A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in 33% fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Management (in the field of Security) 23 March 2016 / The manifestation of terrorism on the African continent has increasingly become a major emerging and evolving security concern. Based on the number of incidents happening on the continent, it is evident that the approach in addressing this phenomenon needs to be rethought, restrategised and redesigned in order to maximise the effect of current counter interventions by different organisations. At the centre of terrorism is the financing thereof. The bulk of this study will focus on the financing of terrorism and how the United Nations Security Council respond to it focussing on North, West and East Africa. Results should not just address the challenges of the current environment, but should be able to stand the test of time and ensure that these horrific activities do not re-occur. In order to reach this stage, it is critical that all role-players, stakeholders and organisations work together to ensure that the crisis is addressed in the most effective way, but also, critically, managed under the umbrella of an organisation that has the capability, resources, capacity and leadership to intervene in these situations successfully. The United Nations Security Council is the one organisation that can fulfil this role. / MB2016

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<p>Stress är en riskfaktor för hälsan och blir allt vanligare i de yngre befolkningsgrupperna. Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att beskriva skolsköterskors, mentorers, lärare och kuratorers uppfattningar av stressförekomst bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta. Studien var baserad på en enkätundersökning. Resultatet som framkom var att deltagarna uppfattade att ungdomarna var stressade. Skolan tolkades som den största stressfaktorn. Huvudvärk ansågs vara det vanligaste symtomet. Åtgärder som föreslogs för att hantera stress var, att ungdomarna behövde hjälp att planera och prioritera sitt skolarbete. Ett ökat stöd hemifrån samt hjälp att begränsa fritidsaktiviteter och en ökad samverkan mellan lärare ansågs även vara viktigt. Slutsatsen blev att stress bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta förekom. Insatser inom skolans organisation angående stressprevention bör ge redskap och kunskap till ungdomar om stresshantering. För att kunna öka möjligheten till en bättre hälsa bland ungdomar ansåg vi att samverkan var ett område att studera närmare.</p> / <p>Stress is a risk factor for the health and becomes all the more common in the younger groups of the population. The aim with the work in question was to describe school nurses’, mentors’, teachers’ and school welfare officers’ views of stress occurrence among youths in eighth grade. The study was based on an opinion poll. The result showed that the participants considered the young people as being stressed. School was looked upon as the largest stress factor. Headache was considered as the most common symptom. Measures proposed to handle stress were that the young people needed help to plan and prioritize their school work. An increased support from home and help to limit leisure-time activities and an increased cooperation between teachers were also regarded as important. The conclusion was that stress among youths in eighth grade occurred. Initiatives within the organization of school concerning stress prevention should give tools and knowledge to young people about stress handling. In order to increase the possibility for a better health among young people we were of the opinion that cooperation was one area to study closer.</p>

<p>Fetman i Sverige har under de senaste två decennierna ökat kraftigt. Till följd av detta är hälsokostnaderna relaterat till fetma ansenliga och förväntas öka ytterligare om ingenting görs åt problemet. I denna studie studeras prevention och gastric bypass som alternativa behandlingsmetoder mot fetma sett ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Tre hypotetiska kohorter utvecklas; status quo, effektiv prevention i ungdomsåren samt individer som utvecklar svår fetma opereras med gastric bypass. Dessa kohorter följs under åldern 20-64 år där kostnader och effekter observeras med hjälp av en beslutsträdsmodell. Både gastric bypass och prevention påvisas vara kostnadseffektiva behandlingsmetoder mot fetma. Gastric Bypass visas vara mer effektiv än en studerad befolkningsinriktad preventionsåtgärd. Slutligen påvisas att effektiva högriskpreventioner kan bidra med en högre samhällsnytta än gastric bypass operationer.</p><p> </p><p>Nyckelord: Fetma, Gastric Bypass, Prevention</p><p> </p> / <p>The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly the past two decades. As a consequence the health expenditures related to obesity are high and are expected to increase if nothing is done.</p><p>The objective of this thesis was to study whether prevention in early years or gastric bypass is the preference from a societal perspective as an intervention to obesity. I develop three hypothetical cohorts; status quo, effective prevention in early years and people whom develop obesity have gastric bypass surgery. The cohorts are followed from age 20 to age 64 where costs and effects are observed using a decision tree model. The results were that both gastric bypass and prevention in early years are found to be cost-effective treatments to obesity. Gastric bypass is found being more effective than a studied population-based prevention. Effective high-risk preventive methods can contribute to a higher benefit to society than a gastric bypass surgery.</p><p> </p><p>Keyword: Obesity, Gastric Bypass, Prevention</p><p> </p>

Fetman i Sverige har under de senaste två decennierna ökat kraftigt. Till följd av detta är hälsokostnaderna relaterat till fetma ansenliga och förväntas öka ytterligare om ingenting görs åt problemet. I denna studie studeras prevention och gastric bypass som alternativa behandlingsmetoder mot fetma sett ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Tre hypotetiska kohorter utvecklas; status quo, effektiv prevention i ungdomsåren samt individer som utvecklar svår fetma opereras med gastric bypass. Dessa kohorter följs under åldern 20-64 år där kostnader och effekter observeras med hjälp av en beslutsträdsmodell. Både gastric bypass och prevention påvisas vara kostnadseffektiva behandlingsmetoder mot fetma. Gastric Bypass visas vara mer effektiv än en studerad befolkningsinriktad preventionsåtgärd. Slutligen påvisas att effektiva högriskpreventioner kan bidra med en högre samhällsnytta än gastric bypass operationer.   Nyckelord: Fetma, Gastric Bypass, Prevention / The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly the past two decades. As a consequence the health expenditures related to obesity are high and are expected to increase if nothing is done. The objective of this thesis was to study whether prevention in early years or gastric bypass is the preference from a societal perspective as an intervention to obesity. I develop three hypothetical cohorts; status quo, effective prevention in early years and people whom develop obesity have gastric bypass surgery. The cohorts are followed from age 20 to age 64 where costs and effects are observed using a decision tree model. The results were that both gastric bypass and prevention in early years are found to be cost-effective treatments to obesity. Gastric bypass is found being more effective than a studied population-based prevention. Effective high-risk preventive methods can contribute to a higher benefit to society than a gastric bypass surgery.   Keyword: Obesity, Gastric Bypass, Prevention

Stress är en riskfaktor för hälsan och blir allt vanligare i de yngre befolkningsgrupperna. Syftet med föreliggande arbete var att beskriva skolsköterskors, mentorers, lärare och kuratorers uppfattningar av stressförekomst bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta. Studien var baserad på en enkätundersökning. Resultatet som framkom var att deltagarna uppfattade att ungdomarna var stressade. Skolan tolkades som den största stressfaktorn. Huvudvärk ansågs vara det vanligaste symtomet. Åtgärder som föreslogs för att hantera stress var, att ungdomarna behövde hjälp att planera och prioritera sitt skolarbete. Ett ökat stöd hemifrån samt hjälp att begränsa fritidsaktiviteter och en ökad samverkan mellan lärare ansågs även vara viktigt. Slutsatsen blev att stress bland ungdomar i årskurs åtta förekom. Insatser inom skolans organisation angående stressprevention bör ge redskap och kunskap till ungdomar om stresshantering. För att kunna öka möjligheten till en bättre hälsa bland ungdomar ansåg vi att samverkan var ett område att studera närmare. / Stress is a risk factor for the health and becomes all the more common in the younger groups of the population. The aim with the work in question was to describe school nurses’, mentors’, teachers’ and school welfare officers’ views of stress occurrence among youths in eighth grade. The study was based on an opinion poll. The result showed that the participants considered the young people as being stressed. School was looked upon as the largest stress factor. Headache was considered as the most common symptom. Measures proposed to handle stress were that the young people needed help to plan and prioritize their school work. An increased support from home and help to limit leisure-time activities and an increased cooperation between teachers were also regarded as important. The conclusion was that stress among youths in eighth grade occurred. Initiatives within the organization of school concerning stress prevention should give tools and knowledge to young people about stress handling. In order to increase the possibility for a better health among young people we were of the opinion that cooperation was one area to study closer.

In exploring current responses to crime, particularly youth involvement in gangs, this thesis examines two approaches: Crime Prevention through Social Development (CPSD) and risk-based prevention. The former is associated with the provision of socially-designed measures to address and eliminate the risk factor associated with persistent offending. The latter, however, refers to the implementation of risk management and statistical assessment to manage the risk factor associated with persistent offending. In light of these two approaches, this thesis examines a debate which purported that crime prevention practices has wholly shifted away from an emphasis on CPSD towards risk-based prevention. This thesis also examines the opposing debate which explains that CPSD and risk-based prevention have emerged into a balanced approach. Taking into account 19 youth gang prevention projects in Canada, the above debates are investigated. Drawing from the analysed project, this thesis concludes that, the crime prevention practices of the analyzed projects significantly rely on risk-based prevention. As a result, the approaches of CPSD still exist in rhetoric and in practice however, its influence on crime prevention initiatives is very limited. Hence, current approaches neither reflect a total shift away from CPSD nor a balanced approach.

Obstipation är ett vanligt omvårdnadsproblemsom påverkar patientens livskvalitet negativt. Obstipation orsakar ett lidande hos patienten och kan dessutom leda till komplikationer. Syftet med studien var att beskriva möjligheterna för prevention och kurativ behandling hos vuxna patienter med obstipation. Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie, vetenskapliga artiklar bearbetades och granskades. Tjugoen artiklar påvisade god och medelgod vetenskaplig kvalitet och stämde överens med syftet, dessa användes i resultatet. I resultatet framkom att laxantia är lämpat som korttidsbehandling och att det finns andra metoder än laxantia som ger bättre effekt vid en långtidsbehandling. Kosten är en stor del i både prevention och behandling av obstipation, då en stor påverkan på tarmen har noterats. Om en behandling misstänks leda till obstipation bör en förebyggande åtgärd mot detta ordineras, innan obstipation är ett faktum. Nya läkemedels- substanser är framtagna och god effekt har observerats vid användning av dessa. Sjuksköterskan bör ha en fördjupad kunskap om problemet och hur det kan förebyggas och behandlas. Laxantia används allt för ofta inom sjukvården, mer kunskap om andra alternativ bör introduceras redan i sjuksköterskeutbildningen. / Constipation is a common nursing problem that negatively affects a patient's quality of life. It causes suffering and can lead to complications for the patient. The aim of this study was to describe the possibilities for prevention, and curative treatments for constipation in adults. This study was conducted as a literature review; research articles were read, processed and examined. Twenty one articles were found to provide information pertinent to the study and these were used to formulate the result. What the articles showed, is that in the short term, laxatives are a suitable treatment, whereas in the long term, there are more effective treatments for constipation than laxatives. Diet, and the way it affects the intestine, plays a big part in both the prevention and treatment of constipation. If clinical treatments are suspected of causing constipation, then preventative measures must be taken to avoid onset of the condition. New drugs have been developed and successfully used to this end. Nurses should have a deeper understanding of the problem and how it can be prevented and treated. Laxatives are seen as the first option far too often and alternatives to these should be part of nurses' education.

Bakgrund: Prevalensen av övervikt och fetma hos barn har ökat över hela världen de senaste årtionden. Primroseprojektet är ett forskningsprojekt som studerar möjligheten att förebygga barnfetma genom föräldrasamtal på barnavårdscentralen (BVC). Sjuksköterskans compliance till den interventionsmanual som används förväntas vara viktigt för resultatet. Syfte: Att inom ramen för Primroseprojektet bedöma hur föräldrar och BVC sjuksköterskor, i samband med att barnet genomgår hälsoundersökning vid tolv månaders ålder på barnavårdscentralen, följt Primrosemanualens instruktioner. Metod : Matdagbok och målformuleringsblad granskades utifrån om de var ifyllda enligt manualens instruktioner . Målformuleringsbladet poängsattes också utifrån den detaljnivå målen var formulerade. Resultat: Nästan 75 procent av de inkomna matdagböckerna var ifyllda på ett korrekt sätt. Resultatet av poängbedömningen av målformuleringsbladen visade att sjuksköterskan tillsammans med föräldern inte hade formulerat detaljerade mål i den omfattning som var önskvärd. Slutsats: Instruktionerna för hur matdagböckerna skulle fyllas i var tydliga. Den låga graden av detaljerade mål tror författarna beror på en bristande överensstämmelse mellan hur instruktionerna till sjuksköterskan var formulerade och de kriterier som skulle vara uppfyllda för att få poäng. / Background: The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased worldwide during the last few decades. The Primrose project studies the potential to prevent child obesity by parental consultation at a child health centre. It is critical that the health visitor complies with the instruction manual for any intervention. Aim : Within the framework of the Primrose project, evaluate to what extent health visitors and parents have followed the instructions in the Primrose manual, during a health control at the age of twelve months. Method: The food diary and the goal formulation sheet were studied in order to evaluate whether they had been completed according to the manual. The latter was graded using a recommended point system related to the level of detail the goals were formulated. Result: Nearly 75% of the food diaries were completed in a correct manner. The evaluation of the points derived from the goal formulation sheets indicates that the health visitor, together with the parents, had not been able to formulate the goals in sufficient detail. Conclusion: The instructions for the completion of the food diaries are clear. The authors consider that the unsatisfactory result with the level of detail the goals were formulated is caused by the lack of agreement between the way the instructions were presented and the demands of the criteria that steer the point system.

Objective: To study the evidence on physical activity (PA) as an effective preventive strategy for depression. Methods: A search of electronic databases was performed for articles between 2007 and 2012, both original research and review articles, concerning the link between PA and depression on children, youth and adults. Three reviews, five longitudinal and two cross sectional studies were included. Results:  PA reduced the likelihood of depression in many studies and a sedentary or inactive lifestyle increased the risks for mental health symptoms such as depression. One study showed that low PA in childhood increased the odds of depression as an adult and other studies on teenagers saw a connection and mediation between PA and self-esteem whereas physical fitness showed no mediating effect. Many of the studies and reviews point out the insecurity regarding the dose-response association and the difficulties in defining causality. Conclusion: PA might have a preventive effect on depression. Some evidence exist to support that PA in childhood prevents depression in adults. The complex mechanism and causality need further attention and quality research is needed to determine the nature of the relationship and to verify the effectiveness of preventive programs. / Syfte: Att se huruvida belägg finns för fysisk aktivitet som effektiv förebyggande strategi mot depression. Metod: Sökning i elektroniska databaser gjordes efter både studier och litteraturgranskningar publicerade mellan 2007 och 2012 med avseende på kopplingen mellan fysisk aktivitet och depression hos barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Tre litteraturgranskningar, fem longitudinella och två tvärsnittsstudier inkluderades. Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet reducerade sannolikheten för att utveckla depression i många av de populationer som studerades och stillasittande eller inaktivt liv ökade risken för mental ohälsa såsom depression. En studie visade att låg fysisk aktivitet i barndomen ökade oddsen för depression som vuxen och andra studier såg en koppling och medlande funktion hos fysisk aktivitet och självkänsla hos tonåringar emedan fysisk kondition inte såg ha någon medlande effekt. Emellertid pekar många av författarna på en osäkerhet gällande dos-responssamband samt svårigheter i att bestämma kausalitet. Slutsatser: Fysisk aktivitet kan ha preventiv effekt mot depression. Viss evidens finns för att den i barndomen kan verka förebyggande mot depression i vuxen ålder. De komplexa sambanden och kausaliteten bör utforskas vidare och studier av hög kvalitet behövs för att bestämma orsaker och samband samt preventiva insatsers effektivitet.