Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche modélisatrice multi-échelles au sein de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité (DFT) de différentes classes de complexes à propriétés magnétiques commutables essentiellement à base de Fe(II) (3d6). Le manuscrit est organisé en trois grandes parties : la première a été consacrée à la présentation de la chimie théorique (concepts et méthodes). Le magnétisme moléculaire été examiné au travers du calcul de la constante de couplage et discuté dans la partie II. L’analyse de la constante de couplage, du magnétisme, des structures électroniques et des liaisons chimiques a été présentée. D’autre part, l’étude des valeurs thermodynamiques pour [Fe(btz)2(NCS)2] ainsi que la famille de complexes à transition de spin [Fe(L)2(NCS)2] a formée la troisième partie. De deux approches complémentaires sont utilisées: i-moléculaire où l’entité isolée est examinée en utilisant des codes de calcul ciblés moyennant différentes fonctionnelles d’échange corrélation et bases ; ii-« tout solide » prenant en compte la structure cristalline étendue. Les résultats sont également appuyés par une étude semi-empirique au sein de la dynamique moléculaire / In this thesis, we present an multiscale approaches based on theoretical modeling within density functional (DFT) of different classes of complex magnetic properties switched from predominantly Fe(II) (3d6). The manuscript is organized into three main parts: the first was devoted to the presentation of theoretical chemistry (concepts and methods). The molecular magnetism was examined through the calculation of the coupling constant and discussed in Part II. The analysis of the coupling constant, magnetism, electronic structure and chemical bonds was presented. In the third Part, the study of thermodynamic values for [Fe(btz)2(NCS)2] and the family of spin crossover complexes [Fe(L)2(NCS)2] has formed the third party. Two complementary approaches are used: i-“molecular” which considers a fragment entity or isolated molecule using different computer codes targeted through various exchange correlation functional and basis; ii-"solid state" taking into account the extended crystal structure. The results are also supported by a semi-empirical study through molecular dynamics.

As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP) são enzimas superexpressas em quase todos os tumores humanos, sendo que os subtipos MMP-2 e MMP-9 têm sido associados ao potencial metastático e prognóstico desfavorável em neoplasias malignas como, por exemplo, melanoma metastático e glioma. Compostos capazes de inibir a atividade destas enzimas podem representar potenciais agentes terapêuticos. O composto 4-nerolidilcatecol (4-NC), isolado de plantas do gênero Pothomorphe, apresentou resultados promissores para o tratamento do melanoma e glioma e foi capaz de atuar em várias etapas bioquímicas importantes envolvidas na progressão dessas patologias, inclusive inibindo MMP-2 e MMP-9. No entanto, o mecanismo de ação do 4-NC não está completamente elucidado. O presente estudo envolveu a aplicação de métodos de modelagem molecular e de formalismos do planejamento de novas moléculas auxiliado por computador, CAMD (Computer-Aided Molecular Design) a fim de explorar a interação entre esta molécula e as enzimas MMP-2 e MMP-9, além de planejar novos inibidores para estes alvos. Análise exploratória de dados, que compreende a análise de agrupamentos hierárquicos e de componentes principais. foi desenvolvida para um conjunto de hidroxamatos (N=64) descritos como inibidores de MMP-2 e MMP-9, a fim de identificar as propriedades moleculares que mais influenciavam o processo de discriminação dos compostos. As propriedades termodinâmicas, eletrônicas e estéricas foram importantes para descrever os compostos mais ativos no conjunto de dados da MMP-2. Para a MMP-9, o coeficiente de distribuição (ClogD) em pH 1,5 foi relevante no processo de discriminação do conjunto. A presença de substituintes volumosos na porção R3 parece ser crucial para o conjunto de inibidores investigados. Esta região está envolvida em interações moleculares com a cavidade S1 de ambas as enzimas, mas há um limite de volume a ser considerado para estes substituintes. O formalismo QSAR-4D independente do receptor (IR) foi aplicado ao mesmo conjunto de dados e permitiu estabelecer o mapeamento do farmacóforo, além de explorar diferentes alinhamentos para a obtenção da hipótese de conformação bioativa prevista pelo melhor modelo de QSAR. OS modelos QSAR apresentaram boa capacidade de previsão, auxiliaram na proposição de novos inibidores e estimaram a atividade do 4-NC. Com o melhor modelo QSAR para MMP-9 (N=64), a atividade prevista para o 4-NC foi classificada na faixa dos inibidores com atividade moderada. Entretanto, o melhor modelo QSAR obtido para MMP-2 (N=38) não foi capaz de prever, de forma adequada, a atividade de compostos com arcabouço químico diferente daqueles utilizados na construção dos modelos. Estudos de ancoramento molecular foram desenvolvidos para investigar a orientação do 4-NC no sitio catalítico das duas enzimas e as interações que poderiam ser estabelecidas nestes complexos. Duas conformações favoráveis foram encontradas. Simulações computacionais de dinâmica molecular foram desenvolvidas com os complexos mais promissores selecionados nos estudos de ancoramento, a fim de obter informações mais detalhadas e de maior confiabilidade. sobre suas interações intermoleculares. O 4-NC tende a se orientar no sítio de forma a acomodar sua cadeia lateral no bolso S1 adjacente ao sítio catalítico em ambas as enzimas. Ensaios de zimografia também foram realizados com o objetivo de elucidar possíveis contribuições da cadeia lateral e do núcleo catecólico do 4-NC na atividade inibitória frente às enzimas em estudo. O núcleo catecólico parece ser o responsável por sua atividade, pois o composto 1,2dimetoxibenzeno, que possui as hidroxilas bloqueadas por grupos metil, não foi capaz de exercer atividade inibitória significante frente à MMP-2 e MMP-9. Estudos de voltametria reforçaram a hipótese de que o 4-NC tem a capacidade de quelar os íons zinco presentes no tampão de incubação. / Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) enzymes are overexpressed in almost all human tumors, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 subtypes have been associated with metastatic potential and poor prognosis in malignant tumors, such as metastatic melanoma and glioma. Compounds capable of inhibiting the activity of theses enzymes would be considered as potential therapeutic agents. The 4-nerolidylcatechol compound (4-NC), isolated from plants of genus Pothomorphe, has showed promising results in the treatment of melanoma and glioma, and was able to act in several important biochemical steps involved in the progression of these diseases, as well as inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9. However, the 4-NC mechanism of action is not completely understood. This study has involved the application of molecular modeling methods and formalisms of computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) in order to explore the interaction between 4-NC and MMP-2/MMP-9, and to design new inhibitors for these targets. Exploratory data analysis, which comprises hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components analysis, was performed to a set of hydroxamates (N=64). previously reported as MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitors, in order lo identify the molecular properties that is most critical for the discrimination process regarding the investigated compounds. The thermodynamic, electronic, and steric properties were: quite important to describe the highly active compounds in the data set of MMP-2, whereas the apparent partition coefficient (ClogD) at pH 1.5 was the property more relevant for MMP-9 data set. The presence of bulky substituents on the R3 moiety seems to be crucial for this set of inhibitors due to the molecular interaction with the S1 subsite of both enzymes. However, there is a limit regarding the substituents volume in this region. Receptor independent (RI) 4D-QSAR analysis was applied lo the same data set and it was possible to establish the pharmacophore mapping, besides to explore different alignments in order to generate the hypothesized bioactive conformation through the best QSAR model. The QSAR models have presented good predictability, assisted in proposing new inhibitors, and estimated the activity of 4-NC. Regarding the best QSAR model for MMP-9 (N=64), the 4-NC predicted activity was classified in the range of the moderate active inhibitors. The best QSAR model obtained for MMP-2 (N=38), however was not able to properly predict the activity for compounds with different chemical scaffold from those used to build up the QSAR model. Molecular docking studies have been developed to investigate the 4-NC binding mode into the catalytic site of the two enzymes and the interactions that could be established in those complexes. The results have shown two favorable conformers regarding the MMP inhibition. Molecular dynamics computational simulation were combined to molecular docking studies in order to obtain more detailed and reliable information regarding the intermolecular interactions of each complex. The 4-NC molecule tends to accommodate the side chain in the S1 pocket adjacent to the catalytic site in both enzymes. Experimental zymography assays were also performed to elucidate the possible contribution of the side chain and the catechol core in the 4-NC inhibitory activity against the MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymes. The catechol core seems to be responsible for its activity, since the 1,2 dimethoxybenzene compound, which has the hydroxyl blocked by a methyl group, was not able to exert any significant inhibition on enzymes. Voltametric assays confirmed the hypothesis that 4-NC chelates zinc ions present in the incubation buffer.

Esta tese focou em três tópicos principais: caracterização de filmes compactos de TiO2 e seu comportamento em células solares sensibilizadas por corante; estudo das propriedades fotoquímicas e fotofísicas de um complexo fotoisomerizável de rênio(I); elucidação das propriedades fotofísicas e eletrônicas de complexos de irídio(III) e suas aplicações em dispositivos emissores de luz. Filmes compactos foram automontados nos fotoanodos de células solares sensibilizadas por corante (DSCs), sob o filme mesoporoso de TiO2/corante, utilizando sols de TiO2 ácidos e básicos como cátions e ânions, respectivamente. A obtenção dos sols foi realizada sob controle absoluto para resultar em propriedades morfológicas e ópticas apropriadas para filmes compactos de alta qualidade, como indicado por perfilometria e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. As DSCs com bicamadas de TiO2 melhoraram as eficiências de conversão em até 62%. Uma investigação detalhada por parâmetros fotoeletroquímicos, IPCE, tempo de vida do elétron e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica demonstrou que o contato entre o vidro condutor (FTO) e o TiO2 é melhorado e que a recombinação de carga no FTO/I3- é diminuída. O novo complexo fac-[Re(CO)3(Ph2phen)(trans-stpyCN)]+ foi sintetizado para apresentar o intercâmbio entre as configurações trans e cis do ligante coordenado por meio de fotoisomerizações eficientes e reversíveis. As fotólises em 313, 334, 365 e404 nm resultam em mudanças espectrais no UV-Vis e RMN atribuídas à fotoisomerização trans-cis do ligante stpyCN coordenado. O processo reverso cis-trans também foi observado com irradiação em 255 nm, com um notável rendimento quântico (&#934 = 0,16), de mesma magnitude que para o processo trans-cis (Φ = 0,38). A caracterização fotofísica e os espectros de absorção do transiente corroboraram na atribuição de um comportamento incomum para os estados excitados quasedegenerados 3ILstpyCN e 3MLCTRe→Ph2phen. Complexos heterolépticos de Ir(III) foram sintetizados e suas propriedades fotofísicas avaliadas, como rendimentos quânticos e tempos de vida de emissão, constantes radiativas e não-radiativas e coordenadas CIE. Os parâmetros fotofísicos variaram sistematicamente com variações nos substituintes retiradores ou doares de elétrons, como corroborado por cálculos TD-DFT, que mostraram uma mistura de estados excitados IL-MLCT. Três desses complexos foram utilizados na camada ativa de dispositivos emissores de luz e caracterizados optoeletronicamente por curvas de corrente-brilho-potencial e espectros eletroluminescentes. / Three main topics are discussed in this thesis: characterization of TiO2 compact films towards high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells; investigations of photophysical and photochemical processes of a Re(I) complex; photophysical elucidation of Ir(III) complexes and their application in light emitting devices. All-nano-TiO2 compact films were auto-assembled in the photoanodes of dyesensitized solar cells (DSCs), beneath the TiO2 mesoporous film, employing acid and basic nano-TiO2 sols as cations and anions, respectively. TiO2 syntheses were performed under absolute control to lead to appropriate morphological and optical properties to yield high quality compact films, as indicated by profilometry, tunning and scanning electron microscopy. DSCs with TiO2 bilayers on top of the conducting glass (FTO) improved the conversion efficiency up to 62%. A detailed study by photoelectrochemical parameters, IPCE, electron lifetime and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the contact between FTO and TiO2 was improved and that the FTO/I3- charge recombination was prevented. The novel fac-[Re(CO)3(Ph2phen)(trans-stpyCN)]+ complex was synthesized to show switchable trans-cis configurations of the coordinated stpyCN ligand through efficient and reversible photoassisted isomerizations. Photolyses at 313, 334, 365 and 404 nm led to UV-Vis and NMR spectral changes ascribed to the trans-to-cis photoisomerization of the coordinated ligand. The reverse cis-to-trans process was alsoobserved at 255 nm irradiation, with a remarkable quantum yield (Φ = 0.16), in the same magnitude to the one for trans-to-cis photoprocess (Φ = 0.38). Photophysical characterization and transient absorption spectra provided insights on the light-driven trans ? cis pathways and indicated an unusual behavior for the 3ILstpyCN excited state, induced by an interplay with the quasi-degenerated 3MLCTRePh2phen state. Heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes were synthesized and phophysical properties evaluated, such as emission quantum yields and lifetimes, radiative and non-radiative constants and CIE coordinates. The photophysical parameters varied systematically with variations in electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents on the ligands, as corroborated by TD-DFT calculations that showed an IL-MLCT mixing in their emissive excited state. Three complexes were employed in the active layer of light emitting devices and had their optoeletronic properties characterized by current-brightness-voltage curves and electroluminescent spectra.

Os ionômeros de vidro vêm sendo utilizados largamente na odontologia com diversas funções. Suas formulações sofreram alterações durante os anos, como a incorporação de componentes resinosos, para a melhoria de suas propriedades físicas e aumento do tempo de trabalho. Com isso, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o grau de conversão e a microdureza Knoop dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro modificados por resina (Rely X Luting e Vitremer, ambos da 3M ESPE) de acordo a forma de polimerização (química ou fotopolimerável por lâmpada halógena Ultralux EL ? Gnatus e LED LEC 1000 ? MMOptics) e o tempo de armazenagem. Três espécimes de cada material, autopolimerizável e fotopolimerizável, e tipo de fotopolimerização (por luz halógena e LED) foram confeccionados para cada tempo experimental de 6 horas, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 ,11 e 14 dias (n=72). Os espécimes foram armazenados em ambiente escuro a 37°C durante esses períodos. Os 72 espécimes foram analisados pela espectroscopia FT-IR para a medição do grau de conversão (GC). Três espécimes de cada material e tipo de polimerização (n=9) foram confeccionados para a medição da microdureza, com um penetrador diamantado piramidal, tipo Knoop, carga estática de 50 gramas por 30 segundos. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o material fotopolimerizado com LED apresentou os maiores valores do grau de conversão e da microdureza. O grau de conversão aumentou com o tempo de armazenagem enquanto a microdureza obteve os maiores resultados entre 24-48 horas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que para os cimentos de ionômero de vidro modificados por resina, Vitremer e Rely X Luting, o material fotopolimerizável onde se utilizou o LED apresentou os melhores resultados e que a microdureza Knoop foi ineficaz para predizer o grau de conversão. / Glass ionomer cement have been widely used for many functions. Over the years, some alterations have been made to improve some physico-mechanical properties and to prolong working time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation of the degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop microhardness of resin modified glass ionomer cements (Rely X Luting and Vitremer - 3M ESPE) with polymerization type (chemical curing and light curing reactions, using halogen light or LED) and time of storage. Three specimens of each material, self-cured and light-cured, and light-curing type (halogen light or LED) were prepared for each period of time (n=72). Specimens were stored in dark and dry conditions, at 37oC, during 6 hours, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14 days. All the specimens were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy to measure the DC. Three specimens of each material and polimeryzation type (n=9) were prepared for the microhardness determination, equipped with a Knoop indenter, 50g load for 30 seconds. Results showed that higher values of DC and Knoop microhardness were found on the LED light-cured material. DC values increased with storage time while the Knoop microhardness achieved its higher values between 24-48 hours. Results showed that the LED light-curing unit used to polymerize the resin modified glass ionomer cement Vitremer achieved better values of DC, between light and self-cured materials, and that the Knoop microhardness could not predict the DC.

Nessa tese, duas frentes de trabalho foram abordadas: a aplicação de camadas compactas de TiO2 nanoestruturado em células fotoeletrossintéticas sensibilizadas por corante (DSPECs) e a síntese e caracterização de uma série de complexos polipiridínicos de Ir(III), visando à aplicação em dispositivos moleculares. A primeira investigação focou na obtenção de sóis de TiO2 nanoestruturado utilizando um método sol-gel. As deposições dessas nanopartículas pelo método Layer-by-Layer levaram ao crescimento de filmes finos, que foram aplicados no fotoanodo das DSPECs, entre o substrato condutor e o óxido mesoporoso, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho desses dispositivos. Os filmes obtidos são altamente compactos e a caracterização fotoeletroquímica das DSPECs apontou que eles propiciaram o aumento da fotocorrente em até 53%, em comparação aos dispositivos não modificados. A voltametria mostrou que as camadas compactas atuam também no deslocamento a potenciais mais negativos, o que pode levar a um aumento na eficiência da geração de oxigênio. As eficiências de conversão de fótons incidentes em corrente (IPCE) corroboraram o papel dessas camadas nos fotoanodos dos dispositivos. As medidas de decaimento de potencial/tempo de vida do elétron no eletrodo − realizados pioneiramente em DSPECs − demonstraram o sucesso na implementação dessa proposta inovadora. A segunda parte deste trabalho focou na obtenção de complexos de Ir(III) com potenciais aplicações em sistemas luminescentes. Três novos complexos polipiridínicos heterolépticos de Ir(III) [Ir(Fppy)2(CF3pic)], [Ir(ppy)2(CF3pic)] e [Ir(Meppy)2(CF3pic)], em que Fppy = 2-(2,4-difluorofenil)piridina, ppy = 2-fenilpiridina, Meppy = 2-(p-toluil)piridina e CF3pic = 3-(trifluorometil)piridina-2-carboxilato, foram obtidos para avaliar suas propriedades fotofísicas em diferentes meios. Dentre os compostos investigados, o [Ir(Fppy)2(CF3pic)] apresentou um perfil bastante diferenciado. Seu estado excitado em meio fluido, acetonitrila, é característico de 3MLCT (transferência de carga metal-ligante) com 13% de rendimento quântico de emissão. Em meio de rigidez intermediária, poli(metil metacrilato) (PMMA), observase uma inversão do estado excitado de mais baixa energia, com um decaimento radiativo típico de 3IL (transição eletrônica intra-ligante), ao passo que para os demais complexos investigados, a emissão em PMMA ainda é do tipo 3MLCT. Em meio vítreo, altamente rígido, a emissão de todos os compostos apresenta bandas características de 3IL, bastante estruturadas e deslocadas para o azul. O efeito rigidocrômico foi discutido e sumarizado em termos de diagramas de energia. Diagramas de cromaticidade também foram obtidos, mostrando as coordenadas CIE (Comission Internationale dEclairage) referentes às cores de emissão de cada complexo. Esse trabalho apresenta a importância da fotofísica desses compostos para potenciais aplicações em dispositivos moleculares. / The main focus of this thesis is: application of nanostructured TiO2 compact layers in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) and syntheses and characterization of Ir(III) polypyridyl complexes towards molecular devices. The first investigation focused on the preparation of nanostructured TiO2 sols using a sol-gel method. The deposition of these nanoparticles through the Layer-by-Layer method led to a thin film growth, which were applied at the photoanode of DSPECs between the conducting glass and the mesoporous network to evaluate the performance of these devices. The obtained thin films are highly compact and the photoelectrochemical characterization of DSPECs showed photocurrent enhancements of 53%, compared with non-modified devices. Voltammetry analyses depicted that the compact layers promote shifts to more negative potentials, which may lead to higher oxygen evolution efficiencies. Incident photon-to-current efficiencies (IPCE) corroborate the role of compact layers in these devices. Potential decay/electron lifetime measurements − pioneered in DSPECs − demonstrated a successful accomplishment of such an innovative approach. The second part of this work focused on the obtention of Ir(III) complexes with potential application in luminescent systems. Three new polypyridyl heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes [Ir(Fppy)2(CF3pic)], [Ir(ppy)2(CF3pic)] and [Ir(Meppy)2(CF3pic)], where Fppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, Meppy = 2-(p-tolyl)pyridine and CF3pic = 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylate, were obtained to evaluate their photophysical properties in different media. Among the investigated complexes, [Ir(Fppy)2(CF3pic)] showed a distinct profile and its excited state in fluid medium, acetonitrile, is typically 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) in character with an emission quantum yield of 13%. In an intermediate-rigidity medium, as poly(methyl metacrilate) (PMMA), an inversion of the lowest-lying state is observed, with a 3IL (intra-ligand) character emission, whereas for other complexes in PMMA remain 3MLCT. In glassy medium, highly rigid, all compounds depict characteristic 3IL bands, well structured and blue-shifted. This rigidochromic effect was rationalized through energy diagrams. Chromaticity diagrams were also obtained and show theCIE (Comission Internationale dEclairage) coordinates for the emitted color of each complex. This work features an appealing study of complex photophysics, where potential application of these compounds are pointed out.

L'histologie tridimensionnelle (3D) est un nouvel outil avancé de cancérologie. L'ensemble du profil chimique et des caractéristiques physiologiques d'un tissu est essentiel pour comprendre la logique du développement d'une pathologie. Cependant, il n'existe aucune technique analytique, in vivo ou histologique, capable de découvrir de telles caractéristiques anormales et de fournir une distribution3D à une résolution microscopique. Nous présentons ici une méthode unique de microscopie infrarouge (IR) à haut débit combinant une correction d'image automatisée et une analyse ultérieure des données spectrales pour la reconstruction d'image 3D-IR. Nous avons effectué l'analyse spectrale d'un organe complet pour un petit modèle animal, un cerveau de souris avec une tumeur de gliome implantée. L'image 3D-IR est reconstruite à partir de 370 coupes de tissus consécutives et corrigée à l'aide du tomogramme à rayons X de l'organe pour une analyse quantitative précise du contenu chimique. Une matrice 3D de spectres IR 89 x 106 est générée, ce qui nous permet de séparer la masse tumorale des tissus cérébraux sains en fonction de divers paramètres anatomiques,chimiques et métaboliques. Nous démontrons pour la première fois que des paramètres métaboliques quantitatifs (glucose, glycogène et lactate) peuvent être extraits et reconstruits en 3D à partir des spectres IR pour la caractérisation du métabolisme cérébral / tumoral (évaluation de l'effet de Warburg dans les tumeurs). Notre méthode peut être davantage exploitée en recherchant l'ensemble du profil spectral, en distinguant différents points de repère anatomiques dans le cerveau.Nous le démontrons par la reconstruction du corps calleux et de la région des noyaux gris centraux du cerveau. / Three-dimensional (3D) histology is a new advanced tool for cancerology. The whole chemical profile and physiological characteristics of a tissue is essential to understand the rationale of pathology development. However, there is no analytical technique, in vivo or histological, that is able to discover such abnormal features and provide a 3D distribution at microscopic resolution.Here, we introduce a unique high- throughput infrared (IR) microscopy method that combines automated image correction and subsequent spectral data analysis for 3D-IR image reconstruction. I performed spectral analysis of a complete organ for a small animal model, a mouse brain with animplanted glioma tumor. The 3D-IR image is reconstructed from 370 consecutive tissue sectionsand corrected using the X-ray tomogram of the organ for an accurate quantitative analysis of thechemical content. A 3D matrix of 89 x 106 IR spectra is generated, allowing us to separate the tumor mass from healthy brain tissues based on various anatomical, chemical, and metabolic parameters. I demonstrate for the first time that quantitative metabolic parameters (glucose, glycogen and lactate) can be extracted and reconstructed in 3D from the IR spectra for the characterization of the brain vs. tumor metabolism (assessing the Warburg effect in tumors). Our method can be further exploited by searching for the whole spectral profile, discriminating different anatomical landmarks in the brain. I demonstrate this by the reconstruction of the corpus callosum and basal ganglia region of the brain.

Este trabalho teve o intuito de contribuir para a melhoria na qualidade dos valores de k0 e Q0 para as reações 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W e 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir. As medições das amostras irradiadas no reator IEA-R1 e das fontes padrão da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (IAEA) foram realizadas por espectrometria gama de alta resolução em detector de HPGe. A fim de investigar melhor as eficiências nos intervalos de energia onde não havia pontos experimentais, foi aplicado o Método de Monte Carlo. As contribuições originais deste trabalho foram: a análise de covariância associada ao Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, que foi utilizada para o tratamento adequado das incertezas para as reações 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W e 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir estudadas neste trabalho, onde todas as incertezas parciais envolvidas no processo foram utilizadas; a determinação experimental dos fatores de auto-blindagem para nêutrons térmicos (Gth) e epitérmicos (Ge) utilizados nas determinações de k0 e Q0 para a reação 113In(n, γ) 114mIn e na determinação experimental do fator de auto-blindagem para nêutrons epitérmicos (Ge) utilizado na determinação de k0 e Q0 para a reação 186W(n, γ) 187W, que não foram observadas na literatura, além da determinação de k0 obtida para a reação 186W(n, γ) 187W na energia de 625,51 keV, que também não existe na literatura recomendada. Os valores de k0 e Q0 obtidos para todas as reações foram comparados aos valores encontrados na literatura. / This work had the intention to contribute to the improvement in the quality of the values of k0 and Q0 for the reactions 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W and 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir. Measurements of the irradiated samples in the IEA-R1 reactor and the standard sources from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) were performed by high resolution gamma spectrometry with HPGe detector. In order to better investigate the efficiencies in energy intervals where there were no experimental points, the Monte Carlo Method was applied. The original contributions of this work were: the covariance analysis associated to the Least Squares Method, which was used for the adequate treatment of the uncertainties for the reactions 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W and 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir studied in this work, where all the partial uncertainties involved in the process were used; the experimental determination of the self-shielding factors for thermal (Gth) and epithermal (Ge) neutrons used in the determinations of k0 and Q0 for the 113In(n, γ) 114mIn reaction and the experimental determination of the self-shielding factor for epithermal neutrons (Ge) used in the determinations of k0 and Q0 for the 186W(n, γ) 187W reaction, which were not observed in the literature, as well as the determination of k0 obtained for the 186W(n, γ) 187W reaction in the energy of 625,51 keV, which does not exist in the recommended literature. The values of k0 and Q0 obtained for all reactions were compared to the values found in the literature.

Este trabalho teve o intuito de contribuir para a melhoria na qualidade dos valores de k0 e Q0 para as reações 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W e 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir. As medições das amostras irradiadas no reator IEA-R1 e das fontes padrão da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (IAEA) foram realizadas por espectrometria gama de alta resolução em detector de HPGe. A fim de investigar melhor as eficiências nos intervalos de energia onde não havia pontos experimentais, foi aplicado o Método de Monte Carlo. As contribuições originais deste trabalho foram: a análise de covariância associada ao Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, que foi utilizada para o tratamento adequado das incertezas para as reações 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W e 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir estudadas neste trabalho, onde todas as incertezas parciais envolvidas no processo foram utilizadas; a determinação experimental dos fatores de auto-blindagem para nêutrons térmicos (Gth) e epitérmicos (Ge) utilizados nas determinações de k0 e Q0 para a reação 113In(n, γ) 114mIn e na determinação experimental do fator de auto-blindagem para nêutrons epitérmicos (Ge) utilizado na determinação de k0 e Q0 para a reação 186W(n, γ) 187W, que não foram observadas na literatura, além da determinação de k0 obtida para a reação 186W(n, γ) 187W na energia de 625,51 keV, que também não existe na literatura recomendada. Os valores de k0 e Q0 obtidos para todas as reações foram comparados aos valores encontrados na literatura. / This work had the intention to contribute to the improvement in the quality of the values of k0 and Q0 for the reactions 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W and 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir. Measurements of the irradiated samples in the IEA-R1 reactor and the standard sources from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) were performed by high resolution gamma spectrometry with HPGe detector. In order to better investigate the efficiencies in energy intervals where there were no experimental points, the Monte Carlo Method was applied. The original contributions of this work were: the covariance analysis associated to the Least Squares Method, which was used for the adequate treatment of the uncertainties for the reactions 74Se(n, γ) 75Se, 113In(n, γ) 114mIn, 186W(n, γ) 187W and 191Ir(n, γ) 192Ir studied in this work, where all the partial uncertainties involved in the process were used; the experimental determination of the self-shielding factors for thermal (Gth) and epithermal (Ge) neutrons used in the determinations of k0 and Q0 for the 113In(n, γ) 114mIn reaction and the experimental determination of the self-shielding factor for epithermal neutrons (Ge) used in the determinations of k0 and Q0 for the 186W(n, γ) 187W reaction, which were not observed in the literature, as well as the determination of k0 obtained for the 186W(n, γ) 187W reaction in the energy of 625,51 keV, which does not exist in the recommended literature. The values of k0 and Q0 obtained for all reactions were compared to the values found in the literature.

The selective infrared (IR) excitation of molecular vibrations is a powerful tool to control the photoreactivity prior to electronic excitation in the ultraviolet / visible (UV/Vis) light regime ("vibrationally mediated chemistry"). For adsorbates on surfaces it has been theoretically predicted that IR preexcitation will lead to higher UV/Vis photodesorption yields and larger cross sections for other photoreactions. In a recent experiment, IR-mediated desorption of molecular hydrogen from a Si(111) surface on which atomic hydrogen and deuterium were co-adsorbed was achieved, following a vibrational mechanism as indicated by the isotope-selectivity. In the present work, selective vibrational IR excitation of adsorbate molecules, treated as multi-dimensional oscillators on dissipative surfaces, has been simulated within the framework of open-system density matrix theory. Not only potential-mediated, inter-mode coupling poses an obstacle to selective excitation but also the coupling of the adsorbate ("system") modes to the electronic and phononic degrees of freedom of the surface ("bath") does. Vibrational relaxation thereby takes place, depending on the availabilty of energetically fitting electron-hole (e/h) pairs and/or phonons (lattice vibrations) in the surface, on time-scales ranging from milliseconds to several hundreds of femtoseconds. On metal surfaces, where the relaxation process of the adsorbate via the e/h pair mechanism dominates, vibrational lifetimes are usually shorter than on insulator or semiconductor surfaces, in the range of picoseconds, being also the timescale of the IR pulses used here. Further inhibiting factors for selectivity can be the harmonicity of a mode and weak dipole activities ("dark modes") rendering vibrational excitation with moderate field intensities difficult. In addition to simple analytical pulses, optimal control theory (OCT) has been employed here to generate a suitable electric field to populate the target state/mode maximally. The complex OCT fields were analyzed by Husimi transformation, resolving the control field in time and energy. The adsorbate/surface systems investigated were CO/Cu(100), H/Si(100) and 2H/Ru(0001). These systems proved to be suitable models to study the above mentioned effects. Further, effects of temperature, pure dephasing (elastic scattering processes), pulse duration and dimensionality (up to four degrees of freedom) were studied. It was possible to selectively excite single vibrational modes, often even state-selective. Special processes like hot-band excitation, vibrationally mediated desorption and the excitation of "dark modes" were simulated. Finally, a novel OCT algorithm in density matrix representation has been developed which allows for time-dependent target operators and thus enables to control the excitation mechanism instead of only the final state. The algorithm is based on a combination of global (iterative) and local (non-iterative) OCT schemes, such that short, globally controlled time-intervals are coupled locally in time. Its numerical performance and accuracy were tested and verified and it was successfully applied to stabilize a two-state linear-combination and to enforce a successive "ladder climbing" in a rather harmonic system, where monochromatic, analytical pulses simultaneously excited several states, leading to a population loss in the target state. / Die selektive Anregung von Molekülschwingungen mittels Infrarotlicht (IR) ist vorteilhaft, um die Wirkungsquerschnitte nachfolgender photochemischer oder photophysikalischer Prozesse zu steigern, welche durch Elektronenanregung mittels ultraviolettem (UV) bzw. sichtbarem (Vis) Licht ausgelöst werden. Für Adsorbatmoleküle auf Oberflächen wurden theoretische Vorhersagen getroffen, dass eine kombinierte (IR plus UV)-Strategie ("schwingungsvermittelte Chemie") die Ausbeute bei Photodesorption und anderen Photoreaktionen deutlich zu erhöhen vermag. Kürzlich wurde im Experiment gezeigt, dass eine rein IR-vermittelte Desorption möglich ist, welche über einen schwingungsangeregten Mechanismus erfolgt. Hierbei wurde molekularer Wasserstoff von einer Si(111)-Oberfläche desorbiert, an der atomarer Wasserstoff und atomares Deuterium gebunden waren. Eine thermische Anregung, die zum Bindungsbruch führt, konnte hierbei wegen der Isotopenselektivität ausgeschlossen werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die selektive IR-Schwingungsanregung von Adsorbaten, die als multidimensionale Oszillatoren auf dissipativen Oberflächen behandelt wurden, mit Hilfe der Dichtematrixtheorie für offene Systeme simuliert. Nicht nur die potentialvermittelte Kopplung zwischen den einzelnen Moden ist ein Hindernis für selektive Anregung, sondern auch die Kopplung der Moden des Adsorbats ("Systems") an elektronische und phononische Freiheitsgrade des Substrats ("Bades"). Die Schwingungsrelaxation verläuft hierbei auf Zeitskalen, die von Millisekunden bis hin zu wenigen hundert Femtosekunden reichen, je nach Verfügbarkeit energetisch geeigneter Elektron-Loch-Paar-Anregungen bzw. Phononen (Gitterschwingungen) in der Oberfläche. Auf Metalloberflächen, bei denen die Schwingungrelaxation des Adsorbats zumeist von einem Elektronen-Loch-Paar-Mechanismus dominiert wird, sind die Schwingungslebensdauern normalerweise kürzer als auf Isolator- oder Halbleiteroberflächen und betragen einige Picosekunden, ebenso wie die Zeitskala der hier gewählten IR-Pulse. Weitere Faktoren, die die selektive Anregung behindern können sind die Harmonizität einer Mode und die geringe Dipolaktivität sogenannter "dunkler Moden", die eine Anregung mit moderat intensiven Feldern erschweren. Zusätzlich zu einfachen analytischen Pulsen wurden Felder mittels Optimaler Kontrolltheorie (OCT) erzeugt, um eine(n) Zielzustand/-mode maximal zu populieren. Komplexe OCT Pulse wurden mit Hilfe der Husimi-Transformation analysiert, welche das Kontrollfeld im Zeit- und Energieraum aufzulösen vermag. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Adsorbat/Oberflächen-Systeme waren CO/Cu(100), H/Si(100) und 2H/Ru(0001), die sich als passende Modelle erwiesen, um oben genannte Faktoren zu untersuchen. Desweiteren wurden die Auswirkungen von Temperatur, reiner Dephasierung (elastische Streuprozesse), Dauer des IR-Pulses und Systemdimensionalit"at (Behandlung von bis zu vier Freiheitsgraden) studiert. Einzelne Schwingungsmoden konnten angeregt werden, in vielen Fällen sogar zustandsselektiv. Spezielle Prozesse wie die Anregung "heißer Banden", Desorption via alleiniger Schwingungsanregung und die Anregung "dunkler Moden" wurden simuliert. Schließlich wurde ein neuer OCT-Algorithmus in Dichtematrixdarstellung entwickelt, der es erlaubt, zeitabhängige Zieloperatoren einzuführen, um nicht nur Kontrolle über den Endzustand einer Anregung, sondern auch über den Anregungsmechanismus zu erlangen. Der Algorithmus basiert auf einer Kombination von globaler (iterativer) und lokaler (nicht-iterativer) optimaler Kontrollschemata in der Art, dass kurze, global kontrollierte Intervalle zeitlich lokal miteinander gekoppelt werden. Nach numerischen Tests wurde der Algorithmus erfolgreich angewandt, um eine Linearkombination aus zwei Zuständen zu stabilisieren, sowie um eine schrittweise "Leiteranregung" in einem harmonischen System zu forcieren, bei dem monochromatische, analytische Pulse mehrere Zustände zugleich anregen und somit einen Populationsverlust im angestrebten Zielzustand zur Folge haben.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein sequentielles Extraktionsverfahren zur Erfassung unterschiedlich stabiler Anteile der orgnischen Bodensubstanz (OBS) zu entwickeln und zu klären, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen Löslichkeit und Stabilität besteht. Darüber hinaus sollen der Einfluss von Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen auf Menge und Zusammensetzung dieser OBS-Anteile und Zusammenhänge zwischen Fourier Transform Infrarot (FT-IR)-Spektroskopiedaten und der Kationenaustauschkapazität (KAK) der OBS analysiert werden. <br><br> Für die Untersuchungen wurden Böden der Langzeitfeldexperimente (LFE) in Halle, Bad Lauchstädt und Rotthalmünster beprobt. Zur Erfassung unterschiedlicher OBS-Fraktionen wurden im ersten Schritt die wasserlöslichen OBS-Anteile (OBS(W)-Fraktion) aus den Böden isoliert. Im zweiten Schritt wurden aus den Extraktionsrückständen der Wasserextraktion OBS-Anteile mit einer Natrium (Na)-Pyrophosphatlösung extrahiert (OBS(PY)-Fraktion). Die Stabilität der OBS-Fraktionen wurde anhand von &#948;13C-Bestimmungen und 14C-Messungen untersucht. Die Charakterisierung der Zusammensetzung der OBS-Fraktionen erfolgte mittels FT-IR Spektroskopie. <br><br> Generell wird mit der OBS(PY)-Fraktion ein größerer Anteil am organischen Kohlenstoffgehalt der Böden erfasst als mit der OBS(W)-Fraktion. Die &#948;13C- und 14C-Daten zeigen, dass die OBS(W)-Fraktion höhere Anteile jungen organischen Materials als die OBS(PY)-Fraktion enthält. Das entwickelte sequentielle Extraktionsverfahren ist also prinzipiell geeignet unterschiedlich stabile OBS-Anteile anhand ihrer Löslichkeit zu isolieren. <br><br> Mittels FT-IR spektroskopischer Untersuchungen wird festgestellt, dass Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen, wie die Düngung, sowie Standorteigenschaften die Zusammensetzung der OBS-Fraktionen beeinflussen. Für die OBS(PY)-Fraktion ist dies stärker ausgeprägt als für die OBS(W)-Fraktion. Die KAK der OBS(PY)-Fraktion aus den Böden der LFE in Halle und Bad Lauchstädt ist positiv mit der Absorptionsintensität der C=O-Bande in den FT-IR Spektren dieser OBS-Fraktion korreliert. / The aim of this work is the development of a sequential extraction procedure for the isolation of different stable parts of soil organic matter (SOM) according to their solubility and to prove the relationship between solubility and stability. Additionally, the effects of management on amount and composition of different SOM fractions as well as relationships between data sets from Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and cation exchange capacitity (CEC) of SOM should be analysed. <br><br> Soils from long term field experiments at Halle, Bad Lauchstädt and Rotthalmünster were sampled from the soil surface up to 30 cm depth. To obtain different SOM fractions water soluble SOM (SOM(W) fraction) were extracted at first before Na-pyrophosphat soluble SOM (SOM (PY) fraction) were isolated from the residue of water extraction. Stability of different SOM fractions were analyzed using 14C- and &#948;13C-measurements. Functional composition was studied with FT-IR spectroscopy. <br><br> Generally, SOM(PY) represents a larger part of soil organic carbon (SOC) than SOM(W) in relation to the total SOC-content of the investigated soils. &#948;13C- and 14C-measurements show that SOM(W) contains more younger material than SOM(PY). The findings suggest that different stable SOM fractions can be obtained according to their solubility by the sequential extraction procedure. <br><br> FTIR spectra show that SOM composition is influenced by management options like fertilization and field conditions. Such effects are more pronounced for SOM(PY) than for SOM(W). Furthermore data from FT-IR spectra and CEC measurements of SOMPY) show that the CEC is closely related to the C=O absorption intensities.