Depuis la création d’un État providence à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en passant par les tendances à la rationalisation des années 80 et avec plus récemment l’émergence d’innovation technologique et de nouvelles formes de production et de diffusion du savoir, l’université a fait l’objet de nombreux débats concernant sa mission et son rôle au sein de la société. En réponse à ces discussions et à ces questionnements qui caractérisent l’environnement social et économique dans lequel évolue cette institution, l’université a été amenée à introduire des changements quant aux formes de production de savoirs et quant à la place et au rôle de ses principales parties prenantes internes (administrateurs, académiques, étudiants) et externes (gouvernements, entreprises) au sein de ces mêmes changements. Le but étant pour l’université de se forger une place de premier plan dans des sociétés où la performance économique dépend de plus en plus du savoir et de l’éducation, notamment. Cependant, peu de recherches se sont intéressées à rendre compte, à l’appui d’une approche d’analyse intégrée qui repose sur des niveaux d’analyse macro, méso et micro, des principales mutations qui ont marqué et marquent plus encore aujourd’hui l’université. Tentant de pallier cette faiblesse, cette thèse a pour objectif de traiter, à partir d’un triple plan qui intègre le contexte, le contenu et le processus de changement, les principales transformations qui ont eu cours au sein de l’institution universitaire. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à déterminer si l’université comme organisation pluraliste est en mesure d’évoluer vers une configuration post-bureaucratique. Par une analyse du discours de quatre méta-acteurs à l’occasion de trois moments de changement clés qui ont marqué l’université québécoise, cet article souhaite mettre en évidence que l’université a évolué par sédimentation dans sa configuration, sur la base de consensus fragiles portant sur une cohabitation difficile entre des valeurs sociales-démocrates versus de rationalisation. Dans ce contexte, l’évolution vers une configuration post-bureaucratique requerrait des actions en réponse à cette ambiguïté stratégique notamment à l’initiative des professeurs et des administrateurs, ainsi que l’intégration d’un nouvel acteur qu’est l’industrie, sans toutefois remettre en cause les consensus déjà existants. Le deuxième article de cette thèse tente de rendre compte de la manière dont l’identité académique se définie en réaction à une orientation néolibérale de l’université. À l’appui d’une métasynthèse de 19 III articles qualitatifs et empiriques s’étant intéressés aux impacts du New Public Management et du managérialisme sur l’identité des membres du personnel académique universitaire, cet article souhaite mettre en exergue la manière dont ces individus définissent/redéfinissent leur identité à la lumière du travail institutionnel et du type d’agence mobilisés par ces acteurs. Les académiques gagneraient alors et notamment à développer une agentivité projective ainsi qu’à diversifier leurs lieux de support afin de rendre moins difficile leur expérience identitaire managériale. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de cette thèse cherche à répertorier les formes d’engagement étudiant face à l’émergence croissante d’un mouvement. À partir d’une analyse inductive générale, ce chapitre souhaite mieux comprendre l’expérience individuelle d’engagement étudiant et ainsi à rendre compte de la manière dont l’individu représentant étudiant s’engage et agit au sein de son engagement en contexte de changement émergent. Les représentants étudiants ne semblent pas alors se rejoindre dans leur engagement, ce dont témoignent les activités de grassroots leadership qui sont mobilisés par ces individus en réponse à l’émergence d’un changement. / Since the creation of a welfare state at the end of World War II, going through the rationalization trends of the 80's and more recently the emergence of technological innovation and new forms of knowledge production and dissemination, the university has been at the center of numerous debates concerning its mission and its role within society. In response to these discussions and questions reflecting the social and economic environment in which this institution operates, the university was led to introduce changes in the forms of knowledge production as well as the status and role of its main internal (administrators, academics, students) and external (governments, companies) stakeholders in the process of these changes. The goal for the university is to put itself in a leading position in societies in which economic performance is increasingly dependent on knowledge and education. However, little research has focused on reporting, through an integrated approach based on macro, meso and micro levels of analysis, the main mutations that have marked and mark even more the university nowadays. Trying to remedy this weakness, this thesis aims to deal with the main transformations the institution has experienced, on a triple plan that integrates the context, content and process of change. The first article of this thesis aims to determine whether the university as a pluralist organization is able to evolve towards a post-bureaucratic configuration. By a discourse analysis of four meta-actors of three key moments of change that marked the Québec university, this article wishes to highlight that the university has evolved by sedimentation in its configuration, based on a fragile consensus on a difficult cohabitation between social democratic values versus rationalization ones. In this context, the evolution towards a postbureaucratic configuration would require actions in response to this strategic ambiguity, particularly those initiated by teachers and administrators. It would also require as well a new actor that is the industry, without however challenging the already existing consensus. The second article of this thesis attempts to account for the way in which academic identity is defined in reaction to a neo-liberal orientation of the university. Based on a meta-synthesis of 19 qualitative and empirical articles that investigated the impacts of New Public Management and managerialism on the identity of the members of the academic staff of universities, this article tries to highlight how these individuals define / redefine their identity V in light of institutional work and the type of agency mobilized by these actors. Academics then would particularly benefit from developing a projective agency and diversifying their places of support in order to make their managerial identity experience less difficult. Finally, the third chapter of this thesis seeks to make an inventory of the forms of student engagement in the face of the growing emergence of a movement. Based on a general inductive analysis, this chapter attempts to understand better the individual experience of student engagement. Thus, it seeks to give an account of the way in which the individual student representative engages and acts within his engagement in a context of emergent change. Student representatives do not seem to meet in their engagement, as evidenced by the grassroots leadership activities that are mobilized by these individuals in response to the emergence of change.

Thesis (PhD (School of Public Management and Planning))—-Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The aim of the study is to develop an appropriate Organisational Development (OD) approach to optimise the capacity of Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) and promote Community and Civil Society Development. The following research question is examined: In what ways can OD be a suitable approach to build the capacity of CBOs and thus have an impact on Community and Civil Society Development? The study is motivated by current development challenges in South Africa1 and the role civil society can play to represent citizens’ interests in relation to state and market2. As part of civil society, CBOs are generally recognised as pivotal stakeholders in the South African development context3, but are in reality marginalised and unable to assert themselves in the development sector. Furthermore Development Theory shows that theorists have in the recent past increasingly advocated for ‘democratisation of development’, enabling previously marginalised people to participate in development processes and therefore gain power over these. Although not widely practised reality yet, ‘People centred’ and ‘Participatory development’ as bottom-up and endogenous versions of development are being promoted as sustainable development paradigms. They emphasise the importance of building capacity of civil-society organisations4. OD as an approach to development and capacity building collaborates with the goals of a people centred development and the strengthening of civil society organisations, and is “in line with several participative approaches to development”5. It is, however, relevant to cultivate a “new development practitioner”, who is competent to facilitate capacity-building processes, which will meaningfully impact at the grassroots level6. The study is guided by a postmodern philosophy and stems from a phenomenological as well as transformative approach by applying a Goethean phenomenology, Action Research, Grounded Theory, Complexity Theory and various qualitative research methodologies, such as case study work with three CBOs; and semi-structured interviews with CBOs, community leaders, OD practitioners and academics. Furthermore the research includes a sociological examination of the current development context and paradigms, and their impact in post Apartheid South Africa. During the research, findings were engaged with by a discussion forum. The research findings included the discussion of themes, which emerged through the Grounded Theory approach: ∗ CBO capacity, by examining how capacity is interpreted at a CBO level in relation to inherent capacities; ∗ Leadership, and the role of pioneer leaders in CBOs; and ∗ Relationships, within CBOs as well as with their broader environment. These themes were understood as relevant when aiming to develop CBO capacity as well as engaging with the broader capacity development sector. Further, principles and approaches for OD at a CBO level are proposed, which are ultimately related through their view of organisations as complex social systems, their emphasis on learning, and the critical examination of power asymmetries. It is intended that this study contributes to development practice concerning CBO development within and beyond South Africa. Ultimately the study aims to influence current development paradigms and contribute to an enabling development context and the building of a strong and proactive civil society.

La gestion des connaissances, fortement facilitée par l’introduction des TIC, est perçue au niveau de l’organisation comme un moyen de gérer au mieux son capital intellectuel. La connaissance étant devenue à la fois un support et un facteur important du changement organisationnel, l’intérêt des TIC se situe dans la possibilité de générer une importante base de connaissances interactive et facilement accessible et exploitable par les utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’étudier l’adoption de la gestion des connaissances comme une nouvelle approche pour la gestion des organisations en Algérie. Nous orientons notre problématique vers la création de valeur organisationnelle, qui a pour conséquence l’amélioration de la performance. La spécificité de notre objet de recherche est abordée à travers une méthodologie qualitative. L’originalité de ce travail se trouve dans la prise en compte de deux niveaux d’analyse : le niveau global et le niveau des organisations. Pour étudier le niveau global, nous nous inscrivons dans une démarche de compréhension de l’application d’une stratégie de gestion des connaissances à un projet de gouvernance électronique en Algérie. Le niveau des organisations est étudié à travers une étude de cas multiple destinée à rechercher des régularités, des divergences et des convergences entre les éléments des différents cas étudiés. L’objectif de cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans un cadre d’analyse multidimensionnel et reste essentiellement exploratoire, est de comprendre etd’expliquer les relations qualitatives qui régissent le phénomène que nous étudions. / Knowledge management, which is very simplified by the IT introduction, is seen in the organisation as a means for the best management of the intellectual capital. As knowledge has become both a support and an important factor of the organisational change, the IT’s interest lies in the capacity of generating an important interactive base of knowledge which is easy to access and to exploit. In this thesis, we study the adoption of knowledge management as a new approach for the management of organisations in Algeria. Our problematic is turned towards the organisational value creation, which results in performance improvement. The specificity of our research’s object is dealt through a qualitative methodology. The originality of this work is to take into account two analysis levels: the global level and the organisations level. To study the global level, we lead an approach to understanding the application of a strategy of knowledge management in an electronic governance project in Algeria. We study the organisations level through a multi-case study, to look for regularities, divergences and convergences between the elements of the different studied cases. The objective of this research, which is essentially exploratory, lies within the framework multidimensional analysis to understand and explain the qualitative relations which characterize the phenomenon we are studying.

Les organisations et arrangements régionaux de gestion des pêches, qui composent les régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches, se sont progressivement imposés au cours des dernières décennies comme les mécanismes clés de la gouvernance des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Leur rôle est d'assurer, notamment à travers l'allocation de quotas de pêche à leurs parties contractantes, mais également à travers l'adoption de mesures techniques, de contrôle et de mise en oeuvre, l'exploitation durable et la conservation des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer. Or pour que les règlementations adoptées dans le cadre de ces régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches soient le plus efficaces possible, il est souhaitable qu'elles ne soient pas remises en cause par des activités de pêche contraires, comme celles que peuvent mener les tiers à ces régimes. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est alors d'analyser la portée et le cadre juridique de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard de ces tiers. Différents aspects de l'opposabilité des régimes régionaux de gestion des pêches à l'égard des tiers sont analysés, tout comme sa compatibilité avec le droit international, et notamment avec le principe de pacta tertiis. Pour ce faire, cette recherche s'intéresse entre autres, à l'évolution des mécanismes de gestion des ressources halieutiques de la haute mer, au rôle joué par les instruments universels contraignants et non contraignants, à l'opposabilité des dispositions relatives aux tiers contenues dans les conventions régionales de gestion des pêches, à l'opposabilité des organisations régionales de gestion des pêches et de leur droit dérivé ou encore au comportement des tiers en réaction aux mesures de dissuasion et de contrôle adoptées à leur encontre suite aux activités de pêche des navires battant leur pavillon, qui sont désormais considérées comme une forme de pêche illicite, non déclarée et non réglementée (INN). Enfin, il est également question de tenter d'identifier, si au regard des récentes pratiques des tiers concernés, de nouvelles règles coutumières semblent émerger en ce qui concerne le devoir de coopération à la conservation et à la gestion des ressources halieutiques hauturières. / Over the past decades, regional fisheries management organisations and arrangements, which constitute regional fisheries management regimes, have gradually emerged as key mechanisms to the governance of high seas fishery resources. Their role is to ensure, through the allocation of fishing quotas to their contracting parties, as well as the adoption of technical, control and enforcement measures, the sustainable exploitation and conservation of high seas fishery resources. However, in order to ensure the effectiveness of these regulations, fishing activities, such as third party activities, shall not undermine them. The main objective of this research is therefore to analyse the scope and the legal framework of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties. Different aspects of the opposability of regional fisheries management regimes to third parties will be analysed, as well as its compatibility with international law, such as the pacta tertiis principle. This research therefore explores, inter alia, the evolution of high seas fisheries management mechanisms, the role of binding and non-binding universal instruments, the opposability of provisions relating to third party contained in regional fisheries management conventions, the opposability of regional fisheries management organisations and their normative power; as well as third party behaviour in reaction to measures implemented against them to deter and control the activities of vessels flying their flag, which can be considered as a form of illegal, undeclared and unregulated fishing (IUU). Finally this research also seeks to identify, if in the light of recent third party practices, we can identify the emergence of new customary rules concerning the duty to cooperate in the conservation and management of high seas fishery resources.

[No abstract supplied]

The Australian business environment has been changing at an ever-increasing pace since the mid-1980s. Technological, economic and social changes have altered the working environment. There have been constant technological advances with information technology influencing most categories of work. Organisations in public and private sectors have ongoing expectations of increased productivity, increased quality of processes and swifter responsiveness to clients. Team roles have changed. Team members are multi-skilled and work is designed to emphasise the whole task. The Karpin Industry Task Force described a vision for an Australian business environment that would, by 2014, be one with a flexible, skilled and motivated workforce, world class managers, a customer comes first mentality, and an internationally competitive perspective. These characteristics are congruent with those of learning organisations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of groupware as the supporting infrastructure for a learning organisation. To do this, the study assesses the use of technology to support personal and team learning in a learning organisation, studies the impact of groupware on learning within workgroups, determines the extent to which communication and learning styles influence its effectiveness, and identifies ways in which groupware can be used to capture the information used to support knowledge management in an organisation. Two case studies are used to undertake this assessment. Three distinct yet related frameworks underpin this study. The first is that of Groupware and the related research frameworks of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). The second is the Learning Organisation and its supporting disciplines. The final framework is that of learning and the action-oriented learning processes. Each is examined and the interrelatedness of the frameworks is explored. The journey to produce this written material has been one of twists and turns, blind alleys and blinding revelations, observation and reflection. My choice of techniques has been eclectic, reflecting the breadth of theoretical material covered.

<p>Scandinavian countries are usually assumed to be less disposed than other countries to involve associations as welfare producers. They are assumed to be so disinclined due to their strong statutory welfare involvement, which “crowds-out” associational welfare production; their ethnic, cultural and religious homogeneity, which leads to a lack of minority interests in associational welfare production; and to their strong working-class organisations, which are supposed to prefer statutory welfare solutions. These assumptions are questioned here, because they cannot account for salient associational welfare production in the welfare areas of housing and child-care in two Scandinavian countries, Sweden and Norway.</p><p>In order to approach an explanation for the phenomena of associational welfare production in Sweden and Norway, some refinements of current theories are suggested. First, it is argued that welfare associations usually depend on statutory support in order to produce welfare on a salient level. Second, it is supposed that any form of particularistic interest in welfare production, not only ethnic, cultural or religious minority interests, can lead to associational welfare.</p><p>With respect to these assumptions, this thesis supposes that political parties are organisations that, on one hand, influence statutory decisions regarding associational welfare production, and, on the other hand, pursue particularistic interests in associational welfare production. It is hypothesised that political parties attempt to mould statutory decisions on associational welfare provision in accordance with the interests of associations with “congruent constituencies.”</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to examine whether political party preferences for certain welfare associations might help to explain variations in statutory support for associational welfare provision. Two questions are raised: First, do parties differ in their attempts to influence statutory subventions and regulations of associational welfare provision, resulting in more or less favourable conditions for associational welfare? Second, do parties systematically differ in their policies with regard to more or less “congruent” associations?</p><p>In order to investigate these questions, a comparison is made between political parties’ attempts to influence statutory regulation and subvention of Norwegian and Swedish associations active in the areas of day-care and housing. For this purpose, information is drawn from public documents and official statistics in order to identify more or less favourable policies and related partisan policies. In addition, supportive parties and favoured associations are compared with regard to their “constituencies.”</p><p>The findings partly support the hypothesis. Although political parties partly pursued consensually association-friendly policies, they often varied their support for welfare associations, whereby both right-wing and left-wing parties partly advocated and partly rejected association-friendly policies in a conflicting way, resulting in varied degrees of statutory support. Furthermore, supportive parties shared “congruent constituencies” with those associations supported by respective parties’ policies. These findings indicate that partisan policies indeed make a difference for associational welfare production, whereby parties of any political colour can support associational solutions. Furthermore, partisan policies vary according to the involved associations’ more or less “congruent constituencies,” which can pursue welfare production out of various particularistic interests, be they religious-cultural or socio-economic in nature.</p>

Scandinavian countries are usually assumed to be less disposed than other countries to involve associations as welfare producers. They are assumed to be so disinclined due to their strong statutory welfare involvement, which “crowds-out” associational welfare production; their ethnic, cultural and religious homogeneity, which leads to a lack of minority interests in associational welfare production; and to their strong working-class organisations, which are supposed to prefer statutory welfare solutions. These assumptions are questioned here, because they cannot account for salient associational welfare production in the welfare areas of housing and child-care in two Scandinavian countries, Sweden and Norway. In order to approach an explanation for the phenomena of associational welfare production in Sweden and Norway, some refinements of current theories are suggested. First, it is argued that welfare associations usually depend on statutory support in order to produce welfare on a salient level. Second, it is supposed that any form of particularistic interest in welfare production, not only ethnic, cultural or religious minority interests, can lead to associational welfare. With respect to these assumptions, this thesis supposes that political parties are organisations that, on one hand, influence statutory decisions regarding associational welfare production, and, on the other hand, pursue particularistic interests in associational welfare production. It is hypothesised that political parties attempt to mould statutory decisions on associational welfare provision in accordance with the interests of associations with “congruent constituencies.” The aim of this thesis is to examine whether political party preferences for certain welfare associations might help to explain variations in statutory support for associational welfare provision. Two questions are raised: First, do parties differ in their attempts to influence statutory subventions and regulations of associational welfare provision, resulting in more or less favourable conditions for associational welfare? Second, do parties systematically differ in their policies with regard to more or less “congruent” associations? In order to investigate these questions, a comparison is made between political parties’ attempts to influence statutory regulation and subvention of Norwegian and Swedish associations active in the areas of day-care and housing. For this purpose, information is drawn from public documents and official statistics in order to identify more or less favourable policies and related partisan policies. In addition, supportive parties and favoured associations are compared with regard to their “constituencies.” The findings partly support the hypothesis. Although political parties partly pursued consensually association-friendly policies, they often varied their support for welfare associations, whereby both right-wing and left-wing parties partly advocated and partly rejected association-friendly policies in a conflicting way, resulting in varied degrees of statutory support. Furthermore, supportive parties shared “congruent constituencies” with those associations supported by respective parties’ policies. These findings indicate that partisan policies indeed make a difference for associational welfare production, whereby parties of any political colour can support associational solutions. Furthermore, partisan policies vary according to the involved associations’ more or less “congruent constituencies,” which can pursue welfare production out of various particularistic interests, be they religious-cultural or socio-economic in nature.

Alors qu’une majorité de travaux se concentre sur les mécanismes de contrôle ainsi que l’éthique autour des pratiques managériales, peu d’études empiriques s’intéressent à l’apparition, l’efficacité ou l’adéquation de ces mécanismes dans le contexte dans lequel ils s’appliquent. Nous avons mené notre étude sur le cas particulier du secteur du cuir en Éthiopie afin de comprendre comment naissent les mécanismes de gouvernance et leur influence dans la performance des entreprises. La thèse a donc pour objectif la mise en évidence et l’analyse des mécanismes de gouvernance sur un territoire spécifique en se concentrant sur les employés. Si les employés sont une partie prenante de l’entreprise, alors leur prise en compte dans les mécanismes de gouvernance doit influer sur la performance de l’entreprise. Se posent alors les problèmes de qualification de la performance, des modalités de cette prise en compte et de l’évaluation de ses effets, ainsi que leur inclusion dans un contexte culturel conçu dans sa profondeur historique. / While a majority of the work focuses on the control mechanisms and the ethics around management practices, few empirical studies focus on the emergence, effectiveness or appropriateness of these mechanisms in the context in which they apply. We conducted our study on the specific case of the leather sector in Ethiopia to understand how governance mechanisms are born and what their influence on business performance is. The thesis objective is thus the identification and analysis of governance mechanisms in a specific territory by focusing on employees. If employees are an integral part of the business, their inclusion in the governance mechanisms should influence the company's performance. This raises the issue on how to qualify performance, the terms of employees’ consideration, the evaluation of its effects and their inclusion in a cultural context conceived in its historical depth.

The aim of this thesis is to explore current issues of corporate governance with main focus on sport governance. In the theoretical part is described current level of knowledge in this area. On the basis of extensive questioning research are analyzed approaches to administration and management of sport organisations in the Czech Republic. Results of this thesis show current trends and bring new findings in the area of sport governance.