Bakgrund: Trycksår uppkommer efter ett långvarigt tryck mot huden som leder till en syrebrist i vävnaden. Patienter som drabbad av trycksår i vården är ofta rullstolsburna eller sängliggande på grund av sjukdom eller smärta. Trycksår innebär ett stort lidande för patienten och det vardagliga livet påverkas i den mån att patienten isolerar sig och läkningsprocessen är lång och upplevs smärtsam. Utöver stort lidande för patienten innebär trycksår stora kostnader för sjukvården och samhället. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva omvårdnadsåtgärder i sjuksköterskans arbete gällande trycksårsprevention. Samt beskriva urvalsmetoden i de inkluderade artiklarna. Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. Artiklar söktes i Cinahl och PubMed mellan 2012-2017. Det slutgiltiga resultatet baserades på 11 artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet utformades efter tre underrubriker: 1) Tryckavlastande hjälpmedel: Åtgärder och material i omvårdnaden minimerar risken att uppkomsten av trycksår sker. Den dagliga preventiva omvårdnaden och olika luftmadrasser visade på bäst effekt. 2) Riskbedömning: Användandet av olika riskbedömningsinstrument i det dagliga arbetet minskade risken för trycksårsuppkomster. Det framkom att det bäst lämpade bedömningsinstrumentet var RAPS. Genom utbildning kunde sjuksköterskorna öka sin kunskap gällande identifiering och klassificering av trycksår. 3) Lägesändringar: Resultatet visade att 30 graders vinkling i en liggande position var bäst för att avlasta områden som lätt drabbas av trycksår. Metodologisk aspekt: Urvalsmetoden beskrevs på ett tydligt sätt i 11 av de inkluderade artiklarna. I en artikel var urvalsmetoden mindre tydlig. Slutsats: Litteraturstudien visar på att genom att använda sig av olika omvårdnadsåtgärder så som tryckavlastande hjälpmedel, riskbedömningar samt lägesändringar kan sjuksköterskan i sitt preventiva arbete minska uppkomsten av trycksår. / Background: Pressure ulcers occur after prolonged pressure against the skin which leads to an acid deficiency in the tissue. Patients who suffered from pressure ulcers in the ward are often wheelchair-borne or bedridden due to illness or pain. Pressure ulcers are a major disorder for the patient and everyday life is affected insofar as the patient isolates and the healing process is long and painful. In addition to suffering for the patient, pressure ulcers involve high costs for the healthcare and society. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to describe nursing measures in the nursing work regarding pressure ulcers prevention. As well as describe the sampling method in the included articles. Method: Descriptive literature study. Articles were searched in Cinahl and PubMed between 2012-2017. The final result was based on 12 articles. Findings: The result was designed according to three subheadings: 1) Pressure relief devices: Measures and materials in nursing minimize the risk of the occurrence of pressure ulcers. The daily preventive care and different air mattresses showed the best effect. 2) Risk assessment: The use of different risk assessment tools in daily work reduced the risk of pressure ulcer. It was found that the most suitable assessment tool was Raps. Through education, nurses could increase their knowledge regarding the identification and classification of pressure ulcers. 3) Position changes: The result showed that 30 degrees angulation in a lying position was best for relieving areas easily affected by pressure ulcers. Methodological aspect: The selection method was described clearly in 11 of the included articles. In one article, the selection method was less clear. Conclusion: The literature study shows that by using various care measures such as pressure relief devices, risk assessments and changes in position, the nurse in his preventive work can reduce the appearance of pressure ulcers.

The topic of my diploma thesis is "Prevention of damage". The introduction of the thesis examines prevention of damage in general, main principles and history of prevention in civil law. It is followed by a comparison between the ways this issue is treated in the previous Act No. 40/1964 Sb., the Civil Code, and the current Act No. 89/2012 Sb., the Civil Code. The main part of my thesis is subsequently focused on the ways prevention of damage is treated in Act No. 89/2012 Sb., the Civil Code. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part contains an introduction to the prevention of damage, it looks into the theoretical definition of terms, selected principles of prevention of damage (which originate from Roman law) and then an outline of historical development of the prevention of damage in the civil codes in the territory of the Czech and Czechoslovak Republic. The second part analyses prevention of damage in Act No. 89/2012 Sb., the Civil Code. This part contains six chapters, which follow the structure set out in Act No. 89/2012 Sb., the Civil Code. The first chapter summarises the theoretical view on prevention, the second chapter describes historical development of the prevention of damage. The second part of the thesis is mainly focused on section about General prevention duty, firstly...

8 pp. / By making several simple horse care changes, you can significantly decrease your horse’s risk of exposure to disease. Using the tips below, you may prevent your horse from being exposed to sick horses while away at a show. If your horse were to bring a virus home, proper Biosecurity practices could result in just one sick horse, as opposed to a whole barn full. The intent of this article is to inject a little humor while providing key common sense tips on Biosecurity. Each tip is accompanied by an easy to remember theme and cartoon. These changes seem small but they can make a big difference in protecting the health of your horse. .

M.Ed. / One of the greatest challenges facing the youth of South Africa and that of the rest of the world is HIV/AIDS. As the number of infected teachers and pupils increase, it can be expected that quality education will decrease. At present there seems to be no medical solution to the HIV/AIDS threat. Although different stakeholders are providing means of minimising the spread of the pandemic, HIV still remains a threat to the society. Most of the youth engage in sexual activities while they are still young. If the HIV virus is spread through unprotected sex with an infected person, the need to adopt certain strategies that can assist them to stay safe, becomes essential. This project will focus on different strategies that can be employed to fight and win the battle against HIV/AIDS in secondary schools in the Limpopo Province. / Dr. M.C. Van Loggerenberg

Bakgrund:De senaste årens ökning av barnfetma leder till frågeställningen hur man som sjuksköterska kan arbeta preventionsanpassat tillsammans med obesa barn och dess familjer. Detta gäller både primär, sekundär och tertiärt arbete. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva sjuksköterskors preventionsarbete med obesa barn och deras familjer. Även artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod beskrivs. Metod:En beskrivande litteraturstudie. Databaser som användes var Cinahl samt PubMed. Artiklarna som var 12 till antalet var publicerade mellan åren 2007-2017 och låg till grund för resultatet. Huvudresultat:Sjuksköterskor upplevde att preventionsarbete är viktigt då fetma är ett stort hälsoproblem i världen. I många fall upplevdes bristen på tid, då arbetet skulle kunna utvecklas ännu mer. Ofta användes motiverande samtal för att stärka det positiva och utgöra en grund för respekt och måna om barnets autonomi. Mätinstrument som var vanligt förekommande var BMI. Vikten av av föräldrarengagemang betonas i flertalet artiklar, eftersom resultaten då blir bättre med barnens viktnedgång. Sjuksköterskorna upplever att föräldrarna behöver stöttning och vägledning av med hjälp av dem för att kunna vara ett bra support till barnen. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor behöver mer stöd i att utveckla preventionsarbetet för att minska barnfetma. Detta kan annars bli problem senare i livet och leda till följdsjukdomar i vuxen ålder. / Background: The increase in childhood obesity in recent years leads to the question of how a nurse can work on preventions adapted to obese children and their families. This applies to both primary, secondary and tertiary work Aim: The purpose of this literature study is to describe the nurse's prevention work with obese children and their families. The article's data collection method is also described. Method: A descriptive literature study. Databases used were Cinahl and PubMed. The articles that were 12 to the number published between 2007-2017 and resulted in the result. Main result: Nurses felt that prevention work is important as obesity is a major health problem in the world. In many cases, the lack of time was felt, as the work could develop even more. Often motivational conversations were used to strengthen the positive and provide a basis for respect and mood about the child's autonomy. Measuring instruments that were common were BMI. The importance of parental involvement is emphasized in most articles, as the results then improve with the weight loss of children. Instead, parents need support and guidance from nurses to be a good support for the children. Conclusion: Nurses need more support in developing prevention efforts to reduce childhood obesity. This may otherwise be a problem later in life and lead to adulthood in adulthood.

In exploring current responses to crime, particularly youth involvement in gangs, this thesis examines two approaches: Crime Prevention through Social Development (CPSD) and risk-based prevention. The former is associated with the provision of socially-designed measures to address and eliminate the risk factor associated with persistent offending. The latter, however, refers to the implementation of risk management and statistical assessment to manage the risk factor associated with persistent offending. In light of these two approaches, this thesis examines a debate which purported that crime prevention practices has wholly shifted away from an emphasis on CPSD towards risk-based prevention. This thesis also examines the opposing debate which explains that CPSD and risk-based prevention have emerged into a balanced approach. Taking into account 19 youth gang prevention projects in Canada, the above debates are investigated. Drawing from the analysed project, this thesis concludes that, the crime prevention practices of the analyzed projects significantly rely on risk-based prevention. As a result, the approaches of CPSD still exist in rhetoric and in practice however, its influence on crime prevention initiatives is very limited. Hence, current approaches neither reflect a total shift away from CPSD nor a balanced approach.

A review of the related literature sets the criteria for development and implementation for this violence prevention program. Specifically the project concentrates on needs assessment, project development and implementation, teacher inclusion and in-service, life experiences, long term commitment and incentives. Also included as part of this anti-violence project are teacher surveys, lesson plans, sample schedules, and evaluation forms for needs assessment evaluation.

This study examined how restorative justice programs impact the probability of recidivism among juvenile offenders. It compared juveniles who completed restorative justice programs versus juveniles who were released with warning from the courts. Both groups were compared to determine if restorative justice juveniles outcomes differed based on recidivism. Logistic regression showed that restorative justice programs had statistically significant increased odds of recidivating when compared to juveniles released with a warning. However, when the groups of restorative justice were disaggregated, only the adjudicated juveniles were statistically significant. Survival time analysis showed that restorative justice juveniles have longer survival times of recidivism when compared to juveniles released with a warning. Suggestions for further research and analysis are discussed with respect to the current results.

with Prof. Michele Montavon and Prof. Mary Walsh / Cushing Hall 001

Bakgrund: En av de vanligaste dödsorsakerna bland ungdomar i Sverige är suicid. Den ökade psykiska ohälsan är en vanlig bakomliggande orsak till suicidalitet bland unga. Vårdpersonal upplever ofta en osäkerhet i mötet med unga suicidalapatienter då de, i bemötandet, inte vet hur de ska gå tillväga. Kunskap om riskfaktorer, beteende och förutsägbarhet är viktiga faktorer för att i tid upptäcka ett suicidalt beteende. Syfte: Uppsatsen ska belysa hur vårdpersonal efter utbildning i suicidprevention kan förbättra omhändertagande och bemötande av suicidala ungdomar mellan 15 – 24 år. Metod: Studien är genomförd i form av en litteraturstudie där resultatet baseras på analysen av 10 vetenskapliga artiklar, både kvalitativa och kvantitativa, som noga granskades och bearbetades. Resultat: Resultatet visar att kunskapen om suicid är en viktig faktor för att underlätta vårdpersonalens möte med den unga suicidala patienten och ge en bättre omvårdnad. Det visade även på att attityden förändra på grund av att förståelsen för suicidbenägna patienter ökar.  Flera suicidanal ungdomar fångas upp tidigt då förståelsen för riskbeteendet ökar. Slutsats: Studien visar att ökar kunskapen om suicid prevention och behandling av suicid hos vårdpersonalen så ökar förståelse och attityder mot suicidala ungdomar förbättras. Vårdpersonalen har ett större självförtroende i att vårda suicidala ungdomar när kunskap finns hos vårdare om vad som kan utlösa suicidbeteende samt vilka riskbeteende som finns, vilket ger patienter en bättre vård. Utbildning leder också till förbättrar omhändertagande och bemötande av suicidala ungdomar. Klinisk betydelse: Ökad kunskap om suicid genom utbildning i kombination med att vårda suicidala unga ger en större förståelse för komplexiteten att vårda suicidala ungdomar. / Background: One of the most common causes of death among young people in Sweden is suicide. Mental illness, which is increasing, is a common underlying cause of suicidality among young people. Nurses often experience uncertainty in how to respond to young suicidal patients. Knowledge about risk factors, behavior and predictability are important factors to detection of a suicidal behavior in time Aim: The aim is to highlight how health professionals after suicide prevention can improve the care and treatment of suicidal adolescents between 15 - 24 years. Method: This study was preformed through a qualitative approach by reviewing 10 peer-reviewed articles both qualitative and quantitative. Result: The results show that education aimed at health care professionals regarding suicide is important factor in improving treatment of the suicidal patient. It also showed that the attitude change among health professionals towards suicidal patients. Conclusion: It is of great importance that health care professionals trained in the subject to be able to respond to patients in a professional manner and actively work with prevention in health care. If the health care professionals can see the patient from a holistic approach, and constantly go back and reconsider their view if the patient and their needs it will lead to a more person centered care. Clinical significance: Increased knowledge about suicide through education in combination with caring for young suicidal patients will give a greater understanding of the complexity of caring for suicidal adolescents.