the places studied, through which it is possible to seize the various representations and materialization of the hammam, on a scale going from the familiar to the exotic, the “oriental” to the “occidental”. These interactions of closeness and distance will be studied on various levels: the relation to the urban space, the spatial configurations of the bath houses, the material arrangements, the sensory dimensions, as well as the sociological profiles of the business owners and their clientele. At the intersection of urban anthropology, commercial spaces studies and anthropology of the body, all these elements allow for discussion of the hammam as "heterotopia" and "boundary-space".

Les analogues nucléosidiques constituent une famille importante d'agents thérapeutiques dans le traitement de maladies d'origine virale. Parmi ces composés, les nucléosides carbocycliques possèdent des propriétés biologiques intéressantes. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse est consacrée à la famille des neplanocines qui sont des carbonucleosides naturels. Nous avons détaillé l'interaction de ces composés avec leur principale cible, la S-adénosylhomocystéine hydrolase, ainsi que les différentes approches de synthèses de ces carbonucléosides et de leurs énantioméres avant de passer en revue leurs activités biologiques. Nous avons présenté dans le deuxième chapitre la première synthèse énantiosélective de la (éD)-néplanocine B. Le troisième chapitre est quant à lui axé sur la mise au point d'une synthèse de 3 '-halo-5'-norcarbonucléosides phosphonates ainsi qu’à l'évaluation de leurs activités antivirales. / Nucleosides analogues constitute an important family of therapeutic agents in the treatment of viral diseases. Among these compounds, carbocyclic nucleosides have interesting biological properties. The first chapter of this thesis is dedicated to a family of natural carbonucleosides, the neplanocins. We have presented their mode of action against S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, as well as various syntheses of natural neplanocins and their enantiomers before reviewing their biological activities. In the second chapter, we described the first enantioselective synthesis of (¨D)-neplanocine B. The third chapter is devoted to the development of the synthesis of 3 '-halo-5¡¯-norcarbonucleosides phosphonates as well as the evaluation of their antiviral activities.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'étude des propriétés et applications de quatre familles des fonctions spéciales associées aux groupes de Weyl et dénotées $C$, $S$, $S^s$ et $S^l$. Ces fonctions peuvent être vues comme des généralisations des polynômes de Tchebyshev. Elles sont en lien avec des polynômes orthogonaux à plusieurs variables associés aux algèbres de Lie simples, par exemple les polynômes de Jacobi et de Macdonald. Elles ont plusieurs propriétés remarquables, dont l'orthogonalité continue et discrète. En particulier, il est prouvé dans la présente thèse que les fonctions $S^s$ et $S^l$ caractérisées par certains paramètres sont mutuellement orthogonales par rapport à une mesure discrète. Leur orthogonalité discrète permet de déduire deux types de transformées discrètes analogues aux transformées de Fourier pour chaque algèbre de Lie simple avec racines des longueurs différentes. Comme les polynômes de Tchebyshev, ces quatre familles des fonctions ont des applications en analyse numérique. On obtient dans cette thèse quelques formules de <<cubature>>, pour des fonctions de plusieurs variables, en liaison avec les fonctions $C$, $S^s$ et $S^l$. On fournit également une description complète des transformées en cosinus discrètes de types V--VIII à $n$ dimensions en employant les fonctions spéciales associées aux algèbres de Lie simples $B_n$ et $C_n$, appelées cosinus antisymétriques et symétriques. Enfin, on étudie quatre familles de polynômes orthogonaux à plusieurs variables, analogues aux polynômes de Tchebyshev, introduits en utilisant les cosinus (anti)symétriques. / This thesis presents several properties and applications of four families of Weyl group orbit functions called $C$-, $S$-, $S^s$- and $S^l$-functions. These functions may be viewed as generalizations of the well-known Chebyshev polynomials. They are related to orthogonal polynomials associated with simple Lie algebras, e.g. the multivariate Jacobi and Macdonald polynomials. They have numerous remarkable properties such as continuous and discrete orthogonality. In particular, it is shown that the $S^s$- and $S^l$-functions characterized by certain parameters are mutually orthogonal with respect to a discrete measure. Their discrete orthogonality allows to deduce two types of Fourier-like discrete transforms for each simple Lie algebra with two different lengths of roots. Similarly to the Chebyshev polynomials, these four families of functions have applications in numerical integration. We obtain in this thesis various cubature formulas, for functions of several variables, arising from $C$-, $S^s$- and $S^l$-functions. We also provide a~complete description of discrete multivariate cosine transforms of types V--VIII involving the Weyl group orbit functions arising from simple Lie algebras $C_n$ and $B_n$, called antisymmetric and symmetric cosine functions. Furthermore, we study four families of multivariate Chebyshev-like orthogonal polynomials introduced via (anti)symmetric cosine functions.

This dissertation is concerned with Building Code, No. 183/2006 Sb., and especially in its amendment No. 350/2012 Sb. It specializes in territorial procedure itself which is covered in sections 84 till 96a of Building Code. This dissertation tries to find out what pros and cons of territorial procedure are after the aforementioned amendment. Chapter one lays down the basic terms and documents of territorial procedures on state ("Politika územního rozvoje"), regional ("Zásady územního rozvoje") and urban ("Územní plán") levels. It also covers special institute of "Regulační plan" which can be used on regional and/or urban level. Other parts of chapter one are "Územní rozhodnutí" which specifies the type of given intention in given place and "Veřejnoprávní smlouva" which can be translated as "public (law) contract". This contract enables applicants to make their intention come to effect on their own strength with Building Authority only checking the final state of the contract. At the end this contract has the same power and authority as standard legal act by the Building Authority. Chapter two is the crucial part of this dissertation. It takes separately individual instruments of territorial procedures that are concerned with positioning particular intention(s) and the procedure that is given to this...

No intuito de preservar a estrutura dentária, remanescentes de dentina afetada por cárie podem ser deixados após remoção do tecido cariado. O uso de soluções antimicrobianas é uma alternativa para reduzir ou eliminar bactérias após o preparo cavitário. Além disso, métodos de remoção de cárie, menos invasivos que o tradicional uso de brocas, vêm sendo desenvolvidos, tais como os com lasers de alta potência. No contexto de redução microbiana, tanto os lasers de alta potência (efeito fototérmico), quanto os lasers de baixa potência associados a fotossensibilizadores (terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana) podem ser utilizados. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o uso dos lasers ou clorexidina na redução microbiana em lesões de cárie artificialmente desenvolvidas. Sessenta discos de dentina humana foram analisados de acordo com o tratamento da superfície (n=10): G1 - sem tratamento; G2 - digluconato de clorexidina a 2%; G3 - laser de alta potência Er:YAG (2,94 ?m) ; G4 - laser de alta potência Er,Cr:YSGG (2,78 ?m); G5 - aPDT 1 (laser de baixa potência 660 nm + azul de metileno a 0,01%); G6 - aPDT 2 (laser de baixa potência 660 nm + azul de metileno a 0,005%). A dentina afetada por cárie foi induzida por um modelo artificial desenvolvido com S. Mutans, com profundidade de lesão de aproximadamente 260 ?m. A dentina cariada foi coletada com auxílio de uma broca esférica Carbide estéril, antes e após os tratamentos propostos. Para padronização da coleta, foi feita a inserção de todo o diâmetro da ponta ativa broca (0,5 mm) no tecido dentinário. O desfecho primário foi a redução de bactérias, realizada pela contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC). Para comparar o desempenho dos tratamentos foi aplicado o teste de Kruskal Wallis, complementado pelo teste dms, para identificação das diferenças significativas, considerando nível de significância de 5%. De acordo com os resultados, houve redução microbiana para todos os grupos experimentais avaliados, porém, sem diferença estatística significativa entre eles (p=0,1133). Dessa forma, todos os tratamentos propostos foram eficazes na redução microbiana. / In order to preserve the dental structure, dentin remnants affected by caries may be left after removal of carious tissue. The use of disinfectant solutions is an alternative to reduce or eliminate bacteria after cavity preparation. In addition, caries removal methods, less invasive than the traditional use of drills, have been developed, such as high-power lasers. In the context of microbial reduction, both high (photothermal effect) and low power lasers combined with photosensitizers (antimicrobial photodynamic therapy) can be used. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the use of lasers or chlorhexidine in microbial reduction in artificially developed caries lesions. Sixty human dentin discs were analyzed according to surface treatment (n = 10): G1 - no treatment; G2 - 2% chlorhexidine digluconate; G3 - high power Er:YAG Laser (2.94 ?m); G4 - high power Er,Cr:YSGG Laser (2.78 ?m); G5 - aPDT 1 (low power laser 660 nm + 0.01% methylene blue); G6 - aPDT 2 (low power laser 660 nm + 0.005% methylene blue). Caries affected dentin was induced by an artificial model developed with S. mutans, with lesion depth of approximately 260 ?m. The carious dentin was collected using a sterile Carbide spherical drill before and after the proposed treatments. For standardization of the collection, the insertion of the entire diameter of the active tip into the dentin tissue was performed (0.5 mm). The primary outcome was the bacterial reduction, considering the colony forming units (CFU). To compare the performance of the treatments, the Kruskal Wallis test, complemented by the dms test, was used to identify the significant differences, considering a significance level of 5%. According to the results, there was a microbial reduction for all the experimental groups evaluated, but with no significant statistical difference among them (p = 0.1133). Thus, all proposed treatments were effective for microbial reduction.

Esporotricose se constitui em micose intermediária, resultante do adentrar do fungo Sporothrix schenkii na pele ou no panículo. Trata-se de uma micose com características zoonóticas (sapro e antropozoonose). Objetivou-se: determinar a ocorrência de esporotricose-infecção ou esporotricose-doença, em felinos domésticos (domiciliados e querenciados), em animais de gatis de benemerência e daqueles felinos selvagens ou exóticos, mantidos em cativeiro, a partir do isolamento do fungo Sporothrix schenckii de decalques de garras em meio de cultivo. A amostragem foi composta por 132 felinos domésticos, selvagens ou exóticos. Da totalidade dos animais, 120 (91,0%) eram felinos domésticos, 11 (8,3%) selvagens e um exótico (0,7%). Segundo o sexo, 89 (67,4%) eram machos e os 43 (32,6%) restantes eram fêmeas. A maioria dos animais (80,3%) não apresentavam precisa definição racial, sendo que a média de idade foi de, aproximadamente, 71,8 meses. Vinte e um (17,5%) felinos eram querenciados. Da totalidade dos animais, 89 (67,4%) mantinham contato com outros animais da mesma espécie. Foi possível isolar o Sporothrix schenckii, das garras de um dos felinos investigados, com quadro generalizado de esporotricose. Os agentes, patógenos em potencial, Microsporum canis e Malassezia pachydermatis foram isolados, respectivamente, em 12,1% e 5,3% dos animais. Isolaram-se fungos anemófilos, reputados como contaminantes: Penicillium sp 28 (52,9%), Aspergillus sp 13 (24,5%), Rhodotorula sp cinco (9,4%), Candida sp cinco (9,4%), Trichoderma sp um (1,9%) e Acremonium sp um (1,9%). Pela magnitude de ocorrência (0,7%) de S. schenckii nas garras de felinos, o pressuposto potencial dos gatos, ora investigados, como possível fonte de infecção, na cidade de São Paulo, se mostrou bastante baixo. / Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, acquired through the skin and panniculus by the insertion of the Sporothrix schenckii fungus. It\'s a zoonotic mycosis (sapro and anthropozoonozis). The goals of this study were: to determine the occurrence of sporotrichosis infection or sporotrichosis disease in domestic felines (indoor and outdoor) cattery and wild or exotic in captivity, through the S. schenckii isolation from nail imprinting in culture media. The sample comprised 132 domestic, wild or exotic felines. From the total, 120 (91.0%) were domestic cats, 11(8.3%) wild and one exotic (0.7%). They were 89 (67.4%) males and 43 (32.6%) females. Most of animals (80.3%) were non-breed and the average age was 71.8 months. Twenty one (17,5%) felines lived outdoor. From the total 89 (67.4%) animals have had regular contact with other of the same species. It was possible to isolate the Sporothrix schenckii from the nails of an investigated one, with generalized sporotrichosis condition. The potencial pathogen, Microsporum canis and Malassezia pachydermatis agents, were isolated in 12.1% and 5.3% respectively. Air fungus, considered as contaminants, were isolated: Penicillium sp 28 (52,9%), Aspergillus sp 13 (24,5%), Rhodotorula sp five (9,4%), Candida sp five (9,4%), Trichoderma sp one (1,9%) e Acremonium sp one (1,9%). The low occurrence of S. schenckii (0.7%) in the feline nails, in this investigation, shows it with a small probability as a source of infection in the city of São Paulo.

Os Sei solo â Violino senza Ba&#223;o accompagnato de Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) têm sido transcritos para violão em movimentos isolados desde o final do século XIX e a transcrição (1934) da grandiosa Ciaccona pelo espanhol Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) tornou-se uma peça central no repertório para violão, sobretudo porque que a escrita para violino sofreu um redimensionamento na adaptação do violonista. Por outro lado, as abordagens do ciclo completo no violão têm se aproximado cada vez mais da escrita original para violino. Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), autor da primeira gravação do ciclo completo no violão, se mostra ainda influenciado pela prática segoviana de transcrição, mas Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) chega a rechaçar a transcrição BWV 1006a, em que o próprio compositor adiciona baixos e preenchimentos harmônicos; Elliot Fisk (2001) segue o exemplo de Bungarten, realizando linhas de baixo apenas ocasionalmente e Timo Korhonen (2009- 2010) leva esse tipo de abordagem ao ápice, não fazendo adição alguma. Contrariando a tendência atual, a única referência coeva que temos de J. S. Bach tocando seus solos de violino é ao clavicórdio, adicionando quanta harmonia ele julgasse necessário, segundo seu aluno Johann Friedrich Agricola. Transcrições dele e de seus contemporâneos nos mostram que a prática de transcrição sempre envolvia a modificação da escrita original para violino tendendo uma maior elaboração polifônica da obra segundo os recursos da nova instrumentação (normalmente teclado ou alaúde). Ao se transcrever os Sei solo para o violão, a prática da época revela que uma pretensa fidelidade ao texto original é tão equivocada do ponto de vista estilístico quanto seria a versão de Segovia se essa fosse julgada fora dos padrões de sua época. Por outro lado, há gravações parciais dos Sei solo ao violão que seguem em maior ou menor grau as práticas de transcrição e de execução barrocas, além de várias gravações do ciclo completo por alaudistas e cravistas que não hesitam em transfigurar a textura original da escrita para violino, para a adequação da escrita aos seus instrumentos. O presente estudo visa estabelecer os fundamentos de uma prática de transcrição para violão dos Sei solo com base nas técnicas de transcrição e de execução do período da composição sem a pretensão de autenticidade ou fidelidade, mas como fonte de recursos de instrumentação (pela reelaboração da textura polifônica com adições de linhas de baixo e preenchimentos harmônicos) e de expressão (pela adaptação de recursos estilísticos essenciais como as articulações e os ornamentos). Em segunda instância, o estudo apresenta uma nova transcrição para violão dos Sei solo como exemplo de aplicação dos fundamentos de adaptação dessas obras. / The Sei solo â Violino senza Ba&#223;o accompagnato by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1001-1006) have been arranged for guitar as isolated movements since the end of the 19th century and the transcription (1934) of the great Ciaccona made by the Spaniard Andrés Segovia (1893-1987) became a central work on the repertory, mainly for he remodeled the violin writing when adapting it for guitar. In the other hand, more recent approaches of the cycle have been became progressively simpler and closer to the original writing for violin. The first recording of the cycle on guitar, made by Kazuhito Yamashita (1989), still shows influences of Segovia, but Frank Bungarten (1988 - Sonatas/2000 - Partitas) rejects even Bach\'s own transcription of the 3rd Partia, BWV 1006a, where the composer adds bass lines and harmonies; Elliot Fisk (2001) follows Bungarten\'s example, with few bass additions; Timo Korhonen (2009-2010) goes further and does not add any notes, relying just on the violin score. In opposition to today\'s tendency on guitar, the only reference we to Bach himself playing the violin Solos is on the clavichord, adding as much harmony as he considered necessary, as reports his student Johann Friedrich Agricola. Bach\'s and his contemporaries\' arrangements clearly show us that the change of the medium in a composition (usually violin or cello) always involved the modification of the original writing, generally having more polyphonic elaboration after the resources of the new instrument (normally keyboard or lute). The period\'s practice reveals that an intentioned fidelity to the original musical text in a guitar arrangement is as misplaced as it would be the Segovia\'s version when judged by today\'s standards. In the other hand, there are partial recordings of the Sei solo on the guitar that seek to follow the baroque\'s arrangement and performance practices. There are also several recordings of the whole cycle made by lute and harpsichord players that do not hesitated about changing the original writing for violin in order to adequate the works for their instruments. The present study aims to establish the adaptation principles of the Sei solo for guitar based on period\'s arrangement and performance practices with no pretention of reaching neither authenticity nor fidelity, but simply as instrumentation resources (when rewriting of polyphonic texture with additions of bass lines and harmonies) and expression resources (when adapting stylistic essentials like articulations and ornaments). The secondary purpose of this research is to exemplify an application of the adaptation principles by presenting a new arrangement of the Sei solo for guitar.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus no ambiente de ordenha, analisar seu perfil genético e a produção de biofilme, provenientes de 10 propriedades localizadas nas regiões de Franca e Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas 220 amostras de leite individual de vacas positivas no teste CMT (California Mastitis Test), 120 amostras de leite de tanque de expansão, 389 swabs de utensílios e equipamento relacionados com ordenha e 120 swabs de mãos de manipuladores. As coletas de amostras foram realizadas mensalmente durante o período de agosto/2010 a janeiro/2011. Das 849 amostras analisadas, 56 cepas de S. aureus (6,6%) foram isoladas, sendo 12 (5,4%) de leite individual de vacas, 26 (21,6%) de leite de tanque de expansão, 14 (3,6%) de utensílios e equipamentos e 4 (6,9%) de mãos de manipuladores. Os resultados indicam uma baixa prevalência de S. aureus nas propriedades analisadas, não havendo diferença significativa entre as frequências encontradas nas duas regiões analisadas. A técnica de PFGE (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) permitiu identificar 31 perfis genéticos (pulsotipos), utilizando-se a enzima de restrição SmaI. Nos ensaios de produção de biofilmes em microplaca, 19 (63,3%) de 30 pulsotipos avaliados foram considerados produtores de biofilme. Nos ensaios conduzidos em aço inox, 13 (43,3%, N=30) foram positivos e, para o silicone, não houve produção de biofilme. O elevado percentual de isolados no leite de tanque de expansão evidencia um problema de saúde pública, considerando que no Brasil muitas vezes o leite é consumido sem pasteurização. A ocorrência de pulsitipos de S. aureus formadores de biofilmes indica a persistência do patógeno em diversos pontos no ambiente de ordenha, bem como provável envolvimento dos mesmos com casos de mastite e sua eliminação no leite, ressaltando a necessidade de práticas higiênicas para prevenir a formação de biofilmes nas propriedades estudadas. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of biofilm-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the milking environment from 10 farms located in the regions of Franca and Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Twohundred twenty samples of milk from individual cows previously tested for CMT (California Mastitis Test), 120 samples of bulk tank milk, 389 swabs of equipments and utensils related to milking and 120 swabs of milk\'s handlers hands were analyzed. A total of 56 (6.6%) S. aureus strains were isolated out of 849 samples analyzed, being 12 (5.4%) from milk samples from individual cows, 26 (21.6%) from bulk tank milk, 14 (3.6%) from swabs of equipments and utensils, and 4 (3.3%) from swabs hands of milk\'s handlers. Results indicated a low prevalence of S. aureus in the dairy farms analyzed, and there was no significant difference between the percentages found in the two regions evaluated. On the basis of PFGE results (using SmaI enzyme), 31 profiles (pulsotypes) were found. In the biofilm-production assay using microplates, 19 (63.3%) of 30 pulsotypes tested were considered positive (biofilm producers). For assays conducted in stainless steel, 13 (43.3%) of pulsotypes were biofilm producers, although no pulsotype was able to produce biofilms on the surface of silicon. Results of this trial showed a high percentage of bulk tank milk samples contaminated with S. aureus, hence indicating a public health problem especially in Brazil were milk is often consumed without pasteurization. The occurrence of S. aureus pulsotypes which were also biofilm-producers suggests the persistence of the pathogen in several sites at the milking environment, as well the probable involvement of S. aureus biofilms with mastitis and its excretion in the milk. The need for adoption of hygienic practices to prevent the formation of biofilms of S. aureus in the dairy farms evaluated is stressed.

Muitos biossorventes naturais têm sido pesquisados por possuírem baixo custo e apresentarem propriedades ligantes, como é o caso da macroalga marinha Sargassum filipendula (S. filipendula) que vem sendo utilizada como material biossorvente no processo de biossorção de metais pesados. No presente trabalho a alga marrom foi utilizada para estudos realizados em batelada, onde se determinou o pH ideal de biossorção de vanádio, a relação sólido/líquido ideal e a importância da velocidade de agitação. O estudo cinético e de equilíbrio dos íons metálicos também foram realizados em bateladas nas seguintes condições de ensaio: (1) 0,10 g de biomassa, 25,0 mL de solução de vanádio igual a 18,0 mg L-1, temperatura 25,0 C e 150 rpm de agitação; (2) 0,10 g de biomassa, 25,0 mL de solução de vanádio igual a 36,0 mg L-1, temperatura 25,0 C e 150 rpm de agitação. A melhor condição para biossorção de vanádio foi encontrada para 36,0 mg L-1 e pH= 2,0. O estudo cinético de biossorção de vanádio mostrou que o modelo de segunda ordem descreve melhor os dados experimentais em 36,0 mg L-1 (R2= 0,9825). O estudo de equilíbrio mostrou um perfil crescente de remoção de vanádio. A melhor eficiência de captação dos íons de vanádio foi de 61,0 % para Co= 40,0 mg L-1 em pH= 2,0. Os dados experimentais da isoterma de vanádio mostraram-se mais adequados ao modelo de Langmuir para pH= 2,0, Os parâmetros de equilíbrio calculados a partir do modelo de Langmuir (b, qmax ) 0,009 e 43,3 mg/g, respectivamente, corroboram melhor para a interpretação dos resultados quando comparados com o modelo de Freundlich (kF, n) 1,56 e 2,41, visto que o coeficiente de correlação é maior para Langmuir / Many natural biosorbents have been investigated for having low cost and submit binding properties, as is the case of marine marcoalgae Sargassum filipendula (S. filipendula) that has been used biosorbent material in the processes of biosorption of heavy metals. In the present study the brown seaweed has been used to study conducted in bach mode, where it was determined the optimum pH for biosorption of vanadium, the solid/liquid ratio ideal and the importance of speed of agitation. The kinetic and equilibrium study of metal ions were also performed in batches in the following test conditions: (1) 0.10 g of biomass, 25.0 mL of vanadium solution equal to 18.0 mg L-1, temperature 303 K and 150 rpm agitation. (2) 0.10 g of biomass, 25.0 mL of vanadium solution equal to 36.0 mg L-1, temperature 303 K and 150 rpm agitation. The optimum conditions for biosorption of vanadium was found to 36.0 mg L-1, pH 2,0. The kinetic study of vanadium biosorption showed that the second order model best describes the experimental data 36.0 mg L-1, (R2 = 0.9825). The balance study showed an increased uptake profile of vanadium. The best collection efficiency of vanadium ion was 46.0 % for Co = 36.0 mg L-1 at pH 2.0. The experimental isotherm data of vanadium were more suitable for the Langmuir model at pH 2.0. The equilibrium parameters calculated from the Langmuir model (b, qmax ) were 0.009 e 43.3 mg/g respectively, to better corroboration to interpretation of results when compared with the Freundlich model (kF, n) 1,56 e 2,41, whereas the correlation coefficient is higher for Langmuir

The purpose of this study was to develop behavior by the pigeon illustrative of S+ and S- rules and to examine if behavior consistent with a concept rule interpretation developed. In order to examine this possibility six groups of pigeons (N=31) were provided different histories of autoshaping. Histories involved the identity of the color of the lighted center key and one side key of three horizontally mounted pigeon keys. Center key onset was followed three seconds later by onset of either outer key. Outer key onset was followed six seconds later by food presentation (explicitly paired) or 45 seconds later, during the inter-trial interval (explicitly unpaired). The foregoing reinforcement conditions were factored into two stimulus conditions, one where the center and side keys were lit by the same hue (identity) and one where the center and side key were lit by different hues (nonidentity). Two groups received identity stimulus sequences with explicitly unpaired food presentation. Two groups were exposed to nonidentity stimulus sequences with explicitly unpaired food presentation. One group received sessions combining exposure to both the explicitly paired identity and explicitly unpaired nonidentity trials. One group received no pretraining. Following pretraining, all birds were placed in a simultaneous matching-to-sample task utilizing the same hues used during pretraining. After reaching criterion on matching-to-sample, on a random ratio 3 schedule of reinforcement, birds were exposed to transfer tests, with a novel hue, to assess for S+ rules, S- rules, and a concept rule. The results indicated that there were no significant differences among groups in terms of their acquisition of matching-to-sample or in terms of their performance on transfer tests. All birds' responding during transfer conditions provided evidence of S+ rules, but neither demonstration of S- rules nor concept rule performance was evidenced. During autoshaping, birds in the identity, explicitly paired groups responded primarily to the center key, suggesting that the stimulus on the outer key was not a salient stimulus for the identity discrimination. For birds in the nonidentity, explicitly unpaired groups neither the center nor outer key controlled responding. For the group combining identity, explicitly paired and nonidentity, explicitly unpaired trials, the birds failed to form a discrimination between types of trials.