No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

In the period following the end of World War II, Western European countries have experienced rapid economic growth. In the second half of the fifties, labour shortages emerged, obliging developed countries to have recourse to foreign labour in order to maintain high growth rates. During the sixties, bilateral agreements between European industralised countries (West Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium ... ) and less developed Mediterranean countries (Spain, Portugal, Greece, Yugoslavia, Turkey ... ) produced large-scale migration in Western Europe. The main bulk of Greek emigration has been directed towards West Germany, reaching a peak in 1971, while the reverse flow of returning migrants exceeded emigration from 1974 up to 1981. Data concerning these two flows, from 1960 to 1982, give us the opportunity to test the determinants of both outward and return migration using models based on the Neo-classical, the Keynesian and the Human Capital theories. Under the Neo-classical assumptions about labour and product markets, migration of labour is explained by income differentials prevailing between two regions. The Keynesian model adds unemployment as a cause of migration. Because of the static framework concerning the above models, expectations about future income resulting from migration have been introduced to make the model dynamic. Under the Human Capital theory, migration will occur if the present value of the expected benefits exceeds the present value of the expected costs resulting from migration. Empirical tests of the above model's using OLS or other methods attempting to overcome econometric problems, are presented. Logarithmic forms of emigration equations present the best results. The logarithmic form implicitly assumes that emigration is of a Cobb-Douglas type function. Because of the weaknesses concerning Cobb-Douglas type functions, a translog type emigration function is determined and tests are applied in order to find the best estimation provided by the two functions. Next, we consider migration decisionmaking at the level of an individual who seeks to maximise his welfare in conditions of uncertainty. Introducing utility functions and risk coefficients, the maximisation of welfare yields a stochastic migration function. Furthermore, we examine the migration decision in a binary choice model context. The potential migrant has to decide whether to migrate or not, and an application of the binary logit probability model enables us to estimate the probability that an individual drawn at random from the population will choose to migrate. Finally, we estimate emigration and return migration functions together with employment (or unemployment) and wages functions in a simultaneous equations system in order to avoid simultaneous bias resulting from interdependence between migration and other variables used as explanatory in the previous models.

This thesis is a study of patterns and differentials in nuptiality and marital fertility in Kenya using data from the Kenya Fertility Survey undertaken in 1977/78 jointly by the Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Kenya and the World Fertility Survey, London of the International Statistical Institute. Such a survey as this, like many others carried out by the World Fertility Survey in both developing and developed countries, has provided an unprecedented opportunity for greater understanding of the relationship between nuptiality and fertility on the one hand and nuptiality, fertility and socio-economic factors on the other. Such information is very crucial in the formulation and implementation of socio-economic and cultural development plans. The results of this study have confirmed that marriage is a universal and stable institution and that women marry young. Median age at marriage is 18,7 with education having the greatest influence on age at marriage as it provides alternative options to early marriage. However, polygamy is still widespread, accounting for about 30 per cent among all married women in the childbearing age range. Associated with this cultural phenomenon, most Kenyan women marry only once while men often marry women much younger than themselves and with either similar or lower level of education. The study has also confirmed that inspite of the recent rise in age at marriage especially among the young population during the last 15-20 years, corresponding to the expansion in education services and to increased urbanization, fertility remains one of the highest in the world. However, education and urbanization appear to have the greatest influence on fertility. Women with secondary and higher education experience the lowest fertility and women with lower primary education, the highest. Rural-urban differentials in fertility were found to be even more marked, with metro politan women having, on average, one child less than rural residents. This seems to be one of the few African countries south of the Sahara where there is convincing evidence of rural-urban differential in fertility in the expected direction. Polygamous women, too, were found to have lower fertility than their monogamous counterparts. The study of the proximate determinants of fertility (intermediate fertility variables) using Bongaarts model suggested that the proportion married among the population, level of use of contraception and postpartum infecundability (influenced by breastfeeding) are significant in explaining marital fertility differentials. Modernization in the form of education and urbanization has had offsetting effects upon the intermediate variables by reducing lactation and increasing contraception. However, the proportion using contraception (limited mainly among those with secondary and higher education and the metropolitan residents) is too small to have any significant impact on the overall level of fertility. The lower level of fertility observed particularly among the metropolitan, coast and Muslim categories of population may be accounted for by the prevalence of venereal diseases, unreported contraception and induced abortion.

The main objective of this thesis is to define the population structure of Shahrestan Nowshahr, Iran, by determining whether the population comprises one large, panmictic unit or small, localized breeding clusters, and the extent to which the pattern of mobility affects this structure. This study has been carried out by quantifying the nature and extent of migration within and from outside the study area. The components of analysis have included the past and. present demographic structure, the distribution and localization of dialects and languages, the spatial (matrimonial) and temporal (parent and offspring) continuity of gene flow, the orientation of movement, the extent of commonality of surnames and the pattern of relatedness and kinship within and among the subdivisions. The results have been used to assess the extent to which genetic mobility has been determined by geographic, demographic, linguistic and cultural constraints placed on the breeding size of the population. The consequences upon the genetic structure of the population in terms of departure from random mating and panmixia and the potential for genetic differentiation through local, selective pressures and random genetic drift have also been projected. Inferences from these analyses Indicate that the interaction of these factors have influenced and determined the migration pattern and the extent of the reproductive isolation of the Shahrestan. Shahrestan Nowshahr is not a homogeneous unit, but is composed of a series of local, partially isolated units with little genetic flow between them, thus limiting the size of the population, contributing to deviation from panmixia and conducive to random differentiation of local gene frequencies. The temporal increase in the range of movement indicates the breaking down of isolation, due to an overall change in the demographic, cultural and socio-economic structure of the population, providing greater possibilities for admixture and genetic homogeneity.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the genetic structure of the North Yorkshire coast, comparing the traditionally insular fishing settlements to the surrounding rural populace. Specifically it was thought that the fishing villages might approximate the conditions of the stepping-stone model, which could then be tried and tested, and compared to alternative predictions of kinship from isonymy, Male-cot's migration matrix, and isolation by distance. The results showed that the fishing communities were highly endemic; high values of kinship were obtained and were in the order of those given for other isolates. The much more mobile rural settlements provided a marked comparison. Values of kinship predicted from the various models agreed quite well with the exception of the stepping-stone model. The violation of the assumption that migration did not occur between non-adjacent settlements was thought to be responsible for this.

The outstanding characteristics of the population geography of the Sudan are seen in its vastness of the area, its low population density, its high population fertility, decreasing mortality rates and uneven distribution of developmental projects among its regions. All these have important effects upon the economic and de mographic characteristics of its population. They also underline the uneven distribution of the country's population, as a result of which large-scale migration movements occur. Three types of population movements in the Sudan are discussed; inter-provincial movements, rural-urban migration and seasonal migration for cotton picking in the Gezira scheme. In the discussion of the first type, the analysis covers issues related to the general levels of movements amongst the 18 provinces of the country, rates of in- and out-migration in each province and their net migration balances. Also, it discusses the spatial structure of the movement, and some gaining and losing provinces are singled out. The impacts of the movements and their selective nature are also revealed. Rural-urban migration to the capital city of Khartoum is studied using the 1983 census data, other published data and the author's 1988/89 survey of migrant households in the city. The scale of the migration and the characteristics of the migrants are analyzed. Additionally, the structure of the migrant households, literacy, occupation contrasts and links with the village are investigated. The reasons behind the migration decision and the reward of the rural-urban migration are also shown. Seasonal migration is discussed to disclose the nature of the movement and its patterns which are associated with the cotton picking operation in the Gezira scheme. The types of labour involved and labour market conditions are also investigated. The findings verified the seasonality of the movement to the scheme and the consistent relationship between migrants and tenants in the scheme.

No description available.

<p> Objective: The focus of this study is a broad examination of household energy consumption for appliance use, space heating, space cooling, and water heating in United States over the period 2001-2009 using Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) from the years 2001 and 2009. Methods: Linear Regression Analysis is used to identfy determinants of household energy consumption for each of the end uses. Regression based decomposition analysis is used to identify trends in residential energy consumption for each of the end uses. Results: The study identified current determinants of household energy consumption for each of the end uses. These determinants are employed in the study to predict trends in household energy consumption for each of the end uses. Based on the results policy interventions at local and federal level for energy conservation are suggested.</p>