Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_v_dr_jabo.pdf: 824781 bytes, checksum: 699e9efd378fb4c601290d43aebe88bb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A mastite bovina é a principal doença do gado leiteiro em todo o mundo, devido a sua elevada ocorrência, aos prejuízos econômicos que acarreta aos produtores e à perda da qualidade do leite. Dentre os agentes da mastite, o Staphylococcus aureus é o mais frequentemente isolado. Sabe-se que o conhecimento do perfil molecular deste microrganismo é de fundamental importância para uma melhor compreensão dos estudos epidemiológicos de dispersão deste patógeno nas propriedades rurais. Sendo assim, durante o período de janeiro a abril de 2009, 222 vacas lactantes pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais situadas no Município de Sacramento-MG foram submetidas ao California Mastitis Test (CMT). Foram colhidas amostras de leite dos quartos reagentes ao CMT, assim como do leite produzido em cada propriedade rural e do leite de conjunto das 12 propriedades contido em dois tanques de expansão comunitários. Paralelamente, foram colhidas, também, amostras dos óstios papilares, dos latões, dos baldes, dos coadores, dos insufladores das ordenhadeiras, das mãos dos ordenhadores, da superfície dos tanques de expansão, da tubulação auxiliar no transvase do leite, da água utilizada no processo de produção e da água utilizada para higienização dos tanques comunitários. A partir das 446 amostras colhidas nos diversos pontos, 244 estirpes foram isoladas e caracterizadas bioquimicamente como estafilococos coagulase-positivos. O fragmento de DNA cromossômico específico da espécie de S. aureus foi amplificado em 106 estirpes, das quais 103 foram submetidas à eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Os pontos de colheita de amostras que apresentaram maior frequência de isolamento de estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus foram os óstios papilares (31,1%), o leite das vacas reagentes ao CMT (21,7%), os insufladores das ordenhadeiras mecânicas (21,7%), o leite dos latões (6,6%)... / Bovine mastitis is a main disease in milk cattle worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated among mastitis agents. The microorganism’s molecular profile is of paramount importance for a better understanding of epidemiologic studies of these pathogens on farms and ranches. Two hundred twenty-two cows on 12 farms in the municipality of Sacramento-MG, Brazil were tested by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) between January and April 2009. Milk samples were collected from four CMT reagents, from the milk produced on each farm and from milk collectively collected from the 12 farms and maintained in two community bulk tanks. At the same time samples of papillary ostia were collected from milk pails, cans, sieves, milking machine insufflators, milkers’ hands, from the water used on the 12 farms and from the two community bulk tanks. Two hundred and forty-four strains among the 446 samples collected from several sites were isolated and biochemically characterized as positive coagulase Staphylococcus. Chromosome DNA fragment, specific to S. aureus, was amplified in 106 strains. Further, when 103 S. aureus strains underwent pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the samples’ collection sites with the highest isolation frequency of S. aureus strains were papillary ostia (31.1%), milk of cows which reacted to CMT (21.7%), the insufflators of milking machines (21.7%), milk in pails (6.6%) and milk in the community bulk tanks (5.6%). Since 32 different pulsotypes were identified, genetic heterogeneity existed among the 106 S. aureus isolated strains. Pulsotype 1 had the highest similarity among the S. aureus isolated strains at the different sites of the milk production flowchart. Since highest isolation frequency of pulsotype 1 of S. aureus strains were papillary ostia (10.6%), milk of cows which reacted to CMT (5.8%), the insufflators of milking machines (3.8%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_cx_dr_jabo.pdf: 641425 bytes, checksum: 8ee6de028f930932e687bf840fa7cec8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo de indicadores de qualidade dos solos é fundamental para avaliar o nível de degradação imposta pelo uso agrícola e para estabelecer estratégias de manejo sustentáveis. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico sob cultivo convencional (CC) e sistema de semeadura direta (PD), por meio de indicadores físicos e da avaliação da produção das culturas da soja e do milho. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) comparar a eficiência de funções de pedotransferência para a curva de resistência do solo à penetração presentes na literatura, por meio do ajuste de dados obtidos com o penetrômetro de impacto e também com o penetrômetro eletrônico; ii) determinar a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) durante o ciclo das culturas relacionando-a ao conteúdo de água no solo (Ug); e, iii) determinar alguns indicadores de qualidade física do solo, relacionando-os com as características agronômicas das culturas. Os sistemas de uso e manejo do solo foram: CC e PD por sete e oito anos consecutivos (solo de textura média) e CC e PD por nove e dez anos consecutivos (solo de textura argilosa). Foram determinadas a RP, a porosidade total, a macroporosidade, a microporosidade, a retenção de água no solo, o índice S, a densidade, a densidade do solo máxima e também a densidade do solo relativa. Nas culturas da soja e do milho foram avaliadas: massa seca das raízes, altura das plantas, altura de inserção da primeira vagem/espiga, número de vagens por planta de soja, massa seca da parte aérea do milho e produtividade. As Equações ; ; e não diferiram e foram as mais precisas e acuradas na predição da RP. Dentre os sistemas de manejo, embora o CC tenha apresentado melhores resultados em relação aos indicadores de qualidade física do solo, o PD foi o que proporcionou maior produção de milho / The study of indicators of soil quality is essential to assess the level of degradation imposed by agricultural use and to establish sustainable management strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of an Oxisol under conventional (CC) and no-tillage (NT), through soil physical indicators and assessing the soybeans and corn crops yield. The specific objectives were: i) compare the efficiency of pedotransfer functions due to soil resistance to penetration curve in the literature, by adjusting the data obtained with the impact penetrometer and also with the electronic penetrometer), ii) monitoring the soil resistance to penetration (PR) during the crop cycle relating it to the soil water content (Wc), and iii) determine some soil physical indicators, relating them to the agronomic characteristics of crops. The management systems were: CC and NT to seven and eight years consecutives (sandy loam soil) and CC and NT to nine and ten years consecutives (clayey soil). The PR, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity, soil water retention, index S, soil bulk density, maximum dry bulk density, and also the relative bulk density were determined. The agronomic characteristics of soybean and corn crops have been evaluated: roots dry mass, height plant, insertion of the first spike height/pod, pods per soybean plant number, corn shoot dry mass and yield. The equations ; ; e did not differ and were the most precise and accurate in prediction of soil resistance to penetration. Among the management systems, although the CC has shown better results in relation to soil physical indicators, the NT was that the highest corn yield

A tecnologia do concreto compactado com rolo tem se desenvolvido e transformado o cenário das construções de barragens, modernizando os conceitos sobre os processos construtivos, além de se mostrar uma técnica competitiva em comparação com os métodos já consagrados de construção de Barragens de terra, enrocamento e enrocamento com face de concreto. Até a década de 70 era usual o lançamento de um elemento de ligação entre camadas de concreto. Nesta época, estudos realizados pelo U.S. Bureau of Reclamation e U.S. Army Corps of Engineers mostraram que a sua utilização era desnecessária, desde que as juntas fossem cuidadosa e adequadamente preparadas. A construção da barragem de Willow Creek, com CCR sem nenhuma especificação de um elemento de ligação entre as camadas de concretagem, acabou resultando num alto nível de percolação de água. Devido a este fato, os grandes projetistas de estruturas hidráulicas e de barragens passaram a adotar um concreto de berço, lançado entre as camadas de CCR, abrangendo entre 30 % da seção superficial da junta, a partir do paramento de montante, até toda a camada. Neste projeto de pesquisa foi proposta a execução de maciços experimentais em laboratório, os quais simulam uma pequena fatia de uma barragem de CCR. Para simular o lançamento e adensamento do concreto destes maciços utilizou-se um equipamento existente no Laboratório de Concreto de FURNAS Centrais Elétricas S.A., localizado em Goiânia-GO. Foram confeccionados 11 maciços experimentais, nos quais foram realizadas avaliações referentes ao intervalo de lançamento entre camadas de concreto compactado com rolo, variando-se o tempo de exposição, a temperatura ambiente de lançamento, o tipo de tratamento da junta e a utilização de argamassa de ligação, ou seja, procurou-se avaliar o grau de maturidade das juntas, a partir do qual são necessárias providências para promover uma adequada aderência entre camadas e mostrar a importância da confecção prévia de maciços experimentais em laboratório para auxiliar a tomada de decisão durante a elaboração do projeto. / The roller compacted concrete technology has been increasable developed and, consequently, modified the dam constructions procedures, leading to improved concepts about the construction processes, besides presenting technical competitively when compared to earth, rockfill and concrete faced rockfill gravity dams construction methodology. The use of a bonding element (concrete or mortar), between concrete layers was common in the 70´s. At that time, studies conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers showed that this technique was unnecessary in traditional dam constructions for the cases of well and strictly prepared joints. The Willow Creek dam construction, using RCC without any specification about bonding element between layers, presented a high level of percolation. Since that, great hydraulic structures designers adopted a bed of small aggregate concrete, placed between RCC layers in about 30% of the superficial section of joint from the upstream face. To the herein research it was proposed the execution of experimental laboratory bulks simulating a small part of a RCC dam. For the simulation of placing and compaction of concrete it was used the equipment owned by FURNAS CENTRAIS ELETRICAS S.A., at the laboratory of Goiania, Brazil. Eleven experimental bulks were produced, in which were assessed the exposure of RCC layers in different time delays and temperatures, varying the layer concrete surface treatment and the use of mortar between layers in order to evaluate the maturity degree of joints and to define the procedures to a suitable bonding between layers. The studies show the importance of laboratory test fills during the design phases, as useful tools to help the technical decision processes.

Neste trabalho foi elaborado um microcontrolador 8051 tolerante à radiação, usando para isso técnicas de recomputação de instruções. A base para este trabalho foi a descrição VHDL desse microcontrolador, sendo proposto o uso de sensores de radiação, Bulk-BICS, e códigos de proteção de erros para os elementos de memória, como forma de suporte à técnica apresentada. Inicialmente serão abordados sucintamente a origem e os efeitos prejudiciais da radiação nos dispositivos eletrônicos, motivando a realização deste trabalho. Serão mostrados em detalhes os passos para implementar a técnica de recomputação, que consiste em monitorar os sensores e, ao ser detectado um pulso transiente, fazer o processador reler a última instrução e executá-la novamente, a fim de mitigar o efeito do SET (Single Event Transient). Para isso a manipulação do contador de programa (PC) e o apontador de pilha (SP) são fundamentais. Durante esse processo também deve ser garantido que nenhum dado, potencialmente corrompido, seja armazenado na memória. Contra SEUs (Single Event Upsets) é pressuposto que todos os elementos de memória do microcontrolador estão protegidos através de algum código de correção de erros, assunto já pesquisado por outros autores. Na seqüência serão apresentadas várias simulações realizadas, onde é possível ver o processo de recomputação sendo iniciado a partir da incidência de partículas geradas através de um testbench. Por fim será feita uma comparação entre o 8051 original e o protegido, mostrando dados de área, freqüência de operação e potência de cada um. / This work presents a radiation hard 8051 microcontroller, designed using instruction recomputation techniques. The basis for this work was the VHDL description of the microcontroller. To make the microcontroller radiation hard, built in radiation sensors, called Bulk-BICS, were use to protect the combinational logic blocks. Codes for error detection and correction were used to protect the memory elements. Initially, this work discusses the sources of ionizing radiation and its harmful effects on digital integrated circuits, showing the motivation for this work. Next, the details of the implemented instruction re-computation technique are shown. It consists in monitoring the radiation sensors and, if the incidence of ionizing radiation is detected, the processor reads the last instruction and executes it again, in order to mitigate the effect of a single event transient (SET). In order to implement this re-computation, the manipulation of the program counter (PC) and stack pointer (SP) is essential. During this process it must be guaranteed that any data, potentially corrupted, will not be stored in memory. Regarding radiation effects on memory elements (Single Event Upsets-SEUs), it is assumed that all memory elements of the microcontroller are protected by some error detection and correction code, a topic previously studied by other authors. Finally, several simulations will be shown, where it is possible to see the evolution of the re-computation process, from the detection of the incidence of ionizing radiation (incidence generated by a testbench) to the full re-computation of the instruction. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the original 8051 and the radiation hardened version, showing overheads of area, frequency of operation and power.

Silos metálicos para armazenagem de diferentes tipos de produto são muito empregados no Brasil, isso faz com que compreender melhor o funcionamento deste tipo de sistemas estrutural possa levar a soluções mais inteligentes e econômicas. Com esse intuito no presente trabalho estudam-se as colunas de sustentação de um tipo de silo metálico para armazenagem de ração animal. Neste estudo as colunas foram analisadas seguindo as determinações da norma brasileira de dimensionamento de perfis conformados a frio e com modelos numéricos de diferentes níveis de complexidade. Primeiramente se estudou o perfil conformado a frio utilizado nas colunas dos silos através do método das faixas finitas e obtiveram-se as forças axiais de flambagem local e distorcional elástica. Estes valores foram utilizados no método da resistência direta para obtenção dos índices de esbeltez associados a estes modos de flambagem. Foram definidas as forças axiais de colapso, seguindo as metodologias da norma ABNT NBR 14762:2010 (método das larguras efetivas, seção efetiva e resistência direta) para diversos comprimentos do perfil. Foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico para cálculo via método dos elementos finitos, considerando não linearidades materiais e geométricas e imperfeições geométricas iniciais. Os resultados obtidos através deste modelo numérico foram comparados com os obtidos através da norma ABNT NBR 14762:2010. Após ajuste do modelo numérico se realizou um estudo paramétrico para conhecer a influência da rigidez de fixação, entre a coluna de sustentação e o corpo silo, na força de colapso do perfil. São aplicadas diversas condições de contorno com o objetivo de aproximar o modelo numérico das condições reais de fixação da coluna. Finalmente os resultados obtidos são utilizados para determinar a relação entre a força resistente do perfil e a força solicitante na coluna do silo segundo as condições usuais de segurança referentes aos estados-limites últimos determinados pela ABNT NBR 14762:2010. / Tubular steel silos for storage of different product types are widely used in Brazil. The knowledge of these structural systems can result to smarter and economic solutions. In this work is studied the structural columns of some bulk feed tanks with the national standard design code and numeric models with several complexity level. First were studied the cold-formed steel member used in the silo’s columns with the finite strip methods, and were obtained the elastic local/distorcional buckling axial forces. These values were used with the Direct Strength Method to find out slenderness ratios associated with these modes of buckling. The axial collapse forces were defined following the conception of standard ABNT NBR 14762:2010(using the methods of effective width, effective section and direct resistance) for several members’ lengths. A numeric model was development to calculate with finite elements method, considering materials and geometrics nonlinearities with initial geometric imperfections. The results obtained by this numeric model were compared with those obtained by the standard ABNT NBR 14762:2010. After the numeric model adjust, a parametric study was made to know the influences of the connection stiffness between the column and the silo’s cylindrical wall, in the member’s allowable axial strength. Several boundary conditions were applied with the main purpose to approximate the numeric model with the actual columns' end conditions. Finally the obtained results were used to determine the ration between the axial allowable strength and the required load on the silo’s columns by the usual safety conditions using the ultimate limit state determined by the ABNT NBR 14762:2010.

Master of Science / Department of Chemical Engineering / James H. Edgar / Hexagonal boron nitride has been used as an inert, refractory material with excellent resistance to thermal decomposition and oxidation for more than fifty years. In the past few years, hBN has been targeted for potential electrical and optical devices such as neutron detectors, ultraviolet light emitters, deep ultraviolet light detectors, and substrates for graphene and other atomically-thin two-dimensional materials. All of these potential applications benefit from high quality, single crystals, with thicknesses varying from nanometers to microns. This research was undertaken to investigate four aspects of hBN crystal growth and recovery. (1) In an effort to optimize hBN crystal growth from a nickel-chromium flux, a series of stepped cooling experiments were undertaken. The temperature profile was stepped in a way as to promote growth in both the a and c directions, at their optimal growth conditions. Crystals were found to be typically 100-500 µm across and thickness of approximately 20-30 µm with a pyramid-like crystal habit. (2) A method for the removal of hBN crystals prior to freezing of the metal flux was demonstrated using a specialized hot pressed boron nitride crucible capable of removing hBN crystals from the flux in situ. (3) Growth of isotopically pure hBN crystals was undertaken. By modifying the crucible material for solution growth, enrichment of hBN crystals over 90% was accomplished. (4) Exfoliation of hBN has many potential applications, specifically as graphene-hBN heterostructures where layers approaching thicknesses of single atoms are most effective surface to interact with graphene as an electronic device. Several methods were tested toward exfoliating a single crystal resulting in few-layered hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. As a result of these investigations a greater understanding of hBN bulk growth, its isotopic enrichment, its recovery, and its exfoliation was obtained.

abstract: This investigation is divided into two portions linked together by the momentous reaches of electrochemistry science, principles influencing everyday phenomena as well as innovative research in the field of energy transformation. The first portion explores the strategies for flue gas carbon dioxide capture and release using electrochemical means. The main focus is in the role thiolates play as reversible strong nucleophiles with the ability to capture CO2 and form thiocarbonates. Carbon dioxide in this form is transported and separated from thiocarbonate through electrochemical oxidation to complete the release portion of this catch-and-release approach. Two testing design systems play a fundamental role in achieving an efficient CO2 catch and release process and were purposely build and adapted for this work. A maximum faradaic efficiency of seventeen percent was attained in the first membrane tests whose analysis is presented in this work. An efficiency close to thirty percent was attained with the membrane cell in recent experiments but have not been included in this manuscript. The second portion of this manuscript studies bulk stress evolution resulting from insertion/extraction of lithium in/from a lithium manganese oxide spinel cathode structure. A cantilever-based testing system uses a sophisticated, high resolution capacitive technique capable of measuring beam deflections of the cathode in the subnanometer scale. Tensile stresses of up to 1.2 MPa are reported during delithiation along with compressive stresses of 1.0 MPa during lithiation. An analysis of irreversible charge loss is attributed to surface passivation phenomena with its associated stresses of formation following patterns of tensile stress evolution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2016

abstract: Magnetic resonance flow imaging techniques provide quantitative and qualitative information that can be attributed to flow related clinical pathologies. Clinical use of MR flow quantification requires fast acquisition and reconstruction schemes, and minimization of post processing errors. The purpose of this work is to provide improvements to the post processing of volumetric phase contrast MRI (PCMRI) data, identify a source of flow bias for cine PCMRI that has not been previously reported in the literature, and investigate a dynamic approach to image bulk cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage in ventricular shunts. The proposed improvements are implemented as three research projects. In the first project, the improvements to post processing are made by proposing a new approach to estimating noise statistics for a single spiral acquisition, and using the estimated noise statistics to generate a mask distinguishing flow regions from background noise and static tissue in an image volume. The mask is applied towards reducing the computation time of phase unwrapping. The proposed noise estimation is shown to have comparable noise statistics as that of a vendor specific noise dynamic scan, with the added advantage of reduced scan time. The sparse flow region subset of the image volume is shown to speed up phase unwrapping for multidirectional velocity encoded 3D PCMRI scans. The second research project explores the extent of bias in cine PCMRI based flow estimates is investigated for CSF flow in the cerebral aqueduct. The dependance of the bias on spatial and temporal velocity gradient components is described. A critical velocity threshold is presented to prospectively determine the extent of bias as a function of scan acquisition parameters. Phase contrast MR imaging is not sensitive to measure bulk CSF drainage. A dynamic approach using a CSF label is investigated in the third project to detect bulk flow in a ventricular shunt. The proposed approach uses a preparatory pulse to label CSF signal and a variable delay between the preparatory pulse and data acquisition enables tracking of the CSF bulk flow. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2017

Les dernières années les composés multiferroïques ont attiré un grand intérêt en raison de leurs propriétés uniques qui rendent ces matériaux très intéressants pour des applications réelles, par exemple des condensateurs, des détecteurs et des actuateurs ou des dispositifs de mémoire d'ordinateur. Dans la recherche de multiferroïques, PbVO3 est un matériel très prometteur. PbVO3 est isostructural avec PbTiO3 qui est un matériel ferroélectrique très bien connu et étudié et il contient également des ions de vanadium qui portent un spin 1/2, donc, un certain type d'ordre magnétique peut être attendu. Cependant, aucun ordre magnétique n'a pu être observé ce qui pose les deux questions suivantes:1) pourquoi PbVO3 n'est pas magnétique ?2) est-ce que PbVO3 peut être réglé de sorte qu'il devienne magnétique ?L'objectif du projet était de fournir une réponse aux questions ci-dessus par l'étude de la synthèse et des propriétés physiques des oxydes potentiellement multiferroïques de type Pb(V1-xMx)O3 où M = Ti, Fe.Nous avons préparé deux types d'échantillons, échantillons polycristallins et monocristaux. Le batch polycristallin est plus grand et il contient deux séries: la série de titane et de la série de fer avec les compositions chimiques suivantes:PbV1-xTixO3 où x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.6, 0.75, 0.8, 1PbV1-xFexO3 où x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 0.65, 0.75.Des monocristaux ont été préparés uniquement sous la forme de PbVO3 dans lequel aucune substitution n'a été essayée.La structure et les propriétés physiques des échantillons ont été étudiés et on a tenté de corréler les résultats et de formuler un modèle qui pourrait expliquer les comportements fascinants et souvent apparemment contradictoires de nos composés.Le document est structuré en cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre passe en revue les concepts fondamentaux de la physique de derrière les composés multiferroïques, mettant l'accent sur les propriétés / phénomènes qui sont connectés à nos composés. Le premier chapitre s'occupe également des données déjà publiées dans la littérature pour PbVO3 et les composés substitués.Le deuxième chapitre décrit les méthodes expérimentales et les techniques de mesure utilisées au cours de l'étude.Le troisième chapitre présente les méthodes de préparation, les équipements de haute pression - hautes températures employées et les conditions de réaction nécessaires pour la synthèse de PbVO3 (et ses homologues substitués). La discussion est continuée avec les premières investigations et les résultats qui traitent de la pureté de phase.Le quatrième chapitre traite avec plus de détails les propriétés structurales des échantillons et le cinquième chapitre traite les propriétés magnétiques et diélectriques des composés potentiellement multiferroïques, Pb(V1-xMx)O3.Comme les propriétés physiques de ces matériaux sont fortement dépendantes de la structure des échantillons, les chapitres s'entrecroisent parfois, dans chaque chapitre, des résultats des autres chapitres sont mentionnés et une certaine redondance est donc inévitable. Les mesures d'absorption des rayons X forment le noyau de l'étude parce que ces mesures ont confirmé les états d'oxydation des cations du site B (où la substitution prend place). A partir de ces observations, presque toutes les propriétés structurales et physiques peuvent être expliquées. La substitution avec du titane, est donc révélée isovalente ce qui conduit à la formation de la solution solide PbVO3-PbTiO3 et à la dilution du réseau magnétique de PbVO3. D'autre part, la substitution avec du fer n'est pas isovalente et donc la solution solide PbVO3-PbFeO3 (ce dernier composé n'a jamais été signalé) s'arrête à x = 0.5. Le désordre introduit par la substitution avec du fer conduit à la formation d'un état magnétique similaire à un verre de spin et d'un comportement diélectrique typique pour un relaxeur ferroélectrique. / Recently, multiferroic compounds attracted huge interest due to their unique properties which make such materials very interesting for real life applications, from capacitors, sensors and actuators to computer memory devices. PbVO3 is a very promising material. It is isostructural with PbTiO3 which is a very well known and studied ferroelectric material and it also contains vanadium ions which carry a 1/2 spin so magnetic ordering can be expected. However, no sign of magnetic ordering could be observed which raises the following questions:1) why is PbVO3 not magnetic? and2) could it be tuned so that it becomes magnetic?The objective of the project was to provide some answer to the above questions by studying the synthesis and investigating of the physical properties of the Pb(V,M)O3, M = Ti, Fe potentially multiferroic oxides.We prepared two kinds of samples, polycrystalline and single crystals. The polycrystalline batch is larger containing two series, the titanium series and the iron series with the chemical compositions as follows.PbV1-xTixO3 with x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 0.6, 0.75, 0.8, 1PbV1-xFexO3 with x = 0.1, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 0.65, 0.75Single crystals were prepared only in the form of clean PbVO3 in which no substitution was attempted.The structure and the physical properties of the samples were studied and an attempt was made to correlate the results and try to formulate a model which could explain the intriguing and often apparently contradicting behaviours of our compounds. The present work discusses the results obtained during the study and attempts to shed some light on the subject, without asserting that it reaches a final and definitive conclusion.The work is structured on five chapters.The first chapter reviews the fundamental concepts of the physics behind the multiferroic compounds, emphasizing the exotic properties / phenomena that are connected to our compounds. The first chapter also deals with the data already published in literature for PbVO3 and some substitution compounds.The second chapter describes the experimental methods and investigation techniques used during the study.The third chapter presents the preparation methods, the high pressure - high temperature equipments employed and the reaction conditions required for the synthesis of PbVO3 (and the substitution counterparts). The discussion continues with the first investigations and results which are concerned with phase purity.The fourth chapter discusses with somewhat greater details the structural properties of the samples.The fifth chapter deals with the magnetic and dielectric properties of the potentially multiferroic Pb(V1-xMx)O3 compounds.Since the physical properties of these materials are strongly dependent on the structure of the samples, the chapters intertwine at times, in each chapter results from the other chapters being mentioned and some redundancy is thus unavoidable. The measurements of X-Ray absorption form the core of the work as these measurements confirmed the oxidation states of the B site cations (where the substitution takes places). From these observations almost the entire set of structural and physical properties can be explained. The substitution with titanium is thus shown to be isovalent which leads to the formation of the PbVO3-PbTiO3 solid solution and the dilution of the magnetic network of PbVO3. On the other hand the substitution with iron is not isovalent and therefore the solid solution PbVO3-PbFeO3 (the latter compound was never reported) stops at x = 0.5. The disorder caused by the iron substitution leads to the formation of spin glass like magnetic states and ferroelectric relaxor states on these compounds.

Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Banca: Luciano Menezes Ferreira / Banca: Luiz Francisco Zafalon / Banca: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Junior / Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho / Resumo: A mastite bovina é a principal doença do gado leiteiro em todo o mundo, devido a sua elevada ocorrência, aos prejuízos econômicos que acarreta aos produtores e à perda da qualidade do leite. Dentre os agentes da mastite, o Staphylococcus aureus é o mais frequentemente isolado. Sabe-se que o conhecimento do perfil molecular deste microrganismo é de fundamental importância para uma melhor compreensão dos estudos epidemiológicos de dispersão deste patógeno nas propriedades rurais. Sendo assim, durante o período de janeiro a abril de 2009, 222 vacas lactantes pertencentes a 12 propriedades rurais situadas no Município de Sacramento-MG foram submetidas ao California Mastitis Test (CMT). Foram colhidas amostras de leite dos quartos reagentes ao CMT, assim como do leite produzido em cada propriedade rural e do leite de conjunto das 12 propriedades contido em dois tanques de expansão comunitários. Paralelamente, foram colhidas, também, amostras dos óstios papilares, dos latões, dos baldes, dos coadores, dos insufladores das ordenhadeiras, das mãos dos ordenhadores, da superfície dos tanques de expansão, da tubulação auxiliar no transvase do leite, da água utilizada no processo de produção e da água utilizada para higienização dos tanques comunitários. A partir das 446 amostras colhidas nos diversos pontos, 244 estirpes foram isoladas e caracterizadas bioquimicamente como estafilococos coagulase-positivos. O fragmento de DNA cromossômico específico da espécie de S. aureus foi amplificado em 106 estirpes, das quais 103 foram submetidas à eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Os pontos de colheita de amostras que apresentaram maior frequência de isolamento de estirpes de Staphylococcus aureus foram os óstios papilares (31,1%), o leite das vacas reagentes ao CMT (21,7%), os insufladores das ordenhadeiras mecânicas (21,7%), o leite dos latões (6,6%)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bovine mastitis is a main disease in milk cattle worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated among mastitis agents. The microorganism's molecular profile is of paramount importance for a better understanding of epidemiologic studies of these pathogens on farms and ranches. Two hundred twenty-two cows on 12 farms in the municipality of Sacramento-MG, Brazil were tested by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) between January and April 2009. Milk samples were collected from four CMT reagents, from the milk produced on each farm and from milk collectively collected from the 12 farms and maintained in two community bulk tanks. At the same time samples of papillary ostia were collected from milk pails, cans, sieves, milking machine insufflators, milkers' hands, from the water used on the 12 farms and from the two community bulk tanks. Two hundred and forty-four strains among the 446 samples collected from several sites were isolated and biochemically characterized as positive coagulase Staphylococcus. Chromosome DNA fragment, specific to S. aureus, was amplified in 106 strains. Further, when 103 S. aureus strains underwent pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the samples' collection sites with the highest isolation frequency of S. aureus strains were papillary ostia (31.1%), milk of cows which reacted to CMT (21.7%), the insufflators of milking machines (21.7%), milk in pails (6.6%) and milk in the community bulk tanks (5.6%). Since 32 different pulsotypes were identified, genetic heterogeneity existed among the 106 S. aureus isolated strains. Pulsotype 1 had the highest similarity among the S. aureus isolated strains at the different sites of the milk production flowchart. Since highest isolation frequency of pulsotype 1 of S. aureus strains were papillary ostia (10.6%), milk of cows which reacted to CMT (5.8%), the insufflators of milking machines (3.8%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor