The Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) has run a Drought Project since October 1992. The project's primary focus was to monitor drought conditions in the AFRA's operational area and to assist communities to access relief through providing them with relevant information and helping them to submit proposals to relief agencies. In attempting to do this, it became clear that the effects of drought on rural black communities was not a well understood phenomenon. We also found that relief strategies were informed more by economic, agricultural and meteorological criteria than social ones. This Special Report aims to contribute to the development of a more appropriate drought management strategy, especially with regard to rural communities. In attempting to make this contribution, the Report examines the factors involved in redefining drought and drought relief perspectives in relation to rural communities. However, the range of factors involved and the scarcity of useful information on them, dictate that this is merely an introduction. The complexities and implications arising from the introduction of these factors into drought management in South Africa should be explored on an on-going basis. Because of the scarcity of relevant information about the effects of drought on black rural communities in South Africa, this Report has relied on AFRA's limited monitoring of such communities. Some information was also gathered through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. There were also difficulties in getting information about relief schemes and their operations as most relief agencies were reluctant to release this information. As a result, almost all the relief related information in this Special Report was obtained from publications and reports of the National Consultative Forum on Drought.

Preface: An attempt is made in this thesis to document the history of Pentecostalism among Indians in South Africa and to study and evaluate its religious character and main theological tenets. Obviously the peculiar socio-political situation of the Indians in South Africa has influenced the character of Indian Pentecostalism, which has in turn been able to address itself to the critical, cultural and religious disjunctions within this community. Hence an investigation of the dynamic tensions that obtain between crises in the Indian community and Pentecostalism will not only clarify the course of its history but will also explain its theological emphases. However, several studies on Pentecostalism in other communities have concentrated on the sociological dimension almost exclusively and many have even concluded that Pentecostalism is the spontaneous result of psychosocial; economic or cultural upheavals . This kind of reductionism has been largely the result of the uncritical use of 'functional-type' theories postulated by sociologists of religion. Indian Pentecostalism, while it has to be examined within the complex context of the South African community, cannot as we shall show, be adequately explained by any of the prevailing 'functional-type' theories because these theories reduce religion to a sociological function. Since the functional theory has the effect of limiting the perspective on religion to such an extent that the basis of religion, that is, the relation between the individual and faith, is either belittled or ignored, it has been jettisoned in this thesis for an approach free of any deliberately formulated 'theoretical framework'. However, it is necessary to critically examine some of the more popular 'functional-type' theories and the way they have been applied to the study of the Pentecostal movement here and elsewhere, so that by exposing the shortcomings of their application and the contradictions inherent in their assumptions, the approach adopted in this thesis could be clarified.

No abstract available / Economics / M. Comm. (Economics)

From introduction: The present study is the first attempt in southern Africa to consider an entire community of aculeate wasps and bees and their interactions with their environment as manifested by their ethology. As far as the author has been able to ascertain it is in fact the most comprehensive of its kind to have been undertaken anywhere, the only similar but more restricted account of this nature being that of Evans (1970) which is mainly concerned with fossorial species and their associates.

Population dynamics of Perna perna in low shore mussel beds were investigated over a 15 month period at six sites along the south coast of South Africa, with particular reference to the effects of wave exposure. The degree of exposure was first quantitatively ascertained using the dissolution of cement blocks to measure average wave force and dynamometers to measure maximum wave force. The mean mass loss of the cement blocks was higher at Diaz Cross and Kwaai Hoek than at Mgwalana, Rufanes and Riet River. No data were available for Fish River. The mean maximum wave force encountered at Diaz Cross, Kwaai Hoek and Fish River was significantly higher (p<O.05) than that at Mgwalana, Rufanes and Riet River. These results allowed the former sites to be classified as exposed and the latter as sheltered. Early recruitment (1-5 mm) occurred throughout the year, but peaked significantly (p<0.05) from January 1995 to May 1996 on both shore types. Although mean recruit density (1-15 mm) was Significantly higher at the exposed (5 896.m⁻²) than the sheltered shores (2 986.m⁻²), some sites did not show this trend. Further investigation revealed that the densities of recruits (1-5 & 6-10 mm) were significantly higher on algae than on mussels (p<0.05). Adult densities (>15 mm) were positively correlated with recruit densities (1-5 mm) for both shore types (p<O.05). In tum, adult density (>15 mm) was significantly lower on exposed (mean of 3 348.m⁻²) than on sheltered shores (mean of 4 796.m⁻²) (p<O.05). Adult mussels on exposed shores had significantly higher mean and maximum lengths than those on sheltered shores (p<O.05). Biomass, which is a product of density and length, showed no significant difference between the two shore types (p>O.05). The effect of exposure on growth rate formed the focal point of this study and was determined using three different approaches. The first technique, mark-recapture, involved filing notches on the growing edges of mussels in the field. After 111 days, mussels were removed and the growth measured. The second approach used internal growth bands to measure growth rates, once the periodicity with which these bands were laid down was established. Thirdly, using Shepherd's length composition analysis (SLCA), growth rates were determined from length frequency distributions in 11 samples taken over 15 months. The general conclusion from all three approaches was that growth rate was twice as fast on the exposed shores as on the sheltered shores (p<O.05). A mean length (averaged from all three methods) of 47.06 mm was attained within the first year of growth at the exposed shores and 22.07 mm at the sheltered shores. There were however considerable differences among these approaches. The mark-recapture method predicted the lowest growth rates, followed by growth band method and lastly SLCA. The mean mortality index (Z.year⁻¹) for mussels was significantly (p<0.05) higher at the exposed shores (Z=1.81) than at the sheltered shores (Z=0.73). Consequently, the percentage survival rates per annum of mussels of all ages (total), 18 days to 6 months (juveniles) and 12 months to mortality (adults) was lower on the exposed than the sheltered shores. The survival rate of juveniles was as low as 0.71% per annum on the exposed shores and 9.29% per annum on the sheltered shores. The adult survival rate of exposed shore mussels was 11.78% per annum, considerably lower than that of sheltered shore mussels, 48.05%. The turnover rate on exposed shores was faster than on sheltered shores as the mean longevities were 2.6 and 6.7 years respectively. In conclusion, these findings showed that the effects of exposure on recruitment, growth and mortality are important in low shore mussel beds.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005 / The era kno"n as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, the social structure and economic policies. The large number of unskilled people provided cheap labour and was used as easy replaceable tools. Employees have since become companies' most expensive '''assets''. The Internet was originally designed for military applications. The US military wanted a network that could withstand a terrorist attack and stilI work if important communication areas had been destroyed. The Internet, also known as the giant network of networks, has become a major catalyst for electronic business. The Internet caused the shape of companies to change and the way they conduct business. For example the Intemet enabled companies to be run from home and changed the old companies' structures. Sending data via a network is a lot faster and less expensive than making a telephone call or sending a messenger. Businesses have become more dependent on the Internet to generate revenue. E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet and reduces the cost of doing business. The down side is that companies are also more exposed to inherent security risks. New technology with old methods of working is also no longer feasible. Many clerical tasks disappear and both the job functions of staff and the supervisory functions and procedures change. Information technology (IT) is increasing productivity, and thus, for a given output, a smaller number of people are employed. Increasing numbers of workers are retrenched when still in mid-career because labour is a most expensive commodity. The reduction in overheads and improved response of modem administrative systems increase the opportunities for organisations of all sizes to compete on an international level.

Thesis (MTech (Entrepreneurship))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 / By international standards South Africa's unemployment rate and poverty levels are extremely high. Currently the unemployment rate is approximately 30% (Business Day, 28 March 2002) or in the region of 40% if those who are not actively seeking work are included. Owing to the high unemployment rate, the informal sector has experienced a growth spurt. Unfortunately, due to a lack of entrepreneurial competencies, South Africa's start-up businesses also have a lower survival rate compared to their international counterparts. Technology Enterprise Centres (TECs) were created by the Technical and Business Initiative in South Africa (TABEISA), a consortium of six South African and British institutions established in 1994. The TEC has developed a mentoring programme and aims to implement it in the near future. As part of a wide assortment of assistance programmes, mentoring is the latest methodology that is being promoted by the private and public sector as a valuable developmental tool for entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study is to examine mentoring as an important resource in extending the business life-cycle of the entrepreneurs of Peninsula Technikon' s TEC. The research reviews the mentoring literature and covers aspects such as the characteristics that mentors should have, the role of mentors, types of mentoring programmes, setting up a mentoring programme, current mentoring programmes, implementing a mentoring programme, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of mentoring. The survey concentrated on identifying the mentoring requirements of the businesses. The findings highlight the need for a mentoring support programme to help entrepreneurs develop faster, therefore smoothing the transition process from one business stage to another. The study concludes by stressing the need for an efficiently run formal mentoring process, coupled with other developmental programmes.

The principal aim of this study was to establish the biological and environmental parameters governing the successful and sustainable cultivation of mussels in Saldanha Bay. The environmental study investigated seston, chlorophyll-a and particulate organic matter (POM) levels, water temperature dissolved oxygen and salinity levels in the bay and water flow in and around the rafts. The biological part of the study investigated the efficiency of food extraction, growth rates, mussel condition, fouling and production and yield on a rope, raft and farm scale. Saldanha Bay is well suited for the culture of mussels, particularly Mytilus galloprovincialis and Choromytilus meridionalis. Water temperature and salinity in Saldanha Bay were found to be near optimal for mussel culture. POM and chlorophyll-a levels were found to be high due to primary production resulting from the nutrient rich upwelled water outside Saldanha Bay. The mean levels of chlorophyll-a (8,6μg/l) represent 6%, by mass, of the total POM. On a bay scale the POM remained above the mussels maximum requirements (pseudofaeces threshold) during the study period. Mussels showed a preference for the phytoplankton portion of the POM. Approximately 40% of the chlorophyll-a was extracted from the water by the mussel farm. The efficiency of food extraction increased with mussel age. Rafts with seed mussels younger than 2 months, 3 to 4 months, 5 to 6 months and older than 6 months extracted 32%, 55%, 85% and 92% of the available chlorophyll-a respectively. An increase of rope spacing on the rafts resulted in 37% more chlorophyll-a and 30% more particle volume reaching the lee of the raft. Ambient water currents in the bay show flow rates of up to 22cm per second. However, on entering a raft with a rope spacing of 60cm, the water flow is attenuated by 90%. Increasing the rope spacing to 90cm resulted in a water flow attenuation of 72%. The increase in rope spacing ensures that the mussels in the centre of the raft are feeding on food levels close to, or above, the pseudofaeces level. Mussel growth rate at a rope spacing of 90cm is significantly improved as a result of the increased food delivery. There are other factors, however that effect mussel growth. Growth rates were found to be better in summer than in winter. The reduced winter growth rate is possibly due to competition with the maturing fouling organisms which settle in mid to late summer. Fouling by mussel spat and Ciona intestinalis is seasonal, occurring from December to May. C.intestinalis is prevalent in the centre of the farm and rafts as low energy waters are preferred by this species. Mussel spat settles mainly on the periphery of the farm and the rafts. Competition with fouling organisms reduces growth and increases mortality of the cultured mussels. Results indicate that the present spacing of rafts, (1 raft per hectare) is adequate under existing conditions. Any new farms should maintain batches of 50 rafts with channels between them to ensure water current penetration into the furthest reaches of the farm. Rope spacing on the rafts should be increased to between 60cm and 90cm. Mussel density should be regulated according to mussel size and fouling should be controlled to maintain yields.

M.Ed. (Psychology of Education) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

D. Com. (Transport Management) / The objective of this study was to obtain information and an understanding about the nature and magnitude of the South African freight transport market, as well as to establish the relative importance and/or position of the various transport modes from a transport economic point of view. The underlying rationale was the lack of information in this regard in South Africa. In an effort to help overcome this lack of information the stUdy concentrated on the following: the magnitude of the freight transport market the participants in this market the market share of each participant the products being transported the geographical location and distribution of the transport undertakings. Information about the freight transport market in South Africa was obtained on a sectoral basis by means 'of a literature analysis and an empirical investigation (field study).