Based on Bayer and Gerstein's (1988a) Bystander-Equity Model of Supervisory Helping Behavior, this study examined the relationship between characteristics of Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs), supervisors, workers, and the EAP referral process. These theorists suggest that individual and environmental variables interact in a dynamic fashion and that one result of this process is a management-initiated EAP referral. Specifically, it was hypothesized that managerial status, type of troubled worker, and EAP location would affect supervisors' likelihood to refer hypothetical impaired employees to an EAP.Graduate students (N = 222) were asked to imagine themselves as supervisors (upper, middle, or front-line) employed by a fictitious manufacturing firm. They were also asked to imagine that they were responsible for some hypothetical workers described in a set of scenarios. Each participant received one of three sets of scenarios (cocaine abuser, alcohol abuser, or job-impaired worker). Additionally, half of the participants were told that their EAP was corporately owned and company-based, and that the personnel were employees of the firm. The other half were told that their EAP was contracted-out to independent practitioners (i.e., not employees of the company), and that the program was community-based. Upon review of each scenario, respondents were asked to indicate their likelihood (OZ-100%) of referring a particular hypothetical employee to their fictitious EAP.Results of an ANOVA revealed no significant interactions. As expected, however, two main effects for type of substance abuse and managerial level were found. Participants were more likely to refer cocaine abusers to an EAP than alcohol or non-substance abusing hypothetical employees. Referral rates were also found to be higher for alcohol abusing workers as compared to non-substance abusers. Additionally, it was discovered that front-line managers were more likely to make referrals as contrasted with upper-level managers. There was no effect found for the location of the EAP.Based on these findings a number of theoretical explanations were offered as were empirical and programmitic implications. Limitations of this project were discussed in terms of the analogue methodology, the single dependent measure (i.e., likelihood to refer), the stimulus materials, and the sample population used. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

Investigation explored gender role stereotypes and the effect of stereotyping on the career adjustment of women. Occupational gender type ratings obtained from employed women were similar, although less extreme, than those observed in earlier studies (Shinar, 1975; White, Kruczek, Brown, White, 1989). Traditionally employed women provided more extremely stereotyped ratings than did their nontraditionally employed counterparts. All women were administered the Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) to assess the level of instrumental and expressive characteristics representative of their behavior. All women displayed a higher level of instrumental behaviors at work compared to home. Further, all women reported the level of instrumental behaviors they displayed at work surpassed the level that was characteristic of their overall personality orientation. Differences in gender role behaviors between traditionally and nontraditionally employed women were present across conditions: home, work, overall personality orientation. These two, groups differed with regard to the level of gender role behaviors they perceived as necessary for successful job performance. Job satisfaction (as measured by the Job Descriptive Index and Hoppock Satisfaction Questionnaire) was used as an index of career adjustment. Women employed nontraditionally expressed greater levels of dissastisfaction with their work, supervisors, and coworkers. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

This study was formulated around the critical issues of teacher selection, potential discrimination, and candidate competence. This study investigated the effects of teacher candidate's age, ethnic name and undergraduate Grade Point Average (G.P.A.) on the school principals' evaluation of the candidate in the resume screening stage of selection.One hundred secondary school principals from a national random sample rated the hypothetical teacher candidates with different age conditions and resume conditions (ethnic name and G.P.A.). The principals' ratings for each candidate on the six selection criteria on the evaluation form were computed to yield a composite score for the candidate. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences among composite scores for the candidates with different age and resume conditions. There was no statistically significant difference found in the principals' ratings for the candidates with different age conditions. This finding indicated that candidate's age did not have an effect on the principals’ evaluation. There was a statistically significant difference in the principals' ratings for the candidates with different resume condition. This finding indicated that candidate's resume condition had influence on the principals' evaluation.A post-hoc procedure, Tukey (HSD), was further used to detect the specifics of the resume condition effect. The data analyses indicated that candidate's G.P.A. had a direct effect on the principals' evaluation only for the Anglo-Saxon name candidates not for the Hispanic name candidates The data analyses also indicated that candidate's ethnic name had an indirect effect on the principals' evaluation, and the effect was in favor of the Hispanic name candidates with a high G.P.A. / Department of Educational Leadership

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the self-reported sex-role orientation of hale and female undergraduate college students and their perceived attraction to women with differing occupational choices (traditional vs nontraditional) and stated sex-role preferences (gender congruent vs incongruent). It was expected that androgynous and sex-typed subjects would view differently women with differing occupational and behavior styles.The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) was utilized to assess the sex-role orientation of 241 subjects. The data are based on 40 sex-typed and 40 androgynous male and female undergraduate students. An Interpersonal Rating Form was used to assess subjects' attraction to the stimulus persons. Seven planned comparisons were made to test the research hypotheses using t-tests. The level of significance was set at p < .01 level.Findings1. Sex-typed males showed no significant difference on their social and work attraction between a woman who expresses a gender congruent sex-role preference and a woman who expresses a gender incongruent sex-role preference (irrespective of the woman's occupational choice, traditional or nontraditional).2. Sex-typed females showed a significantly greater social and work attraction to the gender congruent than to the gender incongruent woman in both the traditional and nontraditional occupation condition.3. Sex-typed males and females did not show a greater social and work attraction to the woman who chooses a traditional occupation than to the woman who chooses a nontraditional occupation (irrespective of the woman's sex-role preference, gender congruent or incongruent).4. Androgynous males and females tended not to discriminate in their social and work attraction between the nontraditional, gender congruent and the nontraditional, gender incongruent woman.5. Androgynous males and females did not show a greater social and work attraction to the women who choose a nontraditional occupation and who are gender incongruent than sex-typed males and females.Conclusions1. Subjects' sex-role orientation might not be a good predictor of their responses to individuals with various sex-role identities.2. The BSRI might not be the appropriate instrument to measure global sex-role attitudes and behaviors.3. The results might be the outcome of the nonseguential relationship between attitudes and behaviors.

In light of the civil unrest surrounding the tech industry’s corporate shuttle buses, this paper examines factors that determine the percentage of commuters from Greater San Francisco to Silicon Valley. By using aggregate characteristics of two departing cities (San Francisco and Oakland) and 34 receiving cities in Silicon Valley in 2006 and 2011, the study shows that distance alone is statistically significant across various specifications. Relative median housing values and relative unemployment rates mattered at times. These findings can help businesses and governments in the area make educated decisions regarding employment and residential locations.

No description available.

Background: Arthritis affects 53 million U.S. adults, more than two-thirds of whom are younger than age 65. Approximately 1/3 of working-age (18-64 years) U.S adults with arthritis report arthritis-attributable work limitation. Objectives: First, to take a population-based perspective to evaluate the association of arthritis with employment participation among U.S. adults. Next, to examine whether this association differs by sex, age, or other characteristics. Finally, to investigate effects of the Great Recession (December 2007 to June 2009) on employment and to determine if arthritis status moderated its effects. Methods: All three studies were conducted using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The third study also used longitudinal data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (MEPS) linked to NHIS. Results: These manuscripts are under peer-review for publication; limited results are presented: Study 1- Employment participation was always statistically significantly and substantially lower (e.g., >10 percentage points) among adults with arthritis compared with those without arthritis. Study 2- Overall, 20.1 million adults (10.4% [95% CI=10.1-10.8] of the working-age population) reported work disability. Study 3- During the period of the Great Recession, people with arthritis stopped work at higher rates and started work at lower rates than those without arthritis, suggesting at least some differential effect among those with arthritis. Conclusion: This work contributes new knowledge by establishing long-term patterns and benchmark information for employment participation, work disability, transitions, and macro economic effects among adults with and without arthritis in the U.S. A population-based, non-condition-specific approach of this type has not been previously reported.

No description available.

Since women's entry into the workforce has constituted such a tremendous social change, its political consequences deserve further study. This investigation uses the 1977 Quality of Life Survey to assess the political impact of both objective and subjective features of women's work on political involvement. / Results demonstrate that mere employment fails to politicize women, but either higher salaries or professional positions can act as political catalysts. In addition, jobs that are perceived to be "good", or that possess a number of positive qualities, may also be politically beneficial. Manual labor, on the other hand, actually discourages political involvement, and unions are not politically helpful. / More research should be conducted into the family context which contributes to the "double burden" of working women (the dual set of responsibilities shouldered by women--at home and on the job). Furthermore, the still limited political and employment opportunities realistically available to women merit greater scholarly attention.

There are a number of areas of research possessing varying degrees of relevancy to the present study. The central problem in this investigation is the relationship of early to final impressions and though such studies reported by Allport (1937), and the more recent one of Gage (1952), are concerned with quickly formed impressions they have little relevance as they are concerned with relating impressions to external criteria. The investigations of Allport and Vernon (1932) and Wolff (1943) dealing with the congruence of different modes of expressive behaviour would be of interest if the task was that of analyzing the bases of early impressions. These, together with such research as Magson (1929), and Wolf and Murray (1937), which yield evidence concerning the kinds of valid judgments which may be made on the basis of observation will take on additional significance if it can be shown that early observations create impressions which carry important weight in the final outcome of the interview. Research in the applied field concerning the employment interview is naturally suggested in view of the primary interest of this investigation. This proved to be disappointing in terms of providing a foundation upon which the present study might be built. A brief account of the work 1n this field is given not because it aids in the interpretation of these experimental results but, rather, to point out the implications of the point of view presented by this study for what has already been done in the field. [...]