A abertura política do Brasil à democracia promoveu uma série de mudanças legislativas e de organização do Estado. Na área da infância e adolescência, após a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), foram criados conselhos de nível federal, estadual e municipal, com o objetivo de promover e defender os direitos dessa população específica. Também foram formados os Conselhos Tutelares compostos por membros da sociedade civil, diretamente eleitos pela população, com a função de informar e promover esses direitos localmente. Utilizando a metodologia qualitativa-quantitativa do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, a pesquisa analisou a percepção e opinião dos conselheiros tutelares a respeito de situações que envolvem a prática sexual voluntária heterossexual e homossexual de adolescentes da faixa etária de 12 a 17 anos. Os dados foram colhidos com o uso de questionários semiestruturados para autopreenchimento, apresentados em visita técnica aos membros dos 44 Conselhos Tutelares do município de São Paulo. Além do perfil social e familiar, foram coletadas opiniões dos conselheiros quanto à autonomia dos adolescentes e suas noções de desrespeito legal, além de sugestões de orientação de condutas frente a três casos hipotéticos de prática sexual realizada por adolescentes. Responderam à pesquisa 80 (36,4 por cento ) conselheiros de um total de 220, de 29 (65,9 por cento ) dos 44 Conselhos Tutelares da cidade. Observou-se que apresentaram tendência a reproduzir os modelos tradicionais negativos da sociedade brasileira no julgamento da prática sexual de adolescentes, avaliando sua ocorrência pela ótica moral e de opinião de familiares e outros adultos. Mais da metade não associa tais práticas a impactos específicos sobre a saúde e os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos dos adolescentes, nem realiza encaminhamentos para sua promoção. Adotam noções desiguais de gênero do senso comum, que remetem à preocupação com a imagem e impactos da publicização da sexualidade de meninas, não fazendo o mesmo para adolescentes meninos e veem as práticas homoafetivas sob a ótica da violência e sedução, associando-as à necessidade de orientação psicológica e problemas de saúde mental. Considera-se que conselheiros tutelares estão pouco preparados para lidar com a sexualidade de adolescentes e normalmente treinados para avaliá-la tal qual a violência sexual que acomete crianças. Como possuem status local de legitimidade, são procurados e tem poder de averiguação e encaminhamento público de ocorrências, terminando por, muitas vezes, desrespeitar os direitos humanos de adolescentes quanto à expressão e vivência da sexualidade e da prática sexual saudável. Considera-se fundamental discutir o papel dos Conselhos Tutelares frente aos direitos de adolescentes, de forma que ao contrário do proposto na democratização do país, não se configurem como mais um instrumentos de exercício de poder para perpetuar desigualdades sociais. Na área da sexualidade, a defesa dos direitos de adolescentes passa pelo respeito a sua sexualidade, acesso à informação, à garantia de serviços públicos que efetivamente os atendam para proporcionar exames, contracepção, prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, etc., com respeito a sua cidadania, especificidades, necessidades, autonomia e dignidade pessoal, promovendo-os e defendendo-os frente a famílias, comunidade, a toda a sociedade e ao próprio poder público. / The political opening to democracy in Brazil promoted a series of changes of legislation and state organization. Concerning to the childhood and adolescence, after the promulgation of the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Statute for Children and Adolescents), councils were created at federal, state and municipal level, to promote and defend the rights of this specific group. The Conselhos Tutelares (Tutelary Councils) were also created, composed by civil society members, directly elected by the population, to inform and promote these rights locally. Using qualitative and qualitative-quantitative methodologies of the Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (Discourse of the Collective Subject), the research analyzed the perception and the opinion of councilors regarding to situations involving heterosexual and homosexual voluntary sexual practices, among teenagers from 12 to 17 years old. Data were collected with semi-structured questionnaires for self-fulfillment, presented in technical visits to members of the 44 Tutelary Councils in São Paulo city. Beyond the social and family profile, opinions on the autonomy of adolescents and their notions of legal disrespect were collected and also the suggestions to orientation of conducts, facing three hypothetical cases of sexual practice performed by adolescents. The research was answered by 80 (36,4 per cent ) counselors from a total of 220, of 29 (65,9 per cent ) Tutelary Councils from the 44 placed in the city. It was observed that they showed a tendency to reproduce negative traditional models of brazilian society in the judgment of teenage sexual practices, evaluating its occurrences from the moral viewpoint and opinion of familiars and other adults. More than a half dont associate these practices to specific impacts on the health and the sexual and reproductive rights of adolescents, neither acts for its promotion. They adopt unequal notions from the common sense, referred to the concern with the image and the publicizing of girls sexuality, not showing the same concern when it comes to boys; and see the homoafective practices from the perspective of violence and seduction, linking to the need of psychologist counseling and mental health problems. It is considered that counselors are unprepared to deal with teenage sexuality and that they are commonly trained to face these situations as sexual violence that affects children. As they have local status of legitimacy, they are requested and have power of inquiry and public routing of occurrences, culminating, several times, in disrespect of human rights of adolescents, related to the expression and experience of their sexuality and healthy sexual practices. It is considered fundamental to discuss the role of the Tutelary Councils in face to the adolescent rights, so that, instead of what was proposed in the country democratization, they dont become a power tool to perpetuate social inequalities. At the sexuality area, the defense of adolescent rights includes respecting their sexuality; provides access to information; ensuring public services able to attend them to provide exams, contraception, preventions of sexually transmitted diseases, etc.; respecting their citizenship, specifics, needs, autonomy and personal dignity; promoting and defending them among their families, communities, the society and the public power itself.

Bakgrund: Alla patienter är oroliga inför anestesi då de förlorar kontrollen över sin kropp. De önskar ha en bra kontakt med anestesisjuksköterskan för att kunna förmedla sina behov. Informationsbehovet är dock olika för alla patienter, vissa vill veta allt medan andra vill få sparsamt med information. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta patienter inför och under anestesi. Metod: Kvalitativ systematisk litteraturstudie av bearbetat material. Resultat: Anestesisjuksköterskorna ansåg att det var viktigt att se patientens behov för att kunna skapa trygghet, likväl som att ha en bra kommunikation. Tidsbrist var dock vanligt förekommande vilket skapade hinder i mötet med patienten. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskorna vill utföra ett bra arbete, men då patienterna och verksamheten ofta ställer motstridiga krav krävs en ständig avvägning för att avgöra vad som är bäst här och nu. / Background: All the patients are apprehensive prior to anesthesia, due to the fact that they lose control of their bodies. The patients desire good contact with the nurse anesthetist, in order to convey their needs. The need for information vairy for all the patients. Some require detailed information, while others only sparingly need information. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe nurse anesthetists experience in meeting the patients prior and during anesthesia. Method: A systematic qualitative literature study of published materials was conducted. Results: The nurse anesthetists believe that it is important to see the patients needs, in order to be able to build a sense of security, in addition to good communication. The common obstacle is shortage of time, which affects contact with the patient. Conclusion: The nurse anesthetists feel a need to perform good work. But the patienten och the administration often make conflicting demands, which means that a constant consideration is needed to decide what’s best here and now.

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This doctoral research project conducts a political sociology of knowledge of non-governmental actors engaged in advocating and reporting on issues relating to conflict and human rights. It engages the following research question: what are the limits of knowledge produced by non-governmental advocates? This question is applied to empirical case studies looking at, firstly, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Crisis Group, and secondly, a network of global activists working on post-war Sri Lanka (2010-2014). Applying a Bourdieusian sociological framework, the thesis argues that professional advocates' epistemic practices are shaped by an array of socio-political dependencies. Contrasting with past applications of Bourdieu to International Relations, this thesis reveals contextually-specific dependencies through multiple levels and scales of analysis. At the organisational level, these dependencies manifest through advocacy NGOs' market-like relations with their targeted consumers, as well as their relations with rival knowledge producers. At the level of the human practitioner, it is shown how leading advocacy NGOs are reliant upon a relatively narrow labour market, consisting of practitioners who share a strong dispositional affinity with their consumers. Studying a smaller group of global advocates working on post-war Sri Lanka, the thesis also demonstrates how symbiotic relations between NGO practitioners and leading policy stakeholders had a structuring effect on advocates' network relations, as well as stimulating a deference to a dominant policy discourse of 'liberal peace'. Shifting the attention to advocates' extraction of knowledge from its proximal contexts, this thesis also examines the influence of advocates' localised dependencies. In the case of post-war Sri Lanka, it is shown how foreign advocates' knowledge is informed by a limited set of domestic actors, primarily encompassing the country's liberal elites. Overall, these dependencies are argued to place significant constraints on knowledge generated in advocacy contexts - limits that differ to other modes of knowledge production.

This dissertation examines significant shifts in the politics of psychiatric resistance and mental health activism that have appeared in the past decade. This new wave of resistance has emerged against the backdrop of an increasingly expansive diagnostic/treatment paradigm, and within the context of activist ideologies that can be traced through the veins of broader trends in social movements. In contrast to earlier generations of consumer/survivor/ex-patient activists, many of whom dogmatically challenged the existence of mental illness, the emerging wave of mad activists are demanding a voice in the production of psychiatric knowledge and greater control over the narration of their own identities. After years as a participant-observer at a leading radical mental health advocacy organization, The Icarus Project, I present an ethnography of conflicts at sites including Occupy Wall Street and the DSM-5 protests at the 2012 American Psychiatric Association conference. These studies bring this shift into focus, demonstrate how non-credentialed stakeholders continue to be silenced and marginalized, and help us understand the complex ideas these activists are expressing. This new wave of resistance emerged amidst a revolution in communication technologies, and throughout the dissertation I consider how activists are utilizing communications tools, and the ways in which their politics of resistance resonate deeply with the communicative modalities and cultural practices across the web. Finally, this project concludes with an analysis of psychiatry’s current state and probable trajectories, and provides recommendations for applying the lessons from the movement towards greater emancipation and empowerment.

This study explores mental health advocacy among individuals with psychiatric disabilities in the New York State (NYS) adult home system. This system has garnered longstanding public concern over the unsafe and unjust conditions in which its residents live. In New York City (NYC) a unique organization, Adult Home Advocates (AHA), supports a group of residents (called peer advocates) to advocate for their rights. I integrate literature on health and mental health advocacy and movements with the concept of mental health recovery to consider how AHA participation may impact recovery for peer advocates and others living in the adult home system. I use Brown et al.'s (2010) policy ethnography approach to study sociolegal, organizational, and individual contexts in which peer advocates work and live. From May 2013 to August 2017 I conducted peer advocate (n=36) interviews and member checks, participant observations (n=154), archival document research, and initiated policy advocacy work. This study is guided by four research questions: 1) How may the sociolegal and organizational environments - - including an unfolding shift in the sociolegal environment - - influence mental health advocacy among individuals with psychiatric disabilities? (Chapter 3, p.41) 2) How may individual characteristics - - specifically, mental health recovery characteristics - - influence mental health advocacy among individuals with psychiatric disabilities? (Chapter 4, p.90) 3) What are the motivations for mental health advocacy among individuals with psychiatric disabilities? (Chapter 5, p.134) 4) What are the impacts of mental health advocacy among individuals with psychiatric disabilities? (Chapter 6, p.182) I use conventional content analysis (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005), with mental health recovery as a sensitizing concept, to organize and analyze data. I report on findings from the sociolegal to individual levels. First, the sociolegal environment includes patterns of unsafe, unhealthy, and socially isolating conditions within adult homes; even as a legal settlement (O’Toole v. Cuomo) helps residents move out, troubling implementation practices perpetuate these unjust conditions. AHA enters this environment with a commitment to help adult home residents advocate for themselves, though it is a small organization in terms of budget, staffing, and scope. Its size is both a key strength and limitation, as it furthers its mission-driven work, yet impedes training and support for peer advocates. I also report on findings specific to peer advocate participants (n=36). I use six mental health recovery domains - - including a sociolegal domain I develop to explore justice and rights issues - - to describe recovery as heterogeneous and dynamic across both individual domains and individual participants. Participants’ motivations for advocacy are also heterogeneous, with three types salient: 1) self-advocacy, 2) purpose, and 3) identity. Further, these motivations lead to four types of advocacy activities: 1) self-advocacy, 2) self-help, 3) advocate leader, and 4) advocate activist. Finally, I find that advocacy involvement does impact participants, both positively and negatively. I return to the six recovery domains used above to discuss how mental health advocacy brings into relief potential means of furthering mental health recovery for individuals with psychiatric disabilities.

The global disease scape is constantly shifting, influenced by demographic transitions, altering the balance of the burden of infectious and non‐communicable diseases. The epidemiological transitions can be divided into three stages: the first, an increase in infectious disease burden as populations settled, then grew into towns and cities providing conditions for infectious agents to maintain spread; the second transition follows industrialisation, changes in lifestyle, diet and improved sanitation whereby infectious diseases are reduced and non‐communicable disease (NCD) prevalence increases; the third transition describes the re‐emergence of infectious diseases as the AIDS epidemic and other emerging and re‐emerging disease outbreaks lead to an increasing burden of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Analysis of the disease‐scape has been carried out using WHO Global Burden of Disease data and correlation to demographic factors calculated using World Bank Development Indicators. The balance of chronic NCDs and infectious diseases can be represented numerically as the unit rate of infectious to non‐communicable diseases. The rate, which indicates at which end the continuum lies can then be correlated to these demographic development indicators to assess the factors which are influential to the continuum. As the balance of infectious and non‐communicable diseases around the world alters, the focus of the advocacy at the global health level has been examined to assess if the trends follow that of the shifting continuum. This has been carried out through an assessment of the WHO World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions adopted annually between 1948 and 2013 on the subject of infectious and/or non-communicable diseases. The principle of International health stemmed from the need to contain the international spread of communicable diseases, so it is not surprising that in the first decade of the WHO, 88% of the resolutions adopted for infectious and non‐communicable disease were adopted for infectious diseases. In the latest ten years of the WHO, 72% of the Assembly resolutions for infectious and non‐communicable diseases were focused on infectious diseases; this indicates that while there has been a shift in the balance, the adopted resolutions still focus heavily on infectious diseases. An example of how advocacy can elevate diseases to a higher position on the global health agenda is that of the Neglected Tropical Diseases. Following the Millennium Development Goals, this group of seventeen diseases has been highlighted as being “neglected” in terms of funding, research and political will. A review of the campaign to highlight this shows how global health advocacy can elevate diseases to a prominent position on the global health agenda. With this in mind, the advocacy for a sub‐group of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases has been examined at the WHA level. The results highlight the sporadic nature of support to control these diseases, and that activism for control of some of the major zoonotic diseases remains lacking. Rabies is explored as an example of a disease for which there are recommendations and support at the global level for the control and elimination of the disease, but for which barriers to control exist locally in endemic countries. The advocacy for diseases at the global health level has the possibility to impact the priorities of health care within individual nations. However the advocacy at this level may take time to reflect the changes within the disease‐scape. The impact of such advocacy is also limited by local political will, availability of resources and local cultural implications. Therefore there is a need to ensure that efforts to control diseases are tailored to specific populations and that resources are made available to support the advocacy.

This thesis makes an original contribution to knowledge by exploring parliamentary left and anarchistic approaches to animal advocacy using a Critical Animal Studies (CAS) framework. This is significant because CAS is a field of scholarship which developed in order to theoretically support animal activists; nonetheless, in its focus on direct action and its rejection of reformist politics, CAS has too often ignored the legislative developments which are extremely important to most animal activists. Therefore, this thesis makes an overarching claim that CAS scholarship should treat the relationship between direct action and legislative reform more seriously. This thesis considers the relationship between direct action activists and legislative politics and as such makes a useful contribution to both CAS and wider animal rights scholarship. More broadly, the thesis provides a particularly useful assessment of one social movement at a time of rapidly changing moral, political and activist landscapes as Britain enters a new ‘age of dissent'.

A abertura política do Brasil à democracia promoveu uma série de mudanças legislativas e de organização do Estado. Na área da infância e adolescência, após a promulgação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), foram criados conselhos de nível federal, estadual e municipal, com o objetivo de promover e defender os direitos dessa população específica. Também foram formados os Conselhos Tutelares compostos por membros da sociedade civil, diretamente eleitos pela população, com a função de informar e promover esses direitos localmente. Utilizando a metodologia qualitativa-quantitativa do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, a pesquisa analisou a percepção e opinião dos conselheiros tutelares a respeito de situações que envolvem a prática sexual voluntária heterossexual e homossexual de adolescentes da faixa etária de 12 a 17 anos. Os dados foram colhidos com o uso de questionários semiestruturados para autopreenchimento, apresentados em visita técnica aos membros dos 44 Conselhos Tutelares do município de São Paulo. Além do perfil social e familiar, foram coletadas opiniões dos conselheiros quanto à autonomia dos adolescentes e suas noções de desrespeito legal, além de sugestões de orientação de condutas frente a três casos hipotéticos de prática sexual realizada por adolescentes. Responderam à pesquisa 80 (36,4 por cento ) conselheiros de um total de 220, de 29 (65,9 por cento ) dos 44 Conselhos Tutelares da cidade. Observou-se que apresentaram tendência a reproduzir os modelos tradicionais negativos da sociedade brasileira no julgamento da prática sexual de adolescentes, avaliando sua ocorrência pela ótica moral e de opinião de familiares e outros adultos. Mais da metade não associa tais práticas a impactos específicos sobre a saúde e os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos dos adolescentes, nem realiza encaminhamentos para sua promoção. Adotam noções desiguais de gênero do senso comum, que remetem à preocupação com a imagem e impactos da publicização da sexualidade de meninas, não fazendo o mesmo para adolescentes meninos e veem as práticas homoafetivas sob a ótica da violência e sedução, associando-as à necessidade de orientação psicológica e problemas de saúde mental. Considera-se que conselheiros tutelares estão pouco preparados para lidar com a sexualidade de adolescentes e normalmente treinados para avaliá-la tal qual a violência sexual que acomete crianças. Como possuem status local de legitimidade, são procurados e tem poder de averiguação e encaminhamento público de ocorrências, terminando por, muitas vezes, desrespeitar os direitos humanos de adolescentes quanto à expressão e vivência da sexualidade e da prática sexual saudável. Considera-se fundamental discutir o papel dos Conselhos Tutelares frente aos direitos de adolescentes, de forma que ao contrário do proposto na democratização do país, não se configurem como mais um instrumentos de exercício de poder para perpetuar desigualdades sociais. Na área da sexualidade, a defesa dos direitos de adolescentes passa pelo respeito a sua sexualidade, acesso à informação, à garantia de serviços públicos que efetivamente os atendam para proporcionar exames, contracepção, prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, etc., com respeito a sua cidadania, especificidades, necessidades, autonomia e dignidade pessoal, promovendo-os e defendendo-os frente a famílias, comunidade, a toda a sociedade e ao próprio poder público. / The political opening to democracy in Brazil promoted a series of changes of legislation and state organization. Concerning to the childhood and adolescence, after the promulgation of the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Statute for Children and Adolescents), councils were created at federal, state and municipal level, to promote and defend the rights of this specific group. The Conselhos Tutelares (Tutelary Councils) were also created, composed by civil society members, directly elected by the population, to inform and promote these rights locally. Using qualitative and qualitative-quantitative methodologies of the Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (Discourse of the Collective Subject), the research analyzed the perception and the opinion of councilors regarding to situations involving heterosexual and homosexual voluntary sexual practices, among teenagers from 12 to 17 years old. Data were collected with semi-structured questionnaires for self-fulfillment, presented in technical visits to members of the 44 Tutelary Councils in São Paulo city. Beyond the social and family profile, opinions on the autonomy of adolescents and their notions of legal disrespect were collected and also the suggestions to orientation of conducts, facing three hypothetical cases of sexual practice performed by adolescents. The research was answered by 80 (36,4 per cent ) counselors from a total of 220, of 29 (65,9 per cent ) Tutelary Councils from the 44 placed in the city. It was observed that they showed a tendency to reproduce negative traditional models of brazilian society in the judgment of teenage sexual practices, evaluating its occurrences from the moral viewpoint and opinion of familiars and other adults. More than a half dont associate these practices to specific impacts on the health and the sexual and reproductive rights of adolescents, neither acts for its promotion. They adopt unequal notions from the common sense, referred to the concern with the image and the publicizing of girls sexuality, not showing the same concern when it comes to boys; and see the homoafective practices from the perspective of violence and seduction, linking to the need of psychologist counseling and mental health problems. It is considered that counselors are unprepared to deal with teenage sexuality and that they are commonly trained to face these situations as sexual violence that affects children. As they have local status of legitimacy, they are requested and have power of inquiry and public routing of occurrences, culminating, several times, in disrespect of human rights of adolescents, related to the expression and experience of their sexuality and healthy sexual practices. It is considered fundamental to discuss the role of the Tutelary Councils in face to the adolescent rights, so that, instead of what was proposed in the country democratization, they dont become a power tool to perpetuate social inequalities. At the sexuality area, the defense of adolescent rights includes respecting their sexuality; provides access to information; ensuring public services able to attend them to provide exams, contraception, preventions of sexually transmitted diseases, etc.; respecting their citizenship, specifics, needs, autonomy and personal dignity; promoting and defending them among their families, communities, the society and the public power itself.

Base teórica: A violência contra crianças e adolescentes é um problema que está assumindo proporções epidêmicas, manifestando-se em todas as culturas, classes, níveis de escolaridade, faixas de renda e origens étnicas. Tal fenômeno, que contradiz obrigações de respeito aos direitos humanos e às necessidades de desenvolvimento da criança, é frequentemente aprovado e autorizado pela sociedade e pelo Estado. Diante do problema apresentado, a legislação brasileira determina, ao Sistema de Saúde, diferentes obrigações, objetivando restabelecer os direitos violados de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência. Tais obrigações envolvem o atendimento integral da saúde da criança e do adolescente, incluindo, como obrigação, a notificação dos casos de suspeita ou confirmação de violência. Apesar das determinações legais, o atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes vítimas de maus-tratos se encontra pouco estruturado em muitos locais do país, sendo insuficiente para a demanda que chega aos serviços de saúde. Objetivo:Avaliar o atendimento hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes em situações de violência.Método:Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 28 profissionais que atuam no atendimento de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência. Foram incluídas perguntas sobre a percepção de violência, o entendimento sobre proteção à criança e interdisciplinaridade, além da percepção sobre os diferentes recursos intra e extra-hospitalares de proteção.A avaliação dos dados foi realizada com o programa QSR NVivo ®, versão 11, utilizando como referência a Análise de Conteúdo. Conclusão:A partir do presente trabalho, pode-se constatar que o atendimento hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência, por vezes, se apresenta de modo precário. Tal precariedade surge da limitação e fragmentação que os profissionais de saúde demonstram em relação à percepção e à compreensão da violência e proteção sobre crianças e adolescentes. / Background: Violence against children is a problem that is assuming epidemic proportions, manifesting itself in all cultures, social classes, schooling levels, income brackets and ethnic origins. Such a phenomenon, which contradicts obligations to respect human rights and the child's developmental needs, is often approved and authorized by society and the State. In view of the problem presented, the Brazilian legislation determines, to the Health System, different obligations, aiming at restoring the violated rights of children and adolescents victims of violence. These obligations involve the integral care of the children's health, including, as an obligation, the notification of cases of suspected or confirmed violence. Despite the legal provisions, the care of children and adolescents victims of abuse is poorly structured in many places througout country, being insufficient for the demand that reaches the health services. Aim: To evaluate the hospital care of children in situations of violence. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 professionals who work in the care of children victims of violence. Questions about perceptions of violence, understanding about child protection and interdisciplinarity, and perceptions about the different intra- and extra-hospital protection resources were included. The data evaluation was performed with the QSR NVivo ® program, version 11, using as a reference the Content Analysis. Conclusion: Based on the present study, it can be observed that the hospital attendance of children in a situation of violence sometimes presents in a precarious way. Such precariousness arises from the limitation and fragmentation that health professionals demonstrate regarding the perception and understanding of violence and protection of children.