Sentimentalism as an ethical view makes a particular claim about moral judgment: to judge that something is right/wrong is to have a sentiment/emotion of approbation/disapprobation, or some kind of positive/negative feeling, toward that thing. However, several sentimentalists have argued that moral judgments involve not only having a specific kind of feelings or emotional responses, but judging that one would be <em>justified</em> in having that feeling or emotional response. In the literature, some authors have taken up the former position because the empirical data on moral judgment seems to suggest that justification is not a necessary prerequisite for making a moral judgment. Even if this is true, however, I argue that justifying moral judgments is still an important philosophic endeavour, and that developing an empirically constrained account of how a person might go about justifying his feelings/emotional responses as reasons for rendering (normative) moral judgments by using a coherentist method of justification is both plausible and desirable.

Social anxiety is associated with an unusually high level of negative affect, yet little is known about the strategies used by socially anxious individuals to manage and regulate their emotions. The present research examined differences in trait and state levels of expressive emotion suppression in high- and low- socially anxious participants, and explored possible causes and consequences of such suppression across two studies. Using self-reports of trait-like characteristics, Study 1 examined a theoretical model positing that individuals high in social anxiety would report greater emotion suppression than those low in social anxiety; and that authenticity, in turn, would predict diminished well-being. Study 2 used self-report measures administered following a brief social interaction in the laboratory to examine group differences in state-like emotion suppression and the effects of such differences on situational authenticity. Additionally, Study 2 investigated the contributions of state negative affect and acceptance of mood to help explain possible increases in emotion suppression in socially anxious participants. The results of Study 1 supported the hypothesis that diminished well-being in individuals with social anxiety is partially accounted for by low authenticity, which, in turn, is partially accounted for by high emotion suppression. Study 2 revealed that socially anxious participants suppressed their emotions more, and felt less authentic than, controls during the social interaction. However, state negative affect and acceptance of mood did not significantly mediate the relationship between group status and state-like emotion suppression. Implications of the present findings are discussed in terms of contemporary cognitive-behavioural theory and treatment, with indications for future directions for research.

The purpose of the following research was to test the prediction that a sense of social connectedness to a stranger would result in the tendency to share psychological states with him/her. An overview of the literature on state sharing and the psychological merging between other and self is described in Chapter 1. The first test of my prediction is provided in Chapter 2 where I demonstrate that participants who are led to feel socially connected to a confederate--by sharing idiosyncratic preferences in common with her--resulted in the propensity to take on her goals. In Chapter 3, participants who felt connected to a confederate who was asked to complete a stressful speech task experienced more stress themselves. This effect occurred in part through a sense of felt “oneness” with the confederate. Chapter 4 extended these findings by showing that socially connected participants tended to experience secondary appraisal emotions in line with the confederate’s appraisal of the stressful speech task and this occurred through a sense of felt oneness with the confederate. In Chapter 5, participants who felt connected to an outgroup member tended to experience greater empathy for another outgroup member who experienced discrimination. The implications for social interaction in general and for intergroup relations in particular are discussed in Chapter 6.

In this set of studies the modulation of feedback-based cognitive skill learning was investigated by modulating a probabilistic classification learning (PCL) task to be either emotional or neutral. In the current task, based on the weather prediction task, cue cards were presented on the screen and subjects were asked to predict what they would come across while walking in the woods, in the emotional condition a snake/spider or in the neutral condition a flower/mushroom. Chapter 1 is a review of the animal and human literature of multiple memory systems, amygdala modulation of multiple memory systems, and sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation.Chapter 2 examined how emotional arousal affected performance, strategy use, and sympathetic nervous system activation in our manipulated PCL task. Subjects highly fearful of the outcomes in the emotional condition showed overall greater skin conductance responses compared to the other groups, as well as retardation in initial cue-outcome acquisition. Individuals who were not fearful of the outcome stimuli used more complex (optimal) strategies after a 24-hr period of memory consolidation relative to the other groups, reflecting greater implicit knowledge of the probabilistic task structure.The purpose of the experiment in Chapter 3 was to examine consolidation-based stabilization and enhancement in an emotional cognitive skill task. There was no effect of sleep on retention or savings on percent correct or strategy use in both the emotional and neutral PCL task. These results conform to recent evidence that probabilistic learning does not show sleep-dependent performance enhancements.Chapter 4 investigated the neural correlates of emotional PCL with functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was greater amygdala and striatal activity in the emotional versus neutral group on Day 1. There was also increased activity in the striatum on Day 2, suggesting an early and lasting bias of emotion on procedural learning. Additionally, there were differences in neural recruitment by subjects using complex versus simple implicit strategies.The findings from this series of experiments have implications for the assessment of psychopathologies that show dysfunction in affective and striatal areas, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome, and for the development, eventually, of optimal therapies. / Dissertation

<p>Eating disorders pose a serious threat to the physical and mental health of those who suffer from them. Given the impact of these disorders and difficulty treating them, it is important to understand the nature of them and factors involved in their development and maintenance. The empirical investigation of eating disorders is made difficult by the extreme heterogeneity seen within current DSM-IV diagnostic categories. Research on emotion regulation in eating disorders is rising, yet scant in terms of identifying specific difficulties and points of intervention. The proposed study focused on the construct of emotion regulation and its relation to the eating disorders by: (1) empirically identifying groups of eating disorder participants based on symptoms and (2) examining specific difficulties in emotion regulation capacities in each of the identified groups of eating disorder participants and (3) identifying whether difficulties in emotion regulation contribute to eating disorder symptom severity. A clinical sample of individuals with eating disorders was classified into subgroups based on symptom frequency using latent profile analysis. The most parsimonious and best fitting model was a four-profile solution which resulted in four distinct subgroups. Profile 1 consisted of individuals who endorsed moderate restriction and occasional binge eating and vomiting, all at a subclinical level. Profiles 2, 3, and 4 all met criteria for bulimia nervosa and consisted of individuals who engaged in restriction, binge eating, and purging though in varying degrees. When these groups were compared to a sample of college aged healthy control participants using multivariate analysis of variance, results indicate that individuals in profile 1, which comprised 71% of the sample, experience greater difficulty with emotion regulation in the areas of awareness, nonacceptance, and perceived access to strategies to help them feel better. Results of three hierarchical regression analyses showed that difficulties in emotion regulation did not significantly contribute to symptom severity as anticipated..</p> / Dissertation

In an era of information and scientific technology, the marketing value and competitive advantage of a company is determined by its staff. An eligible employee is able to provide the organization with an outstanding performance and productivity while an ineligible one can waste the administration costs of recruiting and job training. Therefore, it is crucial for a company to investigate the key factors of how its novices¡¦ job values interact with its culture and of how the novices¡¦ EQ (emotion quotient) influence their job performance. The investigation assists the company not only in improving the efficiency of the recruiting but also in redesigning the work environment and managerial system, so as to achieve the goals of attracting capable talents and raising competition. The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the influence of the job values and EQ of the staff in property insurance on their job performance. Our study will target the staff members in Taiwan by questionnaires through ways of convenient sampling. According to our study, the job values of the insurance staff do not influence their job performances directly. Nevertheless, First, the insurance staff need to have many kinds of professional knowledge and broad visions. Second, their workplaces and job properties are flexible and variable. Third, the insurance staff have to know a little basic law knowledge, and they have to negotiate or communicate with people to achieve compromises. Fourth, it¡¦s common for the insurance staff to contact any kind of people. Fifth, the insurance staff have special feelings and conceptions for their job values, which differentiate them from those whose workplaces and job properties are fixed and standardized. Emotional Quotient and job performances are proved to have positive and influential relationships. Our evidence verifies that outstanding insurance staff are aware of their emotions and they develop good interpersonal relationships by hiding and adjusting their emotions. Besides, the outstanding insurance staff develop their social skills well by extending their interpersonal relationships with their colleagues and society. In the end, they achieve the goals set by their companies.

In recent years, modeling industry in Taiwan has taken a great leap in both participation and popularity. Models in Taiwan can be splited into two groups by the presence (or the lack of) of their contracts with a modeling agency. The two groups are hardly similar in market price and position within their industrial hierarchy. The purpose of this master paper is to present how, and why there are different sets of game rules for the two groups. Also, the 2009 Lin Chi-Lin tax case raised much concerns to the very murky employer-employee dynamics in the industry - what exactly is the relationship between a model and their modeling agency anyway? The study sets sight on local Taiwanese models. In an attempt to hopefully draw a better picture of the Taiwan modeling industry, interviews were conducted with sixteen different interviewees that includes models and industry insiders, along with further observation and field study. Models presents their productivity through bodily exhibition, and the purpose of this paper is to look into these physical skill set, which starts with an understanding between asthetic labor and emotional labor. In terms of bodily performance, models are required to maintain a high level of consistancy, through utilizing embodied emotion and emotional memory to fit the requiremet of different clients. Models in contractual relationship with their modeling agency are subjected to the following institutional arrangemets ¡V contract-signing, training-course and case-by-case wage system. Those in the collaberative relationships are bounded by the collaberative system and getting paid case-by-case. These arrangements work differently with the different groups in terms of ideaology, and causing voluntary servitude with the systems. Models with proper contracts tend to believe that they are bounded by the rules and regulation of modeling agency, while the collaberative models believe that the only relationship tie with their representatives is the collaberative element of the profession. They are also the ones that are more likely to become agents later on in their career. My study has shown that the body of models are essentially the products in play, and modeling agency are capable of obtaining product exclusivity by signing more newcomers to exclusive representative contracts.

The Study of Relationship among bullying beha-viors, Emotion Management and parent-child rela-tionship of the Adolescents Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the traditional bullying and cyberbullying phenomenon of adolescents in Kaohsiung. This study looks forward to understanding the frequencies of bullying, type of neglect, and the correlation among bullying, par-ent-child relationship and emotion management. The data was collected by means of questionnaires, and the participants were public and private senior high schools and vocational high schools students, junior high school students and high grade elenentary school students. The measurement applied in this study included Parent-child Relation-ship Scale, Emotion Management Scale and Bullying behavior Scale . There were 848 questionnaires given out and 837, effective ones returned. The effective received rate is 98%. They were analyzed by describe statistics, Independent-Sample t-test, One Way Anova, and Pearson Product -moment Correlation. The results of the study are listed as follow: 1. At present, 20% to 30% of the Adolescents who had been bullied or seeing the bully-ing incident in school bullying, and 10% to 20% of the students have ever suf-fered cyberbullying. 2. For the part of school bullying in the Adolescents, boys are more likely to become perpetrators, victims and bystanders than girls and junior high schools than the elemen-tary and high schools. 3. The higher frequency of Internet surfing and more time spend in Internet are more likely to become perpetrators, victims and bystanders. 4. For the part of school bullying in the Adolescents , living with mother are more likely to become perpetrators, victims and bystanders than living with their parents. 5. The higher parent-child relationship could help reduce to become perpetrators, victims, and the Adolescents who obtained more higher Emotion Management would had higher bystanders¡¦ experiences.

Over twenty years of research have examined the cognitive consequences of positive affect states, and suggested that positive affect leads to a broadening of cognition. However, this research has primarily examined positive affect that is low in approach motivational intensity (e.g. contentment). In my program of research, I have systematically examined positive affect that varies in approach motivational intensity, and found that positive affect high in approach motivation (e.g. desire) narrow cognition, whereas positive affect low in approach motivation broaden cognition. In this dissertation, I will review past models and present a motivational dimension model of affect that expands understanding of how affective states influence attentional and cognitive breadth. I then review a body of research that has varied the motivational intensity of positive and negative affect and found that affect of low motivational intensity broadens cognitive processes, whereas affect of high motivational intensity narrows cognitive processes. Furthermore, a bi-directional link exists between attentional narrowing and approach motivation, such that a narrowed attentional focus to appetitive stimuli causes greater approach motivation than a broadened attentional focus.

In history, domestic violence has never been a new social phenomenon, it has existed since the family system formed. Among all the domestic violence, marriage violence has been the most serious and unseen problem, even though we enacted the Family Violence Preventive Law in 1998. Six years later, we are still confused with a typical notion - it is a domestic affair, not a public concern. What is the real situation about marriage violence in Peng-hu? What¡¦s their experiences and types? And what¡¦s their generality, age, profession, education , economic situations, and the difference between the urban and the suburb area. In addition, what¡¦s their reacting strategies, needed assistance, and so on, which is the main subject of this research. By studying the theory, essence, process, influence and some cases which happened after the Preventive Law had enacted, we form the theory frame and sort out those 450 cases handled by Domestic Violence Prevention Center of Peng-hu County Government expecting to develop some preventive methods and suggestions for the future cases, which we firmly believe can help the abused women step out of the shadow of violence. In this study not only do we use literature analysis to manage some related literature and form research theory frame but use recalling analysis to study 450 individual cases by sifting, pre-testing, discussing and revoking process. Then, after testing the validity with the first receiver that handled the case, we again use the software, SPSS¡@window 10.0, to make further statistics analysis. Besides, by interviewing the staff who work in some related offices, hoping to gain some precious opinions from their practices. The result of this study and its suggestions are summarized as follows: We have found: 1.During the five years from 2000 to 2004, the number of the domestic violence cases increase gradually, which apparently shows that the implement of the Family Violence Preventive in Law 1999 didn¡¦t cause repressive effect. As to those cases that inform the authority for help, 65.6%, the highest percentage, inform the police, which shows most of the abused women will inform the police if they are assailed. The second highest percentage, 32.9% will go to hospital. Among those five townships and one city , Ma-gong city has the highest percentage, 73.8%, and Hu-hsi Township has 14.9%, which means that the area where Ma-gong Police Precinct is responsible for is the key point. 2.The ages of the women suffered domestic violence: the age 30-39 lists the highest percentage, and age 40-49 lists the second, 39% of all the cases, which shows that most marriage violence cases happen to the middle age and decrease as spouses get older. 3.The educations of the women suffered domestic violence: about 32.2% of the cases have senior high school background, and 30.9% with junior high school diploma, which shows most cases focus on those who have low-level education, which means those low-level educated are apt to become victims. Or the low-level educated are lack of information on Family Violence Preventive Law. 4.The nuptial status of the women suffered domestic violence: about 80.9% of the cases are married, which apparently shows that most assailant are their spouses, and most of the women choose to stay home after being attacked. 5.The professions of the women suffered domestic violence: the highest percentage, 48.7% of the cases, are housekeepers, and the second, 19.1%, work in the service industry, which quite match the society here in Peng-hu: the chance to be hired is rare, and that makes the women here to work out in other places. And those jobs offered by tourist industry are the main chances for women here. That is why most women here have to depend on their husbands economically, which shows the less capable of being independent economically the women are, the easier victims they will become. 6.The peculiarity of the assailants: this study shows that there are many similarities among the assailants. The most apparent difference between them is that about 44.9% are laborers and 67.1% with regular income, 20-30 thousand monthly, which shows that the daily economic pressure is not the cause of marriage violence. But those who have irregular income lists about 20%, which should not be ignored. 7.The history of the assailed women: about 56.2% of the women have three times of being assailed, but we count it lucky that 93.1% of the cases don¡¦t incur to their children to be assailed as well, and 74.2% happens unseen by their minor. 8.The types of the assailment: the highest percentage, 95.3%, is related to body-harm. On the other hand, if suffered mental maltreat, 50% of the cases are by way of economic-controlling and 45.3% threatened by words. 9.The cause of being assailed: most of the cases are due to ill-assorted characters and bad communication, as a result, which cause quarrels and assailments ensued. About 32% of the cases are caused by bad communication, and 23%, ill-assorted characters, both of which have reached over the half of the cases. In addition, the study shows 99% don¡¦t have any experience of being assailed when they were young. 10.The differences between this study and the sampling research on marriage violence in Taiwan made by the Taiwan University focus on: body injury, searching for help formally and assistance by law, and so on.