Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-84). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-201).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Claremont Graduate School, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references.

Magister Legum - LLM / The study is based on the views of different world authorities on the Kyoto protocol. The current legal status regarding the different opinions and arguments are also considered. This study is limited to defining what allocation of allowances, units and credits as created by the Kyoto protocol can be defined as goods, products, services or subsidies under WTO body of rules. / South Africa

Individuals of the same country buy and sell from each other far more than they do with individuals of a different country. A cost is associated with exchanging goods and service across national boundaries. Economists have had difficulty, however, in reconciling the small observable trade frictions with the very large trade reducing effect of borders. In the first chapter of this thesis, we propose an explanation which explains a great deal of the border puzzle between the United States and Canada. Few observable trade frictions exist which prevent the buying and selling of goods across this border, yet Canadian provinces and American states trade far more with themselves than they do with each other. Using a novel data set on Facebook friendship connections between North American regions, we uncover a substantial home bias in social linkages between the United States and Canada. Simply put, Canadians and Americans do not know each other very well. Social networks are important for trade in that they reduce information costs and increase the efficacy of informal trust mechanisms. We find that including social linkages in a gravity model substantially mediates the effect of the US-Canada border on trade. In the second chapter of this thesis, we focus on how trade costs are formed. Workhorse models of international trade typically assume, for great simplicity, that trade costs are exogenous to trade. We present a model in which the act of trading affects the cost of trade and vice versa. We focus on the trade cost associated with informal trust mechanisms. A great deal of evidence exists which shows that ceteris paribus, countries that trust each other trade far more with each other. In our model, trust is a necessary condition for trade to exist, but trust can only be formed through repeated interaction. This creates a supermodular game between would-be traders of the same country. Broadly speaking, two equilibria exist in this game. One with trust and trade, and one without trust and without trade. This framework highlights the importance of trade missions as a coordinating device. In the final chapter, based on a joint work, we assess the welfare implications of political separation. Because borders dramatically reduce trade, what happens when national borders are created when they once did not exist? The focus of this chapter is on the Basque Country in Spain, in which there is a strong pressure for full political separation. While it is certainly difficult to say what exactly would happen to the cost of trading between the Basque Country and the rest of Spain if political separation occurred, we use the cost of trade between Portugal and Spain as a benchmark. That is, we ask what the welfare implications would be if the cost of trade between the Basque Country and the rest of Spain were equal to the cost of trade between Portugal and Spain. We find that increasing trade costs in this manner would decrease the Basque Country's real income by more than 12%.

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Darbo objektas – Lietuvos užsienio prekybos perspektyvos. Darbo tikslas – ištirti galimas Lietuvos užsienio prekybos plėtros perspektyvas. Uždaviniai: 1. Pateikti tarptautinės prekybos aspektus. 2. Išskirti tarptautinės prekybos politikos reguliavimo instrumentus ir institucijas, išryškinant aplinkosaugos politikos integravimo tarptautinėje prekyboje klausimus. 3. Apžvelgti bendrąją ES prekybos politiką ir Lietuvos užsienio prekybos situacijos pokyčius įstojus į ES. 4. Atlikti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos SSGG analizę. 5. Atlikti Lietuvos įmonių vertinimą apie jų užsienio prekybos situaciją. 6. Pateikti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos tendencijas ir perspektyvas. Hipotezė – Lietuvos užsienio prekyba turi neišnaudotas tarptautinės prekybos galimybes. Šis darbas susideda iš įvado, trijų pagrindinių dalių bei išvadų ir pasiūlymų. Darbo pirmoje dalyje supažindinama su tarptautinės prekybos samprata, ją skatinančiais veiksniais, privalumais, trūkumais bei protekcionizmo esme. Taip pat šioje dalyje išskiriamos tarptautinę prekybą įtakojančios organizacijos, aplinkosauginių aspektų taikymo būtinybė tarptautinėje prekyboje ir numatomi susitarimai bei instrumentai. Antrame darbo skyriuje pateikiama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos apžvalga, atskleidžiant užsienio prekybos politikos instrumentus. Šioje dalyje nagrinėjami pagrindiniai Lietuvos užsienio prekybos rodikliai ir jų pokyčiai iki ir po įstojimo į ES, atliekama Lietuvos užsienio prekybos SSGG analizė. Trečioje dalyje pateikiamas Lietuvos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object - perspectives of Lithuanian International Trade. Purpose – to examine potential perspectives of Lithuanian international trade development. Objectives: • To describe instruments and institutions of international trade regulation. • To review Lithuanian foreign trade situation in global international trade system. • To carry out SWOT analysis of Lithuanian international trade system. • To provide tendencies and perspectives of Lithuanian foreign trade. Hypothesis – Lithuanian foreign trade has a lot of unrealized international trade opportunities. Structure: This paper consists of three main parts. The first part describes the concept of international trade, its advantages, disadvantages and instruments of foreign trade regulation. The second part analyses the aspects of Lithuanian international trade, its statistical indexes, and it shows its strong and weak sides. The third part provides analysis and interpretation of research which reveals Lithuanian foreign trade tendencies and perspectives. The survey-based investigation showed that Lithuania’s main export partners are the EU countries and there is a tendency for the export to increase to the Russian market. The investigation showed Lithuanian companies’ strong sides which involve cheap manpower resources and good geographical position to export goods to the EU and Russian markets. In conclusion, it has been indentified that Lithuanian foreign trade volume will increase and it has unrealized perspectives of... [to full text]

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