I denna studie undersöks hur faktorer som ledtid, kostnad och miljö påverkas av valet avverksamhetsform på avlägsna marknader. Även konsekvenser på produktionsstrategi,produktflöde och ekonomiska vinster undersöks. I studien görs fallstudier av svenska företagi länderna Japan och Kina för att undersöka hur företag väljer att etablera sig och arbeta påavlägsna marknader. Fallstudierna analyseras och diskuteras för att undersöka hur de valdafaktorerna påverkas. En rekommendation åt samarbetsföretaget presenteras därrekommendationen utgår från studiens slutsats. / This study examines how factors such as lead time, cost and environment are affected by thechoice of form of operation in remote markets. Also, the consequences on productionstrategy, product flow and economic gains are examined. In the study, case studies are carriedout at various swedish companies Japan and China to investigate how companies choose toestablish themselves and work in remote markets. The case studies are analyzed anddiscussed to examine how the selected factors are affected. A recommendation is presented tothe partner company where the recommendation is based on the study's conclusion.

Individuals who have travelled from Sweden and affiliated to the Islamic State in Syria will, after the fall of the caliphate, return home to Sweden. The concept of ISIS returnees has begun to dominate the debate and there is a common concern that individuals who possess radicalized opinions should return to Sweden only to commit terrorist crimes. The study is based on a qualitative research method, specifically an interview methodology with semi-structured interviews. The study identifies the capacity Sweden possesses, according to experts, both socially and legally, to deal with the problems of Swedish citizens who wants to return from ISIS-controlled areas. The study also aims to examines measures that is the most suitable to apply to returnees from the expert’s perspective. An analysis based on the Transitional Justice framework identified the importance of applying both legal aspects, as well as social processes in order to handle the problems with returnees. Through a review of previous research, three courts were identified, because they previously had the ability to prosecute individuals who committed criminal acts, these are: The Ad-hoc Tribunal, the Hybrid Court and the International Criminal Court. It was therefore considered important to examine these in order to review whether the courts were a legal alternative in the discussion of returnees who committed terrorist crimes. All actors, both international and national, have lack of capacity and efficiency regarding how to handle the ISIS-returnees. The study therefore contributes to an understanding of the capacity Sweden possesses in order to handle the problem of individuals who are now returning from ISIS, and also proposes new ways to handle the problematic aspects about ISIS-returnees to Sweden.

<p>Denna uppsats problematiserar huruvida en ledares kulturella bakgrund påverkar dennes arbete. I ett allt mer internationaliserat Europa ökar samarbeten mellan människor och företag över de nationella gränserna i en ökande takt. Detta ställer krav på de ledare som skall samarbeta och samordna över nationella och kulturella gränser. Denna studie problematiserar det interkulturella ledarskapet och hur ledare ställer sig till frågor angående anpassning och samarbete. Då det framgår av Hofstede att stora skillnader finns mellan Sverige och Frankrike syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur svenska- och franska ledares nationella och kulturella bakgrunder påverkar deras arbetsroll.</p><p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur svenska och franska ledares interkulturella erfarenheter påverkar deras arbetsroll. Intresset ligger i att undersöka ledarnas reflektioner kring kultur och ledarskap.</p><p>En kvalitativ studie bestående av direktintervjuer med fem svenska och fem franska respondenter verksamma på ett internationellt företag både i Stockholm och Paris har genomförts för att samla empiri för att besvara syftet. De teorier som har använts är Hofstedes teori om kulturdimensioner och en teori från "The Michigan leadership studies" som beskrivs av Yukl. Studien använder även Scheins teori om kulturella nivåer.</p><p>Studiens slutsatser som dragits av den empiriska datan är både ett flertal likheter och skillnader. Likheterna bestod av en gemensam uppfattning om att anpassning och förståelse för den andre är mycket viktigt vad gäller ledarskap i interkulturella situationer. Skillnaderna låg i maktdistans, konfliktsökande kontra konsensussökande och olika sätt att se på individualism.</p> / <p>This study investigates with how a leader's cultural background influences their work and approach to international affairs. In the presently increasing internationalization in Europe, cooperation and partnerships between people and enterprises become more and more common. This fact influence and put pressure on the leaders abilities to cooperate and manage relations and work over national and cultural borders.</p><p>This study investigates the intercultural leadership and how leaders approach the issues of adaption and cooperation. Since Hofstede presents large differences between Sweden and France this study investigate how Swedish and French leaders' national and cultural backgrounds influence their profession as managers.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish and French leaders' intercultural experiences influence their professions. This study's interest lays in the leaders reflections towards culture and leadership.</p><p>In order to answer the thesis' purpose qualitative interviews has been conducted with five Swedish and five French senior managers or partners of an international enterprise in Stockholm and Paris. The theories used are Hofstede's cultural dimensions, a theory from "The Michigan leadership studies" presented by Yukl aswell as Schein's theory of cultural levels.</p><p>The conclusions of the study are that there are multiple similarities and differences between the two studied countries. The similarities consist of a common opinion that adaption and understanding of the foreign is very important in international leadership. The differences between Sweden and France were the power distance, conflict avoidance versus mutual agreement and different approaches towards individualism.</p> / <p>Cette étude analyse la façon dont un chef de file d'un milieu culturel différend influe sur le travail et l'approche des affaires internationales. Dans l'actuelle internationalisation croissante en Europe, la coopération et les partenariats entre les personnes et les entreprises deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes. Ce fait influence et met pression sur les capacités des dirigeants à coopérer et à gérer les relations et la coopération sur les frontières nationales et culturelles.</p><p>Cette étude enquête sur la façon dont les dirigeants de multinationales abordent les questions de l'adaptation et de la coopération. Puisque Hofstede a démontré de grandes différences entre la Suède et la France, cette étude vise à déterminer comment les différences de nationalité et de culture, influent sur le rôle de manager des dirigeants français et suédois.</p><p>Le but de cette étude est d'examiner comment les expériences interculturelles de travail des dirigeants français et suédois ont une incidence sur leur rôle. L'intérêt réside dans la réflexion des dirigeants sur l'association entre la culture et le leadership.</p><p>Une étude qualitative comprenant des entretiens directs avec cinq suédois et cinq français de cadre supérieur, ou partenaire d'une société internationale, basée à la fois à Stockholm et à Paris ont été menées afin de vérifié les théories. Les théories utilisées sont les dimensions culturelles de Hofstede, la théorie de la «direction des études Michigan", présenté par Yukl ainsi que la théorie culturel de Schein.</p><p>La conclusion de l'étude est qu'il existe de nombreuses ressemblances et différences entre les deux pays étudiés. La similitude principale est que l'adaptation et la compréhension de l'étranger est très importante dans le domaine du leadership international. Les différences entre la Suède et la France portent sur la distance hiérarchique, les facteurs de différence culturelles et lindividualisme et le collectivisme.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: DREAMING OF A UNITED ‘NORDEN’ (The North)</p><p>– Four central Nordic actors about the progress and extent of Nordic cooperation</p><p>The Nordic cooperation are often spoken as in terms of a peaceful international cooperation that is built upon a wide range of similarities among its members, such as a common culture, language similarities and a related kind of political system etc. But in spite of the fact that these so called propitious factors are present, many of the attempts that has been made trying to bring the states of the North (Norden) closer together has turned out unsuccessfully. Therefore no far-reaching Nordic cooperation has come to be implemented. The aim of this essay is to find out what the main reasons could be why this has been the case.</p><p>I have chosen to take a closer look at the motives given by the former Nordic Prime ministers Tage Erlander (Sweden), Karl August Fagerholm (Finland), Einar Gerardsen (Norway) and Mauno Koivisto (Finland). To find out their thoughts on this subject I have studied their (political) memoirs. The reason I have chosen these actors is because they have been personally involved in the attempts to deepen the Nordic cooperation, for example in such fields as economics and military defence. When trying to find out what can explain the extent of the Nordic cooperation I’m also interested in finding out if there is a certain kind of motives that are more dominant then others. Is it common culture, interests or leadership which is the most dominant category of motives? These three mentioned categories are taken from arguments given by different schools of international relations theories such as realism, liberalism etc.</p><p>After analysing the memoirs I have been able to come to the conclusion that it according to Erlander, Fagerholm, Gerhardsen and Koivosto are motives concerning interests that have been the most determining factor when talking about motives that can explain the extent of the Nordic cooperation. Further we can conclude that these interests have been of both domestic as well as of international nature. But it also seems like we can’t ignore the case specific conditions when we’re trying to understand international relations, such as the Nordic cooperation.</p>

Since its emergence in the late 1960s, mechatronics has become well-established as an academic subject, and is now researched and taught at a large number of universities worldwide. The most widely-used definition of the subject today is centered on the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and intelligent computer control. The aim of this thesis is to work between the disciplines of engineering education and mechatronics to address both the question of the identity of the subject of mechatronics and the ways in which this identity can be reflected in the practice of mechatronics education. Empirical data from the literature is supplemented with further data from four case studies with approaches varying from exploratory case studies and ethnographic in-depth studies to explanatory studies with an action research based approach. The process and results of the investigation can be divided into three aspects. Firstly, analysis of the subject of mechatronics shows that its identity is thematic and its legitimacy is functional, implying that the selection and communication of the subject ought to be exemplifying and interactive respectively. Secondly, and following this analysis, the concept of international collaboration is used as the implementation for the first two case studies. The results of these studies show a relationship between collaborative projects and enhanced disciplinary learning and skills, increased awareness of cultural differences, and improved motivation. Another potential implementation, experimental learning, is then tested in two action research based studies focusing on fast prototyping and individual access to laboratory equipment. Mechatronics is a special subject, not easily understood or taught. To be mechatronic is to be synergistic, and to be synergistic generally demands expertise in all underlying subjects. The conclusion of this thesis is that this requires a non-traditional education where the focus is on training rather than studying, coaching rather than teaching, experimenting rather than reading, working together rather than apart, and being mechatronic rather than studying mechatronics. / Mekatronik som ämne uppstod under 1960-talets senare del och har sedan dess etablerats som akademiskt ämne som beforskas och undervisas på ett stort antal universitet runt om i världen. Den idag mest utbredda definitionen av ämnet fokuserar på synergi och synergistisk integration av maskinteknik, elektronik och intelligent datorstyrning. Målsättningen med denna avhandling är att bidra till forskning i området mellan de två fälten ingenjörsutbildning och mekatronik. Forskningsfrågan behandlar identiteten hos ämnet mekatronik och hur denna identitet kan återspeglas i undervisningens praktik. Empiriskt material för denna avhandling har hämtats från litteraturen tillsammans med fyra fallstudier. Forskningsmetodiken i fallstudierna har varierats från utforskande fallstudier och etnografiska djuplodande studier till förklarande studier med en aktionsforskningsansats. Studien och resultaten därutav kan delas in i tre delar. Den första delen behandlar ämnet mekatronik och visar att ämnets identitet är tematisk och att legitimiteten är funktionell. Detta innebär att ämnets selektion och kommunikation bör vara exemplifierande respektive interaktiv. I den andra delen används denna definition för studier av internationellt samarbete i mekatronik, vilket utgör basen för de två första fallstudierna. Resultaten från dessa studier visar på en relation mellan det internationella samarbetet och ett ökat disciplinärt lärande, ökad medvetenhet om kulturella skillnader samt en ökad motivation. Den tredje delen relateras till ytterligare en tänkbar implementation av definitionen, en idé om experimentellt lärande. Denna prövas i två studier baserade på aktionsforskning som behandlar snabb prototypframställning och individuell tillgång till avancerad laborationsutrustning. Mekatronik är ett speciellt ämne, inte helt enkelt att förstå eller undervisa. Att vara mekatronisk innebär att vara synergistisk, och att vara synergistisk kräver vanligtvis expertkunskap i de underliggande områdena. Resultatet av denna avhandling är att detta kräver en icke-traditionell undervisning där fokus är på träning snarare än studerande, handledning och guidning snarare än undervisning, experimenterande snarare än läsning, arbete tillsammans snarare än individuellt och att vara mekatronisk snarare än att studera mekatronik. / QC 20100609

Denna uppsats problematiserar huruvida en ledares kulturella bakgrund påverkar dennes arbete. I ett allt mer internationaliserat Europa ökar samarbeten mellan människor och företag över de nationella gränserna i en ökande takt. Detta ställer krav på de ledare som skall samarbeta och samordna över nationella och kulturella gränser. Denna studie problematiserar det interkulturella ledarskapet och hur ledare ställer sig till frågor angående anpassning och samarbete. Då det framgår av Hofstede att stora skillnader finns mellan Sverige och Frankrike syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur svenska- och franska ledares nationella och kulturella bakgrunder påverkar deras arbetsroll. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur svenska och franska ledares interkulturella erfarenheter påverkar deras arbetsroll. Intresset ligger i att undersöka ledarnas reflektioner kring kultur och ledarskap. En kvalitativ studie bestående av direktintervjuer med fem svenska och fem franska respondenter verksamma på ett internationellt företag både i Stockholm och Paris har genomförts för att samla empiri för att besvara syftet. De teorier som har använts är Hofstedes teori om kulturdimensioner och en teori från "The Michigan leadership studies" som beskrivs av Yukl. Studien använder även Scheins teori om kulturella nivåer. Studiens slutsatser som dragits av den empiriska datan är både ett flertal likheter och skillnader. Likheterna bestod av en gemensam uppfattning om att anpassning och förståelse för den andre är mycket viktigt vad gäller ledarskap i interkulturella situationer. Skillnaderna låg i maktdistans, konfliktsökande kontra konsensussökande och olika sätt att se på individualism. / This study investigates with how a leader's cultural background influences their work and approach to international affairs. In the presently increasing internationalization in Europe, cooperation and partnerships between people and enterprises become more and more common. This fact influence and put pressure on the leaders abilities to cooperate and manage relations and work over national and cultural borders. This study investigates the intercultural leadership and how leaders approach the issues of adaption and cooperation. Since Hofstede presents large differences between Sweden and France this study investigate how Swedish and French leaders' national and cultural backgrounds influence their profession as managers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish and French leaders' intercultural experiences influence their professions. This study's interest lays in the leaders reflections towards culture and leadership. In order to answer the thesis' purpose qualitative interviews has been conducted with five Swedish and five French senior managers or partners of an international enterprise in Stockholm and Paris. The theories used are Hofstede's cultural dimensions, a theory from "The Michigan leadership studies" presented by Yukl aswell as Schein's theory of cultural levels. The conclusions of the study are that there are multiple similarities and differences between the two studied countries. The similarities consist of a common opinion that adaption and understanding of the foreign is very important in international leadership. The differences between Sweden and France were the power distance, conflict avoidance versus mutual agreement and different approaches towards individualism. / Cette étude analyse la façon dont un chef de file d'un milieu culturel différend influe sur le travail et l'approche des affaires internationales. Dans l'actuelle internationalisation croissante en Europe, la coopération et les partenariats entre les personnes et les entreprises deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes. Ce fait influence et met pression sur les capacités des dirigeants à coopérer et à gérer les relations et la coopération sur les frontières nationales et culturelles. Cette étude enquête sur la façon dont les dirigeants de multinationales abordent les questions de l'adaptation et de la coopération. Puisque Hofstede a démontré de grandes différences entre la Suède et la France, cette étude vise à déterminer comment les différences de nationalité et de culture, influent sur le rôle de manager des dirigeants français et suédois. Le but de cette étude est d'examiner comment les expériences interculturelles de travail des dirigeants français et suédois ont une incidence sur leur rôle. L'intérêt réside dans la réflexion des dirigeants sur l'association entre la culture et le leadership. Une étude qualitative comprenant des entretiens directs avec cinq suédois et cinq français de cadre supérieur, ou partenaire d'une société internationale, basée à la fois à Stockholm et à Paris ont été menées afin de vérifié les théories. Les théories utilisées sont les dimensions culturelles de Hofstede, la théorie de la «direction des études Michigan", présenté par Yukl ainsi que la théorie culturel de Schein. La conclusion de l'étude est qu'il existe de nombreuses ressemblances et différences entre les deux pays étudiés. La similitude principale est que l'adaptation et la compréhension de l'étranger est très importante dans le domaine du leadership international. Les différences entre la Suède et la France portent sur la distance hiérarchique, les facteurs de différence culturelles et lindividualisme et le collectivisme.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur socialt arbete i en internationell kontext formas efter kulturer och hur detta kommer till uttryck. Vidare ämnar studien ta reda på hur socialarbetare själva ger uttryck för kulturell kompetens samt vilka element som gagnar respektive försvårar det internationella sociala arbetet. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra kvinnliga respondenter. Databearbetningen gjordes genom tematisering där tre huvudteman framkom, kulturell anpassning, kulturell kompetens och svårigheter, möjligheter och dilemman. I resultatet framkommer att samtliga respondenter ger uttryck för en kulturell anpassning i det internationella sociala arbetet. Detta urskiljs genom att respondenterna uppmärksammar de fungerande kulturella strukturerna, bygger arbetet kring detta och lägger stor vikt vid inhemsk kunskap. Det arbetssätt och den främsta framstående faktor vilken underbygger en kulturell anpassning är empowerment. Vidare ger även samtliga respondenter uttryck för kulturell kompetens genom att visa en medvetenhet kring den egna kulturens påverkan, genom synen på den egna kunskapens giltighet samt genom den vikt respondenterna satte vid att skapa relationer. Studien visar den kulturella anpassningens beroende av socialarbetares kulturella kompetens. Vidare visar resultatet hur den kollektivistiska samhällsstrukturen kan ses som både ett hjälpmedel och som försvårande element. Genus, etik och moral tycks vara de faktorer som främst ställer socialarbetare i svåra situationer och har visat sig frambringa ett arbetssätt som kännetecknas av att verka utan att synas. Relationer visar sig vara en underlättande faktor, men även här framkommer en baksida. Relationen tycks nödvändig på grund av den bristande tillit individer har inför internationella socialarbetare. / The purpose of this study is to examine how social work in an international context is formed by cultures and how this is expressed. Furthermore, the study aims to explore culture competence as is expressed within the social workers themselves and which elements that benefit or alternatively hinder, the international social work. The study has a qualitative approach where semi-structured interviews were conducted with four female respondents. The analyzing method chosen to process data was thematization, where three main themes emerged, indigenization/cultural adaption, cultural competence and difficulties, opportunities and dilemmas. The result shows that all respondents express an indigenization process while describing their work. This is distinguished by the attention all the respondents gave to the functioning cultural structures and how they built the work around this. It also showed through the great emphasis the respondent put on indigenous knowledge. The approach and the main prominent factor which underpins an indigenization process is empowerment. The results show that all respondents express cultural competence. This is observed through the respondents awareness of their own culture's influence, through the respondents evaluation and validation of their own personal knowledge and by the expressed importance of creating relationships. The study shows that an indigenization process is dependent on social workers' cultural competence. Furthermore, the result shows that the collectivist social structure can be seen as both an aid and as an aggravating element. Gender, ethics and morality seem to be the main factors which place social workers in difficult situations. This has also been shown to produce a work approach that is characterized by acting without being seen. Relationships prove to be a facilitating factor, but it is not grown for all good reasons, it seem to be necessary because of the lack of trust people have for international social workers.

Ämnesområdet avhandlar svenskt, finskt, danskt och norskt bistånd (säkerhetsfrämjande stöd) till de baltiska länderna Estland, Lettland och Litauen under perioden 1991-2001. Undersökningen omfattar främst den säkerhetspolitiska målsättning som respektive nordiskt land har haft för sitt stöd till respektive baltiskt land under 1991-2001. Syftet är att  analysera de fyra nordiska ländernas individuella säkerhetspolitiska  målsättningar och därigenom se om de fyra nordiska aktörerna verkligen är så koordinerade i sitt stöd som de övergripande målsättningarna kan ge sken av? Uppträder de fyra nordiska länderna som den koordinerade aktör som man ibland kan få uppfattningen av? Eller är det så att de i verkligheten agerar som fyra separata aktörer? Som modell för att analysera det nordiska ländernas stöd har det vidare säkerhetsbegreppet för staten använts. / The purpose of this essay came out of a study of the Nordic Countries’ security-policy goals for their individual support programmes towards Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, between the years of 1991-2001. It is easy to believe that the four Nordic Countries are acting in a co-ordinated way in their aims to support the Baltic States. That belief arises from the fairly similar overall security-policy aims connecting their support towards the Baltic States. There are also several other areas in which the Nordic Countries are known to co-operate, for example, the Nordic Council of Ministers, where the Nordic Countries co-ordinate their policies. Therefore I felt the need to analyse if there was a possibility, that they were acting as one co-ordinated actor or if they actually were four separate actors. The reason for the chosen period of time is that it is pointless to analyse the support when the Baltic States were under Russian rule. The liberation from Russia came in 1991 for the Baltic States. And since the Russian withdrawal from the Baltic States the window was suddenly set wide open for support to the newly independent states. The end date 2001 is chosen because of the need to verify the different projects in that period and I don’t intend to study future events in this essay.  The disposition of this essay is as follows: I have extracted the necessary information from each Nordic Country’s security-policy for the support towards the Baltic States and then compared it to six different themes. The themes are connected in a model, which describes the wider security concept for the nation state. The comparison is made so as to see how the Nordic Countries differ in this concept and between the six different themes. Each chapter is connected to one theme and ends with a summary and conclusions. All these conclusions and parts of the summary are then analysed in the final chapter, where all themes are compared over the stated period of time and conclusions are drawn according to the questions posed in the essay. There were a number of conclusions made in the last chapter that show the following. For a start, I would like to comment on the specific programmes made by the Nordic Countries. They differ in length, layout and if they handle one specific Baltic State or all three together. Sweden, Denmark and Norway have gone towards individual programmes for each Baltic State, but Finland holds onto a common programme for all three Baltic States. Another thing is that Finland strongly supports mainly one Baltic State, namely Estonia. That priority is not so evident among the other Nordic Countries. On the financial side, Norway provides 1/5 of the Swedish and Danish and ½ of the Finish contributions. But the strongest proof of the discrepancy between the Nordic Countries can be seen in the analysis of the different themes. One example of many is Sweden’s recently started export of war material for three reduced brigades. No other Nordic Country has that policy and support. The Finns are reducing their support to the Baltic States and terminate this in 2005. My conclusion is that when you closely analyse the Nordic Countries’ support towards The Baltic States, it is evident that they are acting as four separate players even if they seem co-ordinated in their overall aims. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

<p>The aim for this thesis is to study the international gender equality work from a perspective of the concept of universalism and particularism, with the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, and especially -“The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women”, in focus. The shadowreports of Namibia and Sweden are used as examples of how countries with different historical, political and social contexts are working with gender equality.A theroetical framework is constitued by theories as postmodernism, postcolonialism and feminism with basis from social constructionism. The thesis is methodological influenced by Critical Discourse Analysis. Notions from former studies were also used as tools in the analysis. Some of the main notions, which within the concept of universalism and particularism, appeared as difficulties in the implementing of the CEDAW, were religion, law, democracy and superior position for men towards women.</p>

The aim for this thesis is to study the international gender equality work from a perspective of the concept of universalism and particularism, with the United Nation’s Declaration of Human Rights, and especially -“The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women”, in focus. The shadowreports of Namibia and Sweden are used as examples of how countries with different historical, political and social contexts are working with gender equality.A theroetical framework is constitued by theories as postmodernism, postcolonialism and feminism with basis from social constructionism. The thesis is methodological influenced by Critical Discourse Analysis. Notions from former studies were also used as tools in the analysis. Some of the main notions, which within the concept of universalism and particularism, appeared as difficulties in the implementing of the CEDAW, were religion, law, democracy and superior position for men towards women.