本文研究旨在探討民營化此一外在環境的變動對公營事業工會發展的影響。為求深入瞭解此一課題，因此，本文擬藉由當樂普(Dunlop)在一九五入年所提出的勞資關係系統研究法，建構本文的主要分析模型。而為彌補當樂普(Dunlop)勞資關係系統研究法的缺失，將對影響公營事業工會抗爭民營化的背景因素會有更廣泛的考量，包括政治、經濟、社會、法律層面；並對第一波實行民營化的中國石油化學股份有限公司，進行實地訪問，盡可能地將行為因素納入。而為了觀察公營事業工會左面臨民營化此一外在環境因素衝擊的變動過程，擬以約翰柏頓(John Burton)波提出的公營事業工會運作特質，做為一分析軸線來探討在民營化前後工會的轉變。此外，為瞭解公營事業工會勞動者如何在其某些勞動權利行使受限制的情況下，諸如團體協商範圍及爭議權行使的限制，採用何種集體行動策略，獲得談判協商的空間與時間，參與民營化員工權益的規劃過程，來保障工會所代表的勞動者權益。因此，藉由奧爾森(Olson)的集體行動模型與歐非(Offe)&威森梭(Wisential)的溝通邏輯，說明工會做為一利益團體如何凝聚會員之間的共識，採取有效的集體行動策略，達成會員的共同目標。此外，根據得他雷夫 楊(DEtlef Jahn)的兩種集體行動邏輯與工會民主觀點，說明工會集體行動策略的採用，對工會內部決策過程的影響。因此，本文主要是藉由公營事業工會運作特質、集體行動策略及工會內部決策過程三方面與實地訪問，來探討民營化前後公營事業工會的轉變情形。最後，根據學理上的分析及實務上的運作情形，對工會在民營化之後未來的發展情形，提出結論及個人的建議，以做為正在進行或即將實行民營化的公營事業與公營事業工會、政府修改相關法令的參考。

台灣的社區發展推行至今，從傳統由上而下的硬體支持，轉為時下由下而上的全方位發展。社區自主發展是自發性的治理行動，藉由信任、溝通、相互尊重等意識建構當地的社會網絡雛形，進而累積龐大的社會資本，以為社區發展的基礎。社區發展並非是終點，而是個連續的過程。因此，於社區發展的集體行動過程中，需提供相當的誘因以維持集體行動的運行。 然而，依台灣社區發展推行至今的經驗觀之，不少案例顯示政府機構所提供的誘因機制，經常排擠了地方社區的自發性集體行動以及自主制度的建立。這樣的結果推翻了以往「引進物質性誘因以激勵合作行為時，既有存在的非物質性誘因並不會受到影響」的假設。 有鑑於此，本研究以珍珠社區案例為研究對象，透過文獻分析與深度訪談的方式，檢視珍珠社區於社區發展過程中，外部各項誘因的挹注對社區發展歷程產生的排擠效果，包括影響社會網絡的強健與社會資本的積累。研究成果發現，一旦涉及利益分配，不同誘因類型間的排擠效果愈明顯。同時，容易造成不同參與者間的信任網絡的崩解、裂痕，進而削弱原有設區社會資本的存量。 惟誘因導入對於維持社區發展的集體行動持續不衰實有舉足輕重之影響，故結合案例觀察成果，誘因導入社區發展之集體行動需建立於下列前提：1.培養社區認同、調整社區願景、消弭宗教衝突以充實社區社會資本2.進行跨區整合，減低對政府的依賴 3.建立獎懲及監督機制，減少搭便車情形4.領導者風範的調整與包容或可促進社區發展持續有效的集體行動運作，達成社區永續發展的目標。 / Taiwan's community development carrying out until now, the community development the infrastructure which leads from the traditional government, transfers development. The community self-development is the spontaneous government motion, because of the trust, communication, mutual respect etc. which constructs local the social network and accumulate social capital. Because community development is a process, to maintain collective action continually needs provide suitable incentives. However, according to the experience of community development in Taiwan, many cases demonstrated a phenomenon: incentives that government provides usually crowds out the community collective actions and establish independent system. Such result has overthrown the assumption : to encourage cooperation actions by lead in incentives, the existence of non-material incentives will not be affected. In view of this, a case study of Jenju Community, we will survey the crowding-out effect which injecting external incentives during the community development. Include strong social networks and social capital accumulation. Research found that when it comes to the distribution of benefits, crowding-out effect between the different types of incentives is more apparently. At the same time, it is likely to cause network of trust between different actors collapse of cracks, which would weaken the existing stock of social capital in the community. However, incentives for the maintenance of community development into collective action has a significant continuing decline of the real impact, Therefore, the results observed with the case, incentives for collective action in community development into the need to establish the following premise:1. to enrich social capital by foster community identity, community vision to adjust, to eliminate the religious conflict. 2. for cross-integration, to reduce dependence on government. 3. the establishment of incentive and monitoring mechanisms to reduce the free rider situation. 4. leadership style and tolerance of adjustment. This may facilitate sustainable community development and effective operation of collective action, to achieve sustainable community development objectives.

<p>Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state</p><p>governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.</p><p>Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.</p><p>Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.</p> / <p>Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state</p><p>governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.</p><p>Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.</p><p>Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.</p> / The ISRN in the pdf-file is incorrect. The correct ISRN is shown below.

This thesis deals with appropriate legislation concerning common utilities, such as infra-structural facilities and natural resources, which can regulate construction, maintenance, use and financing. Appropriate legislation can be viewed in the two main perspectives, effi-ciency and equity, and the thesis concerns primarily on efficiency. The purpose is to develop an analytical model, which can be used to facilitate structured assessments concerning the management of common utilities. The problem field concerned is of great complexity, and the model is therefore to be viewed as a support for decision-making, not as an instrument capable of delivering ready-made solutions. To structure the problem area it’s divided into three parts, the social, physical and institu-tional environments. The social environment is concerned with factors, such as group size and amount of trust and social capital, which can influence the feasibility of co-operation. The analysis leads to a classification of three social groups: Close-knit, loosely-knit and anonymous. The physical environment is concerned with characteristics of utilities, which influences need for, and feasibility of, co-operation. Rivalry of use and excludability are identified as important factors in this aspect. By combining them six types of goods can be identified: Private goods, club goods, common pool resources, toll goods, public goods and local pub-lic goods. The institutional environment is concerned with rules, which can control the use of com-mon utilities. Two concepts are identified as pivotal: property rights regimes and decision-making procedures. There are four property rights regimes: Individual rights, group rights, public rights (limited and unlimited) and no rights. Furthermore there are three decision-making procedures: Market regulation, group decision-making and public decision-making. A fourth possibility is no decision making-forum. By linking together social groups and types of goods a matrix is obtained in which each square represents a unique combination of social and physical environment. In this analyti-cal framework it is analysed which combinations of property rights regimes and decision-making procedures that are best suited to each square. In the end, Swedish legislation on roads, water and sewerage installations and aesthetic design of buildings is analysed with aid of the analytical model. / QC 20100825

The trade agenda has undergone significant transformations during the last 25 years. Negotiations have moved from the reciprocal reduction of tariff barriers to include the construction and harmonization of regulatory frameworks in different policy areas, while trade liberalization has simultaneously advanced at the regional and multilateral levels.This research explores under what conditions the launch of trade negotiations - symmetric (South- outh), asymmetric (North-South), and multilateral - have a differential impact on domestic governance. Based on a systematic and contextualized comparative analysis of the complex constellation of domestic actors and interests, and the relationships and interactions established among them in a particular institutional setting, our study argues that these different trade agendas generate diverse policy dynamics. Findings show that the variation in the scope of the agenda, the uncertainty of political outcomes, and the technical requirements attached to these negotiations have important consequences for the ways in which domestic state and non-state actors define their interests and collective action strategies. / La agenda comercial ha sufrido importantes modificaciones durante los últimos 25 años. Las negociaciones han pasado de la reducción recíproca de tarifas a la construcción y armonización regulatoria en distintas áreas de política, mientras que la liberalización comercial ha avanzado simultáneamente a nivel regional y multilateral.Esta investigación explora bajo qué condiciones el lanzamiento de negociaciones comerciales - imétricas (Sur-Sur), asimétricas (Norte-Sur) y multilaterales - tiene un impacto diferente sobre la gobernanza doméstica. A través de la comparación sistemática y contextualizada de la compleja constelación de actores e intereses domésticos, y de las relaciones e interacciones establecidas entre ellos en un determinado escenario institucional, nuestro estudio plantea que estas distintas agendas generan diferentes dinámicas políticas. Los resultados muestran que la variación en el alcance de la agenda, la incertidumbre de los resultados políticos, y los requisitos técnicos de estas negociaciones tienen importantes consecuencias sobre la manera en que los actores estatales y no estatales definen sus intereses y estrategias de acción colectiva.

<p>Denna uppsats belyser förutsättningar för samarbete om en gemensamt ägd resurs mellan traditionellt sett egoistiska vinstmaximerande aktörer. Handlingar som motiveras utifrån egoistisk vinstmaximerande rationalitet vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs är kontraproduktivt och ohållbart för resursens bevarande på lång sikt. Därför måste aktörerna ändra sitt beteende kring utnyttjandet av resursen.</p><p>Här belyses de förutsättningar, processer, handlingsmotiv och verktyg som krävs för att gemensam handling mellan egoister kan ingås, etableras och bevaras. Samarbete som utformas enligt modellen som beskrivs i denna uppsats ger individerna högre nyttoavkastning samtidigt som resursen kan bevaras på ett långsiktigt hållbart sätt. Egoistiska, eller självintresserade, konkurrerande aktörer gör långsiktiga nyttovinster på att samarbeta.</p><p>Som exempel används två imaginära vinstdrivande företag på en konkurrensutsatt marknad. Företagen får nyttovinster i form av ökad produktivitet och kostnadsminskningar genom att samarbeta om en gemensamt ägd inköpsavdelning, jämfört med individuellt agerande. Ett företag fungerar i denna uppsats som representant för urtypen av en vinstmaximerande självdriven egoist. Inköpsavdelningar har traditionellt sett varit drivna som en privat ägd resurs. Här belyses att nyttovinster kan göras genom att ombilda flera privat ägda inköpsavdelningar till en gemensamt ägd resurs. Men detta kräver att aktörerna omformulerar sina nyttofunktionella motiv till handling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur detta kan gå till, vilka svårigheter samarbete kan innebära och hur aktörerna kan överkomma svårigheterna.</p><p>”Mind-Map” modellerna i avsnitten 5.2 och 5.3 har visst sammanfattande värde. De visar hur uppsatsens teorier bygger på varandra. ”Mind-Map” modellerna visar följderna från egoistisk och liberal-utilitaristisk rationalitet som motiv till handling vid utnyttjandet av en gemensamt ägd resurs. För att en gemensam handling ska komma till stånd kan aktörerna inte motivera sina handlingar från egoistisk vinstmaximering, utan snarare liberal-utilitaristisk ”satisficing”.</p><p>Uppsatsens antaganden är uppbyggda som så att avsnitten 2, 3 och 4 utgör grundantagandena. Hur de antagandena appliceras introduceras i avsnitt 5. I avsnitt 6 kommer ytterligare antaganden allt eftersom modellen anpassar sig efter en inköpssituation.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Sammanfattning Denna uppsats undersöker möjligheten till självförvaltning i studentbostäder. Med rådande studentbostadsbrist i baktankarna är syftet med arbetet att bidra till en ökad produktion av studentbostäder i Sverige, med målet är att klarlägga studenters inställning till självförvaltning. Detta ska besvaras med hjälp av frågeställningarna som följer:   Vad innebär självförvaltning? I vilken utsträckning kan en student hjälpa till med förvaltningen av bostadshuset? Hur stort är intresset för självförvaltning bland studenterna? Uppsatsen grundar sig på en litteraturstudie om självförvaltning, intervjuer med fastighetsförvaltare och slutligen en enkätstudie, som ska klarlägga studenters inställning till självförvaltning. Uppsatsen är en fördjupning av vad självförvaltning innebär. Begreppet är svårtolkat, men kan förklaras som ett underhållsarbete inom den egna fastigheten som utförs av de boende till en reducerad hyra. Detta är dock endast möjligt vid ett ömsesidigt samarbete där hyresvärden frivilligt överlåter underhållsansvaret till hyresgästerna, som i sin tur är villiga att åta sig ansvaret. Utöver de psykologiska aspekter som finns kan även lagar försvåra utveckling och expansion av självförvaltningsprojekt. Under intervjuer med fastighetsförvaltare presenterades förslag på underhållsarbeten som studenter skulle kunna överta, med resultatet att en övervägande del av uppgifterna kunde överlåtas om alla förvaltares svar sammanställdes. Vidare gjordes en enkätundersökning som representerar 232 tillfrågade personer och utgörs av lika delar studenter vid högskola och universitet som gymnasister. En uppdelning mellan kön, hemmiljö och boende gjordes för att se om några skillnader förelåg mellan urvalsgrupperna. Förvaltare har en delvis negativ inställning till idén om självförvaltning, eftersom de har ett lägre förtroende för hur ansvarstagande studenterna är. Enligt enkätresultatet har gymnasister en bättre inställning till självförvaltning än studenterna. Det som är genomgående är att gymnasister generellt har ett större intresse för samtliga frågeställningar i enkäten och det som avviker mest är deras förhållning till ansvar och inflytande, som sågs som dubbelt så viktigt hos gymnasisterna än hos studenterna. Vår rekommendation är att utföra en testomgång med enbart deltagare som börjar högskola eller universitet direkt efter gymnasiet, eftersom det är vår tro att de inte ännu är påverkade av rådande bostadsmarknad och har ett större intresse för självförvaltning än studenterna. / Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of tenant governance in student housing. With the shortage of student homes in mind, the purpose of this work is to contribute to an increased production of student homes in Sweden, with the aim to clarify students' attitudes towards tenant governance. This should be answered through the questions that follow:   1. What is the intent of tenant governance? 2. To what extent can a student help with the maintenance of the residential building? 3. How great is the interest in tenant governance among students? This paper is based on a literature study on the subject of tenant governance, interviews with property managers and a questionnaire study, to clarify students' attitudes towards tenant governance. The paper further investigates what tenant governance means and it is clarified that the concept is somewhat unclear but may be explained as maintenance work within the residential building that is carried out by the tenants, whom in return get their rent reduced. The concept of tenant governance depends on mutual cooperation between the landlord and the tenants. For tenant governance to work properly a landlord, who is willing to devolve his or hers responsibilities regarding the maintenance work to the tenants, is needed along with having tenants that are willing to assume that responsibility. In addition to the psychological aspects are laws that may hamper the development and expansion of tenant governance projects. In interviews suggested maintenance work, which could be performed by the students, was presented to property managers of student homes. The outcome was positive as the results show that the property managers could devolve all of the suggested work to the students, if compiled together.  Furthermore, a survey representing 232 people surveyed, consisting of equal parts of university students and high school students was carried out. A break down by gender, upbringing and type of living was made to see if any differences exist between the sample groups. The interviews showed that the property managers have a partly negative attitude towards the idea of tenant governance in student housing as their confidence in students' sense of responsibility is limited. According to the survey results, high school students tend to have a more positive attitude towards tenant governance than the university students. In general the high school students seem to have a greater interest in the questions asked. The most important difference between the sample groups was the fact that high school students tended to see influence and responsibility twice as important as the university students. Our proposal is to implement a test round with tenant governance in student housing. Moreover we suggest having only students who begin university directly after high school, as it is our belief that they are less influenced by today's housing market and have a greater interest in tenant governance than the university students.

No description available.

Aquesta tesis anal.litza les Clausules d'Acció Col.lectiva i les Clàusules de Precedència quan: 1) el repagament és endogen i depèn d'un esforç de lobbying dels creditors. 2) el litigi és purament redistributiu. Hi ha una externalitat positiva del esforç que interactua amb la distribució dels actius i les clàusules contractuals. Els litigis individuals no són desitjables socialment perquè redueixen l'incentiu al esforç. Les Clàusules d'Acció Col.lectiva bloquegen els litigis i maximitzen el repagament. La introducció de Clàusules de Precedència modifica els incentius al esforç. Aquest efecte pot ser positiu o negatiu.El capítol 2 explora la relació entre les crisis de deute sobirà i el creixement de les industries manufacureres. Les industries amb competició importadora intensa rendeixen relativament millor després del default. Les industries exportadores creixen més lentament al voltant del default. Les industries caracteritzades per alta intensitat del capital i tangibilitat dels actius sofreixen menys els effectes dels defaults. / This thesis analyzes Collective Action Clauses and Seniority Clauses when: 1) repayment is endogenous and depends on creditor lobbying effort; 2) litigation for full repayment is purely redistributive. There is a positive externality of effort that interacts with asset distribution and contractual clauses. Individual litigation is not desirable from a social point of view since it weakens the incentives to exert effort. Collective Action Clauses block litigation and maximize repayment. The adoption of Seniority Clauses modifies the incentives to exert effort and thus repayment. This effect can be positive or negative.Chapter 2 explores the linkage between sovereign debt crises and manufacturing industry growth using a difference-in-difference methodology. Industries facing tough import competition perform relatively better after a sovereign default. Export-oriented sectors grow more slowly around default times. Industries characterized by high physical capital intensity and asset tangibility tend to suffer less from default episodes.