Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-88).

Title page, summary and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / Ash deposition is a problem in power generation when coal with high ash and alkali contents are utilised. The problem is more severe in fluidised bed combustion where the ash deposition can causes agglomeration of the bed material, may lead to defluidisation of the unit. The successful operation of fluid bed combustion with coal high in ash and alkali content will depend on the ability to control ash deposition. The rheological properties of coal ash under furnace conditions are important in controlling the stickiness and mobility of the molten ash deposition. Therefore, a good knowledge of the rheological properties of coal will improve the understanding of the mechanisms associated with ash deposition, and may assist in controlling the deposition and agglomeration of fluid bed material. At present, a good deal of information about coal ash rheology under conditions similar to those found in fluidised bed combustion is not known, and greater understanding is required. This is primarily due to a lack of reliable instruments and measurement techniques. In this work, a new high temperature rheometer has been developed based on the principle concepts of visco metric flow. The developed rheometer allows fundamental rheological properties, such as shear stress and shear rate, to be obtained without relying on calibrations with materials of known properties. With this instrument the flow characteristics of the tested samples can be determined directly, without assuming a particular fluid model. The new rheometer has the capability to measure the rheological properties of materials at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1300°C and under different processing conditions. Rheological characteristics and properties of a range of low rank Australian coal ashes have been carried out using the newly developed high temperature rheometer, equipped with a cone and plate measuring geometry. It has been found that coal ash samples exhibit thixotropic and visco plastic flow behaviours. SEM and XRD analyses have revealed that during high temperature rheological measurements the coal ash sample is basically a suspension of colloidal mineral solids in a molten eutectic liquid. The solid phase is mainly silica (SiO₂,), and the liquid phase is a mixture of alkali sulphates mainly CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ compounds. The equilibrium visco metric data of coal ash samples is found to be satisfactorily described using the Herschel-Bulkley model. The equilibrium rheological properties are strongly affected by the concentration levels of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ . The operating temperature and chemical composition of the surrounding gas phase were also found to affect the rheological properties of the coal ash samples. In order to obtain a better understanding and to model the rheological properties of the coal ashes, a series of synthetic ash mixtures were examined. The synthetic mixtures contained the key chemical components that represent the solid and the liquid phases. The solid phase is represented by silica (SiO₂), while a mixture of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ compounds represented the liquid phase. In this work, the rheological characteristics of mixtures of synthetic ash were investigated using a factorial experimental design. Using the synthetic ash mixtures together with the statistical design experiment, the effect of key chemical compounds on the rheological properties could be systematically investigated. The rheological results showed that the synthetic mixtures exhibited thixotropic and viscoplastic behaviours. It was also found that mixtures predominantly high in CaS0₄and MgS0₄ had a high degree of thixotropy behaviour, while those mixtures predominantly high in Na₂S0₄ showed a lower degree of thixotropy behaviour. The statistical analysis also showed that Na₂S0₄ is the most significant chemical compound causes a high yield stress and high viscosity. In contrast, CaS0₄and MgS0₄ were found to decrease the value of the yield stress and the viscosity. The rheological behaviour of the synthetic ash mixtures can be used to describe rheological behaviour of the coal ash samples. Relationships between equilibrium flow properties and chemical compounds, and temperatures are developed using a linear regression method. The statistical analysis has shown that CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ , and their interactions are all significant compounds that have effects on the yield stress and viscosity of the synthetic mixtures. It was also found that the yield stress and viscosity decreased with increasing concentration level of either CaS0₄or MgS0₄ . Yield stress and viscosity are increased with increases in the concentration of Na₂S0₄ . The statistical models can successfully predict rheological properties of ash with high concentrations of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ , but it fails to predict the rheological properties of ashes that also high concentrations of either Fe₂0₃ or Al₂0₃, or a combination of both. The relationship between ash rheology and fluidised bed agglomeration has been established. The yield stress of a coal ash may be used to describe the tendency of the molten ash to deposit on surface of the fluid bed particles. Yield stress also determines the tendency of stickiness of the molten ash deposit to adhere the fluid bed particles during fluidised bed combustion process. The viscosity of the molten ash describes the ability of the molten ash layer to adhere the fluid bed particles after a collision. High viscosity ash tend to hold the colliding particles together longer than a low viscosity ash. Shear thinning behaviour of the ash samples (decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) suggests that the operating conditions could be arranged so as to minimise the chance of agglomeration. For example, in order to avoid agglomeration a high viscosity coal ash would benefit from operating the fluidised bed combustion at a high velocity, this is because a high velocity means a higher shear rate and this causes a reduction in the viscosity of the molten ash. Thus, particles agglomerated by a low viscosity ash would be easily broken by the hydrodynamic forces present during the fluidised bed process. Finally, information about ash rheology has formed a basic knowledge for estimating tendency of fluid bed agglomeration when coal obtained from different source is being used. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1141958 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2004

Title page, summary and table of contents only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / Ash deposition is a problem in power generation when coal with high ash and alkali contents are utilised. The problem is more severe in fluidised bed combustion where the ash deposition can causes agglomeration of the bed material, may lead to defluidisation of the unit. The successful operation of fluid bed combustion with coal high in ash and alkali content will depend on the ability to control ash deposition. The rheological properties of coal ash under furnace conditions are important in controlling the stickiness and mobility of the molten ash deposition. Therefore, a good knowledge of the rheological properties of coal will improve the understanding of the mechanisms associated with ash deposition, and may assist in controlling the deposition and agglomeration of fluid bed material. At present, a good deal of information about coal ash rheology under conditions similar to those found in fluidised bed combustion is not known, and greater understanding is required. This is primarily due to a lack of reliable instruments and measurement techniques. In this work, a new high temperature rheometer has been developed based on the principle concepts of visco metric flow. The developed rheometer allows fundamental rheological properties, such as shear stress and shear rate, to be obtained without relying on calibrations with materials of known properties. With this instrument the flow characteristics of the tested samples can be determined directly, without assuming a particular fluid model. The new rheometer has the capability to measure the rheological properties of materials at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1300°C and under different processing conditions. Rheological characteristics and properties of a range of low rank Australian coal ashes have been carried out using the newly developed high temperature rheometer, equipped with a cone and plate measuring geometry. It has been found that coal ash samples exhibit thixotropic and visco plastic flow behaviours. SEM and XRD analyses have revealed that during high temperature rheological measurements the coal ash sample is basically a suspension of colloidal mineral solids in a molten eutectic liquid. The solid phase is mainly silica (SiO₂,), and the liquid phase is a mixture of alkali sulphates mainly CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ compounds. The equilibrium visco metric data of coal ash samples is found to be satisfactorily described using the Herschel-Bulkley model. The equilibrium rheological properties are strongly affected by the concentration levels of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ . The operating temperature and chemical composition of the surrounding gas phase were also found to affect the rheological properties of the coal ash samples. In order to obtain a better understanding and to model the rheological properties of the coal ashes, a series of synthetic ash mixtures were examined. The synthetic mixtures contained the key chemical components that represent the solid and the liquid phases. The solid phase is represented by silica (SiO₂), while a mixture of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ compounds represented the liquid phase. In this work, the rheological characteristics of mixtures of synthetic ash were investigated using a factorial experimental design. Using the synthetic ash mixtures together with the statistical design experiment, the effect of key chemical compounds on the rheological properties could be systematically investigated. The rheological results showed that the synthetic mixtures exhibited thixotropic and viscoplastic behaviours. It was also found that mixtures predominantly high in CaS0₄and MgS0₄ had a high degree of thixotropy behaviour, while those mixtures predominantly high in Na₂S0₄ showed a lower degree of thixotropy behaviour. The statistical analysis also showed that Na₂S0₄ is the most significant chemical compound causes a high yield stress and high viscosity. In contrast, CaS0₄and MgS0₄ were found to decrease the value of the yield stress and the viscosity. The rheological behaviour of the synthetic ash mixtures can be used to describe rheological behaviour of the coal ash samples. Relationships between equilibrium flow properties and chemical compounds, and temperatures are developed using a linear regression method. The statistical analysis has shown that CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ , and their interactions are all significant compounds that have effects on the yield stress and viscosity of the synthetic mixtures. It was also found that the yield stress and viscosity decreased with increasing concentration level of either CaS0₄or MgS0₄ . Yield stress and viscosity are increased with increases in the concentration of Na₂S0₄ . The statistical models can successfully predict rheological properties of ash with high concentrations of CaS0₄, MgS0₄ and Na₂S0₄ , but it fails to predict the rheological properties of ashes that also high concentrations of either Fe₂0₃ or Al₂0₃, or a combination of both. The relationship between ash rheology and fluidised bed agglomeration has been established. The yield stress of a coal ash may be used to describe the tendency of the molten ash to deposit on surface of the fluid bed particles. Yield stress also determines the tendency of stickiness of the molten ash deposit to adhere the fluid bed particles during fluidised bed combustion process. The viscosity of the molten ash describes the ability of the molten ash layer to adhere the fluid bed particles after a collision. High viscosity ash tend to hold the colliding particles together longer than a low viscosity ash. Shear thinning behaviour of the ash samples (decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate) suggests that the operating conditions could be arranged so as to minimise the chance of agglomeration. For example, in order to avoid agglomeration a high viscosity coal ash would benefit from operating the fluidised bed combustion at a high velocity, this is because a high velocity means a higher shear rate and this causes a reduction in the viscosity of the molten ash. Thus, particles agglomerated by a low viscosity ash would be easily broken by the hydrodynamic forces present during the fluidised bed process. Finally, information about ash rheology has formed a basic knowledge for estimating tendency of fluid bed agglomeration when coal obtained from different source is being used. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1141958 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2004

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1998. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 156 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-135).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 74 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-70).

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-64). Also available via the Internet.

Bibliography: pages 119-126. / Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) was used for the determination of cadmium and beryllium in coal and fly ash slurries. Sample preparation involved grinding the sample to a fine powder and slurrying it in a suitable solvent. Stable slurries were maintained by magnetic stirring during sampling. Pyrolytically coated graphite tubes were used for cadmium determinations, while beryllium was determined with platform atomisation. Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate and magnesium nitrate matrix modifiers were used for cadmium and beryllium determinations respectively. Calibration graphs constructed with aqueous standards containing the appropriate matrix modifier were rectilinear to at least 100 pg cadmium and 45 pg beryllium. Results were calculated with integrated peak area measurements. The detection limits were 2.9 pg for cadmium and 0.7pg for beryllium. Beryllium determinations were performed with semi-automatic sample introduction. The novel semi-automatic sampling unit utilised magnetic stirring for· the maintenance of stable slurries and operated with the standard Perkin-Elmer AS-40 autosampler. The principles of this unit were extended to the development of a fully automatic auto-sampling unit. The design and operation of both units are described. The accuracy of the methods was evaluated by analysing standard reference materials and in some cases, comparisons with acid digestion procedures. Data are presented for the analysis of South African coal and fly ash samples. The slurry methods had acceptable accuracy and precision. In comparison with the conventional acid digestion procedures using high pressure bombs, a time-saving advantage was realised.

The high temperature interactions of alkali metal compounds with solids present in coal conversion processes are investigated. A temperature and concentration programmed reaction method is used to investigate the mechanism by which organically bound alkali is released from carbonaceous substrates. Vaporization of the alkali is preceded by reduction of oxygen-bearing groups during which CO is generated. A residual amount of alkali remains after complete reduction. This residual level is greater for potassium, indicating that potassium has stronger interactions with graphitic substrates than sodium. Other mineral substrates were exposed to high temperature alkali chloride vapors under both nitrogen and simulated flue gas atmospheres to investigate their potential application as sorbents for the removal of alkali from coal conversion flue gases. The compounds containing alumina and silica are found to readily adsorb alkali vapors and the minerals kaolinite, bauxite and emathlite are identified as promising alkali sorbents. The fundamentals of alkali adsorption on kaolinite, bauxite and emathlite are compared and analyzed both experimentally and through theoretical modeling. The experiments were performed in a microgravimetric reactor system; the sorbents were characterized before and after alkali adsorption using scanning Auger microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, mercury porosimetry and atomic emission spectrophotometry. The results show that the process is not a simple physical condensation, but a complex combination of several diffusion steps and reactions. There are some common features among these sorbents in their interactions with alkali vapors: In all cases the process is diffusion influenced, the rate of adsorption decreases with time and there is a final saturation limit. However, there are differences in reaction mechanisms leading to potentially different applications for each sorbent. Bauxite and kaolinite react with NaCl and water vapor to form nephelite and carnegieite and release HCl to the gas phase. However, emathlite reacts to form albite and HCl vapor. Albite has a melting point significantly lower than nephelite and carnegieite; therefore, emathlite is more suitable for lower temperature sorption systems downstream of the combustors/gasifiers, while kaolinite and bauxite are suitable as in-situ additives.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 248-256.