Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objeto do presente estudo consiste nos papéis exercidos pelas instituições formadoras de profissionais de enfermagem, pelo mercado de trabalho e pelas entidades de classe da enfermagem no processo de profissionalização e de construção de sua identidade profissional. Este estudo tem por objetivo reescrever o processo de construção da identidade profissional da enfermagem a partir das discussões travadas pelos profissionais, nas instituições formadoras, acerca de sua especialização, a luz dos fatos sócio-históricos que desencadearam, ao longo do tempo, a passagem de uma enfermagem generalista para outra especialista. O trabalho discute o processo de profissionalização da enfermagem nas instituições formadoras tendo como pano de fundo as idéias clássicas da sociologia das profissões. Para ela, a enfermagem é vista coma uma semiprofissão, uma vez que não possui os quatro atributos fundamentais de uma verdadeira profissão: autonomia, corpo esotérico de conhecimentos, ideal de serviço e monopólio de saber e do fazer. Na tentativa de conquistar estes quatro atributos, ou alguns deles, para, então, ascender ao patamar de profissão, a enfermagem hoje vive um momento de transição na formação de seus profissionais: generalistas (tradicionais) ou especialistas (modernos). Em um outro aspecto, concluímos que, até o momento, o processo de legitimação, ou melhor, de construção social da identidade profissional da enfermagem especializada ainda não se consolidou, ou seja, as instituições formadoras, construtoras sociais do campo profissional da enfermagem, ainda não se definiram pela figura de um só perfil - generalista ou especialista - e, por isso, esta construção ainda encontra-se inacabada.

The diploma thesis will deal with the professional vision of teachers as one of the actual concepts of didactics, given to art education. It is based on the knowledge that professional's thinking does not take place only in terms but also through images. It will deal with vocational vision in connection with professional knowledge and action in close relation to the teaching reflection. In the research part the student will participate in the analysis of concrete art lesson recorded by video study method. She will study and compare the comments of student teachers at the observational concepts and sub-processes. In the practical part student will create and carry out own art project that will respond to selected categories of the observed video study. She will apply it to the skills of primary school pupils. She will reflects in detail implemented project in relation to the analyzed concepts. Keywords reflection, art education, didactics of art education, discourse, teacher, student, teacher learning, Professional development, professional vision, teacher knowledge, video cases, analysis, concept

L'objectif de notre recherche est de tenter d'identifier les compétences professionnelles (Altet, 1996 et 2009) acquises ou en cours d'acquisition des maîtres novices durant leur année de stagiarisation (visée heuristique). Pour ce faire, nous nous inscrivons dans le paradigme écologique ou paradigme de la complexité (Clanet, 1997 ; Piot, 2014). Nous portons un intérêt particulier à l'acquisition des compétences liées à trois dimensions clés que sont la gestion du temps, la tâche et les interactions maîtres-élèves, dimensions étudiées notamment par les chercheurs intégrés au réseau OPEN (Observation des pratiques enseignantes). Nous postulons que le développement professionnel (Wittorski & Briquet-Duhazé, 2010), initié en début de carrière, est variable selon les novices et que cette variabilité est interdépendante du degré de maîtrise des compétences attachées à ces dimensions. Le niveau d'expérience constituant un axe majeur de notre recherche, nous opposerons dans une approche contrastive, l'enseignant stagiaire à l'enseignant expérimenté, évoluant dans des situations similaires. Si nous avons pour ambition de déceler des différences entre les stagiaires en formation professionnelle (variabilité inter-maîtres), nous visons également l'identification des « invariances qui dénotent la présence d'organisateurs des pratiques » (Clanet, 2001). Nous nous efforçons donc de repérer parmi les pratiques enseignantes mobilisées, les organisateurs des pratiques typiques des maîtres « novices ». Pour ce faire, nous recourons à des méthodes mixtes, quantitative (questionnaires) et qualitative (observations et entretiens). Les questionnaires portent sur le niveau de maîtrise des compétences attendues (Référentiel de compétences, 2013) et sur les difficultés potentielles des futurs maîtres. La population enquêtée concerne les stagiaires eux-mêmes (N=178) ainsi que les maîtres d'accueil temporaire (MAT) (N=83) qui les accompagnent. Dans un second temps sont confrontés les deux corpus de représentations pour en évaluer le degré de congruence. Centrées sur trois dimensions organisatrices précédemment déclinées (Clanet, 2010), les observations portent sur six trinômes d'enseignants (un MAT et deux stagiaires N=18) œuvrant dans des classes de cycle III. Nous prenons appui sur la dimension tâche, afin d'analyser les dimensions transversales temps et interactions. Plus précisément, les étapes communes, mises en évidence au sein de séances portant sur la résolution de problèmes – et partant la tâche donnée à l'élève – sont analysées via la gestion du temps et des interactions. Dans une perspective ergonomique (Leplat, 2000), nous mesurons enfin, à travers ces observations et des entretiens, l'écart entre tâche « prescrite » et tâche « effective ». Les premiers résultats nous ont permis de dégager une typologie déclinant trois profils dominants parmi les maîtres stagiaires. En outre, il semble que s'agissant de l'enseignement des mathématiques à l'école élémentaire, les stagiaires rencontrent certaines difficultés communes, caractéristiques des premiers pas dans le métier. Pour autant, l'opposition initiale entre pratiques des stagiaires et pratiques des maîtres expérimentés laisse place à un continuum intégrant la complexité des pratiques d'enseignement donnant lieu à de multiples déclinaisons. Au regard de l'analyse des résultats, la formation initiale des futurs professeurs des écoles pourrait être questionnée dans le but d'en améliorer la qualité via un processus réflexif. / The aim of our research is to try to identify the professional competences that have been acquired or are being acquired by new teachers during their training year (heuristic objective). To do so, we are following an ecological or complex paradigm (Clanet, 1997; Piot, 2014). We are particularly interested in the acquisition of competences related to three key notions such as time control, task, teacher-pupil interactions, that are studied by researchers integrated in the OPEN network (Observation des pratiques enseignantes). We presume that the professional development (Wittorski & Briquet-Duhazé, 2010), initiated at the beginning of a career, varies according to people and that this variability is interdependent of the level of these notions' competence mastering. The experience level is a major axis in our study; in a contrastive study, we shall oppose the trainee to the experienced teacher that are working in similar situations. If we aim to find out differences between professional trainees (Inter-trainee varaibility), we also claim to identify « invariabilities that show the presence of practice organisers » (Clanet, 2001). We try to identify typical beginner teacher organisers among teaching practice that are set up. To do so, we use mixed, quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (observation and interviews) methodologies. Questionnaires are about the mastering level of expected competences (Competence official list, 2013) and about the potential difficulties met by future teachers. People in the survey are trainees (N=178) as well as their temporary trainee supervisers (MAT: N=83). Eventually, the two representation studies are compared in order to assess their similarities. Six groups of three persons (a superviser and two trainees) in cycle 3 classes are being observed according to the three previously defined notions (Clanet, 2010). We focus on the notion of « task » in order to analyse the cross notions time and interactions. Common steps that are seen during lessons dealing with problem solving activities- and consequently tasks given to pupils- are analysed through time control and interactions. In an ergonomic perspective (Lepalt, 2000), we measure the gap between a « given » and an « effective » task through observation and interviews. The first results allow us to find out a typology of three main profiles among trainees. Moreover, in maths teaching at primary level, trainees meet similar obstacles that are common to beginners. The initial opposition between training and experienced teachers is replaced by a continuum which integrates complex teaching practice leading to multiple consequences. Through the result analysis, initial primary teacher training could be questioned in order to improve its quality, thanks to a reflexive process.

Interpretation 101-3 of the AICPA Code of Professional Ethics provides four independence requirements for certified public accountants performing bookkeeping services. As such, these requirements are largely thought of as rules requiring compliance. The purpose of this study was to provide empirical evidence related to the question, "Can the guidelines in Interpretation 101-3 be effectively interpreted?" Accordingly, the research objectives were twofold: (1) to make an estimate of the effectiveness of independence discrimination resulting from the use of Interpretation 101-3 , and (2) to identify variables related to differences in CPAs' judgements of impairment and non-impairment of CPA independence in situations covered by Interpretation 101-3. The research methodology for this study was based on a case approach. Twelve situations developed from analysis of Interpretation 101-3 and discussions with practitioners were organized into twenty-four cases in which a CPA firm provided a variety of accounting services. These twenty-four cases were divided into two case sets of twelve cases each and then combined with two cases from a previous study by David Lavin. These cases were submitted to an expert panel for validation as to their relationship to Interpretation 101-3, and a predetermined "correct" judgement was established for use in analysis. A mail survey of the licensees of the Texas State Board of Public Accountancy was used for collecting data. The CPAs were provided with a copy of Interpretation 101-3 and asked to base their judgements exclusively on the standard. Hypothesis testing was used to determine the effectiveness of the independence discrimination resulting from the use of Interpretation 101-3. Statistical models were developed for evaluating differences in the effectiveness of independence discrimination and differences in the CPAs' judgements themselves.

Bakgrund: Förekomst av språkbarriärer inom hälso- och sjukvården påverkar möjligheten för sjuksköterskor att utföra omvårdnaden. Kommunikation identifieras som en viktig faktor mellan sjuksköterskan och patient för att främja högkvalitetvård. Möjligheten att erhålla kulturkompetens ökar kvaliteten på vården. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av språkbarriärer och strategier för att övervinna dessa i omvårdnaden.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med systematisk söksstrategi och baserades på 13 kvalitativa och två mix metod vetenskapliga artiklar. Artikel sökningar utfördes i databaser CINAHL och Pubmed.Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar att sjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar som hindrar att främja god och säker vård när språkbarriär förekommer. Sjuksköterskor upplever att genom användningen av professionella och icke professionella tolkar har sina fördelar och sina nackdelar. Sjuksköterskor strävar att övervinna språkbarriären genom att använda sig av olika strategier.Slutsats: Språkbarriär är ett hinder för att ge en individuell omvårdnad och kunna göra en bedömning av patientens vårdbehov. Språkbarriär är ett hot mot patientenssäkerheten. Professionella och icke professionella tolkar ökar risken för att patienten inte får korrekt given information. / Background: The presence of a language barrier in health care affects the ability of nurses to perform nursing. Communication is identified as an important factor between the nurse and the patient to promote high quality care. The opportunity to obtain cultural competence increases the quality of care.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to describe the nurse's experience of language barrier , and nurses' strategies for overcoming them in nursing.Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a systematic search strategy and was based on 13 qualitative and two mix method scientific articles. Article searches were performed in databases CINAHL and Pubmed.Results: The results of the literature review shows that nurses face challenges that prevent the promotion of good and safe care when a language barrier occurs. Nurses experience that through the use of professional and non-professional interpreters they have their advantages and disadvantages. Nurses strive to overcome the language barrier by using different strategies.Conclusion: Language barrier is an obstacle to providing individual caring and being able to make an assessment of the patient's care needs. Language barrier is a threat to patient safety. Professional and non-professional interpreters increases the risk that the patient will not recive correct information.

An increase in reports of undesirable professional behaviour in the nursing profession has prompted the question: How could the internalisation of skills, knowledge, values and beliefs be guided in student nurses to help them become effectively socialised as professional nurses? Using a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach, the study addressed the above question. The researcher used focus-group interviews and field notes to explore and describe the perceptions of professional nurses and experiences of student nurses regarding the professional socialisation of students. The data generated from these findings were further used to determine and describe educators’ (N=128) perceptions on their teaching and facilitation of professional socialisation of students, using a self-administered questionnaire. The findings of both the qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to develop and validate guidelines to support educators and professional nurses in the professional socialisation of students. To establish rigour, the researcher applied measures of trustworthiness and performed validity and reliability tests. The qualitative data were analysed by utilising Tesch’s method of data analysis. The themes that emerged as influential in the professional socialisation of students were related to the professional nurse as role model, clinical supervisor, the educator, clinical learning environment, values and beliefs of the nursing profession and cultural and gender orientations. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Educators’ teaching and facilitation strategies revealed that the educator as a role model, the clinical environment, teaching approaches and cultural awareness were important social determinants in the professional socialisation of students. The qualitative and quantitative data were integrated to develop guidelines that were validated by field and guideline experts. The guidelines for educators and professional nurses addressed issues such as the professional nurse as role model and clinical supervisor, the creation of a positive clinical learning environment, the educator as role model, the teaching and support of students, the work ethic of the professional nurse and educator, the students’ behaviour and cultural awareness. These guidelines propose recommendations for educators and professional nurses to support the professional socialisation of students. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The diploma thesis focuses on the topic of the current state of professional library organisations in the Czech republic and the attitudes that the beginning as well as experienced librarians have towards them. The thesis analyses the importance of professional organisations and further analyses each Czech organisation of this type, with emphasis on the current array of professional education opportunities they offer. The core of the thesis lies in a survey examining the attitudes that librarians have towards this type of organisations. The survey consisted of three parts: it was carried out among students of librarianship and informations sciences, among current members of professional library organisations which have an option of an individual membership, and among potential members of these organisations from the ranks of experienced librarians. Based on the analyses of the individual professional organisations and the results of the survey, the thesis also presents several development concept proposals which touch upon areas these organisations should further develop in the future. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

School-based professional learning communities (PLCs) have become an important means of “building capacity” among teachers in a wide variety of areas, including those with a subject focus. Very often, these PLCs are mandated by administration, and operate under an established structure. This paper describes an attempt by a mathematics coordinator and school level “lead’ teachers to establish relatively informal PLCs in mathematics in an effort to improve mathematics teaching, and thus student learning, in an environment that focused very much on literacy. The four PLCs created are discussed, as are the opportunities and the challenges that go with the relative freedom offered to the teachers. Sustainability is a central challenge to these groups.

Teachers who are not adequately prepared to teach struggling students often seek employment elsewhere rather than be ineffective with those students. When teachers leave the classroom, this has a vast impact on student learning. For the past 9 years, a high school in the southeast United States for students at risk of not graduating has had an average annual teacher turnover rate of 31.25%, nearly twice the national rate of 15.9%. The purpose of this study was to learn the kinds of training and knowledge teachers believed would help them to succeed in teaching students struggling to graduate. Constructivist theory served as a framework for this qualitative case study design that sought to answer what are the needs of teachers of at risk learners, and learn the kind of support they needed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 core teachers during the 2014-2015 school year and document analysis of professional development yielded data that were analyzed for emergent themes. A key theme was a perceived lack of adequate support from both the school and the district. Participants wanted help from psychologists and mental health counselors, professional development (PD) to develop content-specific strategies and alternative pedagogical strategies, and time for collaboration with colleagues. Based on study findings, 3 days of PD training were developed that will allow time for teachers and administration to work together. Results also provide research-based data that may be applicable to other schools and school districts serving a similar population. Supporting teachers of students at risk of not graduating should improve teachers' job satisfaction and retention, and improve student achievement, resulting in positive social change for society.

In a midwest, rural, and high-poverty elementary school, teachers expressed concerns about difficult student behaviors in their classrooms. It was important to address the problem because student misbehavior disrupts the learning of all students in the classroom. To provide information to the school that could inform possible interventions, a survey was conducted that measured the perceptions of 24 classroom teachers about concerning student behaviors, their methods of dealing with such behaviors, their needs for further support, and their confidence in dealing with difficult student behaviors. The conceptual frameworks that guided this study were the behaviorist theories of Watson and Skinner. The survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted for each of the survey questions to determine whether any statistically significant differences between the survey responses of independent variable groups of grade level (Kindergarten-3 and 4-6) and teacher experience (novice and veteran teachers). Findings showed only 1 statistically significant difference between the Grades K-3 and 4-6 teachers' use of books and published materials to deal with concerning student behavior. A professional development initiative was created that will use professional learning community groupings already present in the school for teachers to research and implement changes to their professional practices in dealing with concerning student behaviors. This study may lead to an improved learning environment for teachers and students, an enhanced school reputation, and further parental and community support.