Os Polímeros Reforçados com Fibras (PRF) são materiais compósitos constituídos por fibras unidas por uma matriz polimérica. São leves, não corrosivos, possuem alta resistência à tração e são de simples execução. O PRF em forma de tecido é utilizado para envolver o pilar de concreto armado promovendo a restrição das deformações laterais pelo efeito de membrana. Nos pilares com seção transversal circular, esse efeito de membrana é desenvolvido ao longo de todo o seu perímetro. Já para seções quadradas ou retangulares, esse efeito de membrana se desenvolve apenas nos cantos arredondados, reduzindo, assim, a eficiência do confinamento. Por conta dessa limitação, esta pesquisa propõe a utilização de um mecanismo auxiliar constituído por tirantes transversais de aço ancorados por perfis longitudinais, que juntamente com o PRF vão promover o confinamento nos maiores lados de seções de pilares retangulares. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais de dez pilares de concreto, cujos resultados confirmaram o maior incremento de força e ductilidade nos pilares devido à presença dos tirantes, verificando também que os perfis longitudinais contribuem diretamente com a força axial no pilar. Por meio da análise numérica em elementos finitos foi possível observar o acréscimo de regiões de concreto efetivamente confinado devido à presença dos tirantes. Com a análise paramétrica realizada foram identificados os parâmetros e como eles influenciam no comportamento dos pilares reforçados com a técnica: a relação entre os lados da seção transversal, a taxa de PRF; a taxa de tirantes de aço e a rigidez do perfil de ancoragem. Por fim, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico que possibilita calcular a parcela de força resistida pelo concreto confinado e pelos perfis de ancoragem de modo independente, indicando boas correlações com os resultados experimentais e numéricos. / Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) are composite materials consisting of fibers bonded by a polymer matrix. They are lightweight, non-corrosive, have high tensile strength and simple to apply. The FRP jacket is used to wrap the concrete column and restrict the lateral expansion by the membrane effect. In columns with circular cross section, the membrane effect is developed along its entire perimeter. However, in square or rectangular sections this effect is only developed at the rounded corners, resulting in a decrease of the confinement efficiency. Due this limitation, this research proposes the use of an auxiliary mechanism made up of transverse steel ties anchored by longitudinal bars, which together with the FRP, promote confinement on the biggest sides of rectangular sections of columns. Experimental tests were carried out on ten concrete columns, whose results confirmed the greatest force increase and ductility due to the presence of the steel ties and that the anchor bars contribute directly with the axial force. Through the numerical analysis in finite elements methods it was possible to observe the effective confined concrete regions due to the presence of the ties. With the parametric analysis performed some parameters were identified and how they influence in behavior of columns reinforced with this technique: the relationship between the sides of the cross section; the PRF rate; the steel ties rate and the stiffness of the anchor bar. Finally, an analytical model was developed allowing calculate the force resisted by the confined concrete and the anchor bars forces independently, indicating good correlations with the experimental and numerical results.

Orientador: Ítalo Odone Mazali / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T10:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_EliasdeBarros_D.pdf: 21364667 bytes, checksum: 387f64757c1773196fb26d80d6304b52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho de tese é referente à preparação e caracterização de sistemas nanoestruturados na forma de nanopartículas caroço-casca e filmes finos alternados dos óxidos semicondutores: TiO2, MoO3 e WO3. Para tal finalidade foram preparadas nanopartículas monocomponentes individuais dos três óxidos mencionados (PVG/TiO2, PVG/MoO3 e PVG/WO3) e nanopartículas caroço-casca bicomponentes (PVG/TiO2-MoO3, PVG/MoO3-TiO2 e PVG/TiO2-WO3), usando o vidro poroso Vycor® (PVG) como suporte. Também foram preparados filmes finos individuais e alternados de TiO2 e MoO3. Para a síntese das nanopartículas foram feitas impregnações do PVG com soluções precursoras dos compostos di-(propóxido)-di-(2-etilhexanoato) de titânio (IV) em hexano, 2-etilhexanoato de molibdênio (VI) em hexano e do composto di-[hexaquis(m-acetato)triacetato(m3-oxo)tritungstênio(III, III, IV) em água. Foi empregado o procedimento de ciclos de impregnação-decomposição sucessivos, que consiste em repetir, empregando o mesmo suporte poroso, o procedimento de impregnação do composto e sua posterior decomposição térmica. Com este método foi possível controlar o tamanho das nanopartículas, que seguido da alternância dos precursores envolvidos em cada ciclo levou a obtenção de nanopartículas compostas por bicamadas (caroço-casca). Os sistemas de nanopartículas foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de espectroscopia Raman, espectroscopia UV-Vis no modo de refletância difusa, difração de raios X usando radiação síncrotron e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução. As nanopartículas individuais PVG/TiO2, PVG/MoO3 e PVG/WO3 e as nanopartículas caroço-casca PVG/TiO2-MoO3, PVG/MoO3-TiO2 e PVG/TiO2-WO3 exibiram efeitos de confinamento quântico por tamanho. Os resultados de caracterização mostraram que a variação do número de ciclos de impregnação-decomposição permitiu controlar o diâmetro do caroço e a espessura da casca, evidenciando as potencialidades das técnicas de caracterização para tal finalidade. Este resultado mostrou que o método de decomposição de precursores metalorgânicos, aliado ao procedimento de ciclos de impregnação-decomposição, mostrou-se eficiente na obtenção de nanopartículas caroço-casca hierarquicamente organizadas. Os filmes finos de TiO2 e MoO3, individuais e alternados, foram depositados sobre substratos de quartzo a partir de ciclos sucessivos de deposição-decomposição alternados, empregando-se a técnica de dip coating. Os filmes finos foram caracterizados por perfilometria óptica, espectroscopia UV-Vis no modo de refletância difusa, espectroscopia Raman, microscopia Raman Confocal, microscopia de força atômica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com análise espectroscópica de dispersão de energia. Os filmes finos alternados bicomponentes são formados por uma estrutura bicamada entre os dois óxidos componentes. Apesar da maior dimensão dos filmes finos, escala micrométrica, em comparação com as nanopartículas caroço-casca, escala nanométrica, foi possível identificar por espectroscopia Raman a presença dos dois óxidos mostrando que a camada do componente superior não suprime o sinal Raman do componente inferior / Abstract: This work reports the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured systems - core-shell nanoparticles and alternate thin films - based on the semiconductor oxides: TiO2, MoO3 and WO3. For this purpose, individual monocomponent nanoparticles (PVG/TiO2, PVG/MoO3 and PVG/WO3) and bicomponent core-shell nanoparticles (PVG/TiO2-MoO3, PVG/MoO3-TiO2 and PVG/TiO2-WO3) of the above mentioned oxides using porous Vycor® glass (PVG) as support were synthesized. Also, individual thin films and alternate thin films of TiO2 and MoO3 were prepared. For the nanoparticles synthesis, the procedure used was based on the impregnation of PVG pieces with titanium (IV) di-(n-propoxy)-di-(2-ethylhexanoate) in hexane, molybdenum (VI) 2-ethylhexanoate in hexane, or di-[hexakis(m-acetato)triacetate(m3-oxo)tritungstato of hexakis(m-acetate)triaquo(m3-oxo)tritungsten(III, III, IV) in water, followed by thermal decomposition. This procedure, successively repeated over the same PVG piece, was named impregnation-decomposition cycle. With this method it was possible to control the nanoparticles size, and by alternating the metallo-organic precursors used, it was possible to obtain nanoparticles with core-shell architecture. Nanoparticle-based systems were characterized by Raman and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopies, powder X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Individual nanoparticles PVG/TiO2, PVG/MoO3 and PVG/WO3 and the core-shell nanoparticles PVG/TiO2-MoO3, PVG/MoO3-TiO2 and PVG/TiO2-WO3 are under quantum confinement regime. Characterization showed that the change in the impregnation-decomposition cycle number enables one to control the core size and shell thickness, showing the potential characterization for this purpose. This result showed that metallo-organic decomposition method and impregnation-decomposition cycle procedure is efficient to prepare organized hierarchically core-shell nanoparticle. Thin films of individual and alternated TiO2 and MoO3 were prepared by dip coating of the Ti(IV) and Mo(VI) metallo-organic precursors listed above over quartz slides, followed by thermal decomposition. This procedure, successively repeated over the same quartz slide, was named deposition-decomposition cycle. The thin films were characterized by optical profilometry, Raman and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopies, confocal Raman microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. The thin films formed by two-component show bilayered structure between the two oxide components. Despite the differences in dimension between thin films - in micrometer scale - and the supported core-shell nanoparticles - in nanometer scale - Raman spectroscopy was able to identify in both systems the presence of the two oxides, showing that the top layer component does not suppress the Raman signal of the lower component / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

Abstract : The construction industry is expressing great demand for innovative and durable structural members such as bridge decks and piers, piling, and poles. Many steel-reinforced concrete structures subjected to de-icing salts and marine environments require extensive and expensive maintenance. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have recently gained wide acceptance as a viable construction material for repair, rehabilitation, or new construction of the aging infrastructures particularly those exposed to harsh environment conditions. The promising concept of concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) system, that may be further reinforced with steel or FRP bars, has raised great interest amongst researchers in the last decade. The CFFT technique has been used successfully in different concrete structure elements such as pier column and girder for bridges and also as fender piles in marine structures. The FRP tube acts as a stay-in-place structural formwork, a noncorrosive reinforcement for the concrete for flexure and shear, provides confinement to the concrete in compression, and the contained concrete is protected from intrusion of moisture with corrosive agents that could otherwise deteriorate the concrete core. Using FRP bars instead of conventional steel bars in the CFFT columns can provide a step forward to develop a promising totally corrosion-free new structural system. Nonetheless, the axial behaviour of FRP bars as longitudinal reinforcement in compression members has yet to be explored, especially for the CFFT columns. To date, most of the experimental investigations performed on FRP confined concrete columns have considered short, unreinforced, small-scale concrete cylinders, tested under concentric, monotonic, and axial load. The slenderness ratio, internal longitudinal reinforcement type (steel or FRP bars), and axial cyclic loading effects on the behaviour of FRP confined concrete long columns, however, have received only limited research attention. To address such knowledge gaps, this study aimed at investigating the behaviour of the CFFT long columns internally reinforced with steel or FRP bars tested under monotonic and cyclic axial loading. A total of ten reinforced concrete (RC) and CFFT columns were constructed and tested until failure. All columns had 1900-mm in height and 213-mm in diameter. The investigated parameters were: i) the effect of internal reinforcement type (steel, glass FRP (GFRP), or carbon FRP (CFRP)) and amount, ii) GFRP tube thicknesses, and iii) nature of loading (i.e. monotonic and cyclic). The effect of the different parameters on the axial behaviour of the tested columns is presented and discussed. The research work presented in this dissertation has resulted in one paper submitted to the Elsevier Journal of Engineering Structures (manuscript ID: ENGSTRUCT-D-15-01381) and one accepted conference paper submitted to the 5 th International Structural Specialty Conference (CSCE 2016), London, Ontario, June 1st - 4th, 2016. The experimental test results showed that the CFFT columns reinforced with GFRP bars exhibited similar responses compared to their counterparts reinforced with steel bars with no significant difference in terms of ultimate axial strength and strain capacities. The GFRP tubes provided significant confinement of the tested specimens attributing to shift the mode of failure from axially dominated material failure to flexural-dominated instability failure. The results also indicated that the plastic strains of the FRP-reinforced CFFT columns was linearly proportional to the envelop unloading strains (εun,env). The relationship depended little on level of confinement, but strongly on the longitudinal reinforcement amount and type, particularly when εun,env > 0.0035. On the other hand, an analytical investigation was conducted to examine the validity of the available design provisions for predicting the ultimate load capacity of tested columns. The results of the analysis were compared with the experimental values. It was found that the ACI 440.R1 (2015), CSA S806 (2012), and CSA S6-06 (2010) design provisions provided higher conservative results for the GFRP-reinforced control specimens than that of steel-reinforced specimen. This might be due to neglecting the contribution of the compressive resistance of the GFRP bars to the axial carrying capacity. Furthermore, for FRP-reinforced CFFT columns, the ACI 440.2R (2008), CSA S806 (2012), and CSA S6-06 (2010) provisions results over the experimental results were an average of 1.68±0.31, 1.57±0.18, and 1.72±0.35 with a COV of 18.4%, 11.3%, and 20.5%, respectively. By considering the confinement codes limits, the CSA S806 (2012) showed better correlation for the ultimate carrying capacity based on the average than the CSA S6-06 (2010) and ACI 440.2R (2008), particularly for specimens cast with tube Type B. / Résumé : L'industrie de la construction exprime une grande demande pour les structures innovantes et durables tels que les tabliers de ponts et les quais, les pieux et les poteaux. Plusieurs structures en béton armé sont soumises à des sels de déglaçage et à des environnements marins qui exigent un entretien coûteux. Les polymères renforcés de fibres (PRF) ont récemment été reconnus en tant que matériau de construction viable pour la réparation, la réhabilitation ou la construction de nouvelles infrastructures vieillissantes en particulier celles exposées à des conditions d'environnement sévères. Le concept prometteur du système de tube rempli de béton PRF (CFFT), qui peut être encore renforcé avec de l'acier ou des barres en PRF, a amorcé un grand intérêt parmi les chercheurs durant la dernière décennie. La technique CFFT a été utilisée avec succès dans les différents éléments de structure en béton tels que les colonnes et les poutres de ponts et aussi comme des pieux pour les structures marines. Le tube en PRF agit comme un coffrage structural sur place, un renforcement non corrosif pour le béton en flexion et au cisaillement en utilisant l'orientation des fibres multidirectionnelle, fournit un confinement au béton en compression, et le béton est protégé de toute intrusion d'humidité des agents corrosifs qui, autrement, pourraient détériorer le noyau de béton (ACI 440. R-07 (2007)). L’utilisation des barres de PRF au lieu de barres d'acier conventionnelles dans les colonnes CFFT peut fournir un pas en avant pour développer un nouveau système structurel. Néanmoins, le comportement axial des barres en PRF comme armatures longitudinales dans les membrures en compression n'a pas encore été exploré, en particulier pour les colonnes CFFT. À ce jour, la plupart des études expérimentales effectuées sur les colonnes en béton confinés de PRF, ont considéré des cylindres en béton, courts, à petite échelle non armés, et testés sous un charge concentrique, monotone, et axiale. Le rapport d'élancement, le renfort longitudinal interne (acier ou barres en PRF), et les effets du chargement axial cyclique sur le comportement des colonnes élancées de béton confinés et en PRF, ont connu une recherche limitée. Pour combler ce manque de connaissance, cette étude vise à étudier le comportement des colonnes élancées CFFT armé en acier ou en barres de PRF testées sous charges axiales monotones et cycliques. Un total de dix colonnes en béton armé (RC) et CFFT été fabriquées et testées jusqu'à la rupture. Toutes les colonnes ont 1900 mm de hauteur et 213 mm de diamètre. Les paramètres étudiés sont les suivants: i) l'effet de type de renforcement interne et la quantité de renforcement, ii) les épaisseurs de tubes PRV, et iii) le type de chargement (monotone et cyclique). L'effet des variables considérées sur le comportement axial des colonnes testées dans le travail expérimental est présenté et discuté. Le travail de recherche présenté dans cette analyse a fait l’objet d’un article scientifique soumis à Elsevier Journal of Engineering Structures (manuscrit ID: ENGSTRUCT-D-15-01381) et un article lors d’une conférence acceptée soumis à la 5ième International Structural Specialty Conference (CSCE 2016), London, Ontario, Juin 1er - 4ième, 2016. Les résultats des essais expérimentaux ont montré que les colonnes CFFT renforcées de barres en PRFV présentaient des réponses similaires par rapport à leurs homologues renforcées avec des barres d'acier sans différence significative en termes de capacité ultime de résistance axiale et de déformation. Les tubes en PRFV fournissent un confinement significatif des échantillons testés attribuant à changer le mode de rupture, c’est-à-dire d’une rupture des matériaux axialement à une rupture d’instabilité en flexion. En outre, l'augmentation de l'épaisseur du tube en PRFV de 2,9 à 6,4 mm améliore les rapports de résistance et de déformation de 25 % et 12 %, respectivement. Les résultats indiquent également que les déformations plastiques des colonnes renforcées de PRF sont linéairement proportionnelles aux enveloppes de tension de déchargement (εde,env). La relation dépend un peu du niveau de confinement, mais fortement de la quantité et du type de renfort longitudinal, en particulier lorsque εde,env > 0,0035. D'autre part, une investigation a été menée pour examiner la validité des dispositions de conception disponibles pour prédire la capacité de la charge ultime des colonnes testées. Les résultats de l'analyse ont été comparés avec les valeurs expérimentales. Il a été constaté que les prévisions de l'ACI 440.R1 (2015), CSA S806 (2012), et CSA S6-06 (2010) ont fourni des résultats conservateurs plus élevés pour les échantillons de contrôle en PRFV que celui de l'échantillon d'acier. Cela peut être dû à la négligence de la contribution de la résistance à la compression des barres de PRFV à la capacité de charge axiale. En outre, pour les colonnes de CFFT renforcées de PRF, les prévisions de l'ACI 440.2R (2008), du CSA S806 (2012), et du CSA S6-06 (2010) étaient de 1,68 ± 0,31, 1,57 ± 0,18 et 1,72 ± 0,35 avec un COV de 18,4 %, 11,3%, et 20,5%, respectivement. En considérant les limites des codes de confinement, le code CSA S806 (2012) a révélé les meilleures prévisions pour la capacité de charge ultime basée sur la moyenne que celui du code CSA S6-06 (2010) et de l’ACI 440.2R (2008), en particulier pour les échantillons réalisés avec des tubes de Type B.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the meat, carcass and performance of young Charolais (C) and Nelore (N) races and their advanced crossbreeds of fourth, fifth and sixth generations with mean age of 24 months ending in confinement between 2004 and 2009, raised at the Beef Cattle Laboratory of the Department of Zootechnics of the Federal University of Santa Maria. All the animals were submitted to the same sanitary management during the period of data collection. Multivariate analysis was applied to understand the relationship among the variables. Principal component analysis was used to identify which variables were relevant within the generations of genetic groups studied. In the article I the characteristics of the meat of 171 steers were evaluated. The estimates of commonality indicated the characteristics color, palatability, tenderness, shear force and succulence as the most important. In article II, the carcass characteristics of 159 steers were evaluated. The estimates of commonality indicated the characteristics of cold carcass (PCF), subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS), leg length (C_PERN), arm length (C_BRA), fat (GORD) and loin eye area (AOL) And muscle percentage (MUSC) as the most important. In the second analysis the characteristics of the meat, carcass and performance of 179 animals were discussed. The estimates of commonality showed the characteristics of adjusted weights 365 (P365), 550 (P550), 730 (P730), cold carcass weight (PCF), subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS), leg length (C_PERN), arm length (C_BRA), muscle percentage (MUSC), fat percentage (GORD) and loin eye area (AOL) were the most important. The animals with greater genetic contribution of Charolais breed (above 65%) produce meats with greater palatability, better coloration and lower shear force. The Charolais race and its sixth generation presented greater value for AOL. The Nelore breed and its fifth generation had higher values for the GORD and EGS variables and lower value for MUSC. The Nelore and its fourth generation animals, besides highlighting the variables P730, PCF, P365 and P550, stood out for the variables C_PERN and C_BRA. This shows that animals with larger C_PERN and C_BRA measurements have higher P365, P550 and P730, and the animals also have higher PCF. / Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as características da carne, carcaça e desempenho de novinhos das raças Charolês (C) e Nelore (N) e seus cruzamentos avançados de quarta, quinta e sexta gerações com idade média de 24 meses, terminados em confinamento, entre os anos de 2004 a 2009, criados no Laboratório de Bovino de Corte do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao mesmo manejo sanitário durante o período de coleta de dados. A análise multivariada foi aplicada para se compreender o relacionamento entre as variáveis. Utilizou-se a análise de componentes principais para identificar quais variáveis foram relevantes dentro das gerações de grupos genéticos trabalhados. No artigo I, avaliaram-se as características da carne de 171 novilhos. As estimativas de comunalidade apontaram as características cor, palatabilidade, maciez, força de cisalhamento e suculência como as mais importantes. No artigo II, avaliaram-se as características da carcaça de 159 novilhos. As estimativas de comunalidade apontaram as características peso de carcaça fria (PCF), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), comprimento de perna (C_PERN), comprimento de braço (C_BRA), gordura (GORD) e área de olho de lombo (AOL) e porcentagem de músculo (MUSC) como as mais importantes. Na segunda análise foram abordadas as características da carne, carcaça e desempenho de 179 animais. As estimativas de comunalidade apontaram as características pesos ajustados 365 (P365), 550 (P550), 730 (P730), peso de carcaça fria (PCF), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), comprimento de perna (C_PERN), comprimento de braço (C_BRA), porcentagem de músculo (MUSC), porcentagem de gordura (GORD) e área de olho de lombo (AOL) como as mais importantes. Os animais com maior contribuição genética da raça Charolês (acima de 65%) produzem carnes com maior palatabilidade, melhor coloração e menor força de cisalhamento. A raça Charolês e sua sexta geração apresentaram maior valor para AOL. Já a raça Nelore e sua quinta geração apresentaram maior valor para as variáveis GORD e EGS e menor valor para MUSC. Os animais Nelore e sua quarta geração, além de apresentarem destaque para as variáveis P730, PCF, P365 e P550, destacaram-se para as variáveis C_PERN e C_BRA. Isso demonstra que animais com maiores medidas de C_PERN e C_BRA apresentam maior P365, P550 e P730, sendo os animais que também apresentam maior PCF.

Sheep production has always played a fundamental role in society throughout history, and it has been highlighted as an important economic activity in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul presents climatic peculiarities that in some situations impose a condition of thermal discomfort in animals, generating heat stress, which is one of the main limiting factors of animal production. Seeking alternatives that provide better thermal comfort for confined animals and a consequent greater production is essential. This study was carried out with sheep and lambs confined in a fold (fenced enclosure area) at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria and aimed to evaluate the thermal comfort that the fold gives animals in a typical winter and summer day. We assessed environmental variables such as air temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Subsequently, the Black Globe and Humidity Index (BGHI) and Thermal Comfort Index (TCI) were utilized to evaluate animal thermal comfort. Additionally, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and skin temperature of the animals as well as thermographic images of the wool surface of the (fur) animals and fold were evaluated. Based on data gathering and calculation of the indices, it was possible to observe that the animals were in thermal discomfort for most part of the experiment. For the typical winter period, no reference values of BGHI and TCI were found; however, some animals had a rectal temperature of 35.5 ° C, which is below normal levels. The fold had thermal cushioning below 28%, imposing internal temperatures of 7.8 ° C in the animals. This temperature is out of the thermal comfort zone (TCZ), which lies between 25 and 30 ° C for newborns and between 15 and 30 ° C for adult animals, being close to 6 ° C, which is considered lower critical temperature (TCL). For the typical summer period, the building had a heat buffer below 10% and it was possible to assess comfort using BGHI and TCI. During the morning, BGHI was below 74, which represents thermal comfort values. On the other hand, the fold in the afternoon presented BGHI ranging between 74 and 79, which represents state of alert. As a conclusion, the fold studied does not provide thermal comfort for animals in most of the typical winter and summer period. As a consequence, it requires constructive improvements to ensure that animals are provided with comfort and well-being so that they reach their maximum productive and reproductive performance. / A ovinocultura exerce papel fundamental na história e na pecuária do Rio Grande do Sul e vem se destacando como importante atividade econômica no Brasil. O Rio Grande do Sul, por sua vez, apresenta peculiaridades climáticas que impõem aos animais, em algumas situações, uma condição de desconforto térmico, gerando o estresse térmico, que é um dos principais fatores limitantes da produção animal. Portanto, torna-se imprescindível a busca por alternativas de conforto térmico que proporcionem bem estar aos animais e que gerem maior potencial na sua produção, principalmente em ambientes protegidos. Pretendeu-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o conforto térmico que a edificação, denominada aprisco (instalação para ovinos) proporciona aos animais (cordeiros e borregos) confinados no laboratório de ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, para um dia típico de inverno e um dia típico de verão, por meio do levantamento das variáveis ambientais, tais como temperatura do ar, temperatura radiante, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar e posterior cálculo do Índice de Temperatura de Globo Negro e Umidade (ITGU) e do Índice de Conforto Térmico (ICT), ambos índices para avaliar o conforto térmico animal. Também foram realizadas a coleta da temperatura retal, da frequência respiratória e da temperatura da epiderme dos animais, bem como o levantamento de imagens termográficas da superfície da lã (vélo) dos animais e do aprisco. Foi possível avaliar, com base nos levantamentos de dados e no cálculo dos índices, que os animais estavam em desconforto térmico na maior parte do experimento. Para o período típico de inverno, não foram encontrados valores de referência dos índices ITGU e ICT; no entanto, alguns animais apresentaram temperatura retal de 35,5°C, abaixo do normal. A edificação (aprisco) teve um amortecimento térmico abaixo de 28%, impondo aos animais, temperaturas internas de 7,8°C, isto é, fora da zona de conforto térmico (ZCT), que se encontra entre 25 e 30°C para animais recém-nascidos e entre 15 e 30°C para animais adultos, estando mais próximas de 6°C, considerada temperatura crítica inferior (TCI). Para o período típico de verão, a edificação apresentou amortecimento térmico abaixo de 10% e foi possível avaliar o conforto através dos índices, ITGU e ICT. Durante o período da manhã, o ITGU ficou abaixo de 74, o que representa valores de conforto térmico. Já no período da tarde, as instalações apresentaram ITGU compreendidos entre 74 e 79, o que significa situação de alerta. Portanto, ao fim do experimento, foi constatado que a edificação (aprisco) não proporciona conforto térmico aos animais na maior parte do período típico de inverno e verão. Por fim, entendeu-se que a edificação existente precisa de melhorias construtivas para que os animais disponham de conforto e bem estar para que atinjam seu máximo rendimento produtivo e reprodutivo.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Umschnürung von gedrungenen Stahlbetonstützen mittels Kohlefasergelegen. Die durch Epoxidharz mit dem Altbeton verbundenen Kohlefasern (CFK-Umschnürung) bewirken hierbei eine starke Behinderung der Querdehnung des Betons, wodurch dieser in einen dreidimensionalen Spannungszustand versetzt wird. Die Betondruckfestigkeit kann dadurch nachträglich deutlich gesteigert und das Verformungsverhalten positiv beeinflusst werden. Forschungsaufgabe war es, Wissenslücken und aufgeworfene Fragen, die sich aus einer intensiven Literaturrecherche zur Thematik ergaben, zu schließen und einen eigenen Bemessungsansatz zu entwickeln. Hierzu wurden Beton- und Stahlbetondruckglieder mit verschiedenen Abmessungen und Durchmessern sowie unterschiedlichen Längs- und Querbewehrungsgehalten hergestellt. Danach erfolgte die Umschnürung dieser Prüfkörper mit verschiedenen CFK-Materialien in variierenden Dicken und anschließende Bauteiltests in Form von weggesteuerten Druckversuchen. Neben dem Materialverhalten konnten mittels elektrischen Messsystemen, wie z. B. induktiven Wegaufnehmern sowie auf den Prüfkörpern aufgebrachten Dehnungsmessstreifen, auch die Versagenszustände zuverlässig bestimmt werden. Die Auswertung und Interpretation der gewonnenen Daten mündete in empirischen Gleichungen zur Beschreibung der maximalen Druckfestigkeit und Dehnung von CFK-umschnürten Bauteilen aus unbewehrtem oder bewehrtem Beton. Darüber hinaus konnten Aussagen zur tatsächlichen Bruchdehnung der eingesetzten Kohlefasern getroffen und entsprechende Abminderungsfaktoren abgeleitet werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Datenreihen anderer Forschergruppen wurde die eigene Datenbasis vergrößert und die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bestätigt. Als Ergebnis steht ein empirischer Bemessungsansatz zur Verfügung, der Bemessungsgleichungen zur Querschnittstragfähigkeit und zugehörigen Dehnung von CFK-umschnürten unbewehrten und bewehrten kreisrunden Stützenquerschnitten bietet. Darüber hinaus können Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen hergeleitet werden. Durch die Entwicklung von charakteristischen Bemessungsgleichungen gelingt eine einfache Implementierung in bestehende Sicherheitskonzepte. Das entwickelte Modell oder Teile davon eignen sich zur Verwendung in den zur Entstehungszeit der Dissertation vorhandenen Bemessungsvorschriften oder können zu deren Verbesserung herangezogen werden. / This thesis deals with the confinement of short reinforced concrete (RC) columns by carbon-fibre-sheets (CF sheet). In doing so, the connection of concrete surface and CF sheet is enabled by an epoxy resin (CFRP confinement). Thereby, concrete’s lateral expansion is efficiently restricted in cases of imposed axial compressive deformation; therefore, the elastic CFRP resisting response generates an ever increasing lateral compressive stress state on concrete, leading to structural upgrade of the member core to provide a remarkable higher concrete strength and sufficient deformability. Research assignment was to solve open-ended questions and knowledge gaps, which unfolded during an intense literature review, and to present an own proposal of a material model. For this, plain and reinforced concrete columns with different geometrical shape, variable diameter, and different longitudinal and transverse reinforcement elements were produced, and were confined with different CF sheets in variable thickness. Executed deformation controlled compression tests provided investigations concerning the structural behaviour of the test specimens, and electrical measurement techniques such as LVTD and strain gauges enabled a sufficient monitoring of failure modes. The evaluation and interpretation of the received data resulted in empirical equations to predict the ultimate strength and accompanying ultimate axial strain of CFRP confined columns with and without reinforcement. Furthermore, the tests allowed conclusions concerning the rupture strain of the deployed CFRP confinements, and leaded to FRP efficiency factors, capable to predict the actual ultimate strain of the reinforcing fibres. Further data bases, which are available in literature, confirmed the own proposals. As a result, this thesis provides an empirical material model, which deals with proper design equations to predict the load bearing capacity and the deformability of CFRP confined plain and reinforced circular concrete columns. Moreover, it is possible to generate entire stress-strain curves in axial direction. Developed characteristic equations and values allow an easy implementation in existing limit state concepts. The developed model or parts of it are sufficient to be implemented in design guidelines, or they may help to enhance them.

Les effets dominos ou cascade d’événements dans les industries et particulièrement dans les industries chimiques et de transformation, sont reconnus comme des scénarios d’accidents possibles depuis environ trois décennies. Ils représentent une préoccupation croissante, car ils ont le potentiel de provoquer des conséquences dévastatrices. L’effet domino, comme phénomène, est un sujet controversé lorsque son évaluation est nécessaire. L’examen de la bibliographie a démontré l’absence d’une définition commune et d’une procédure simple d’utilisation et précise pour son appréciation. C’est pourquoi l’un des objectifs de cette recherche est de formaliser les connaissances relatives aux effets dominos afin de comprendre les mécanismes de leurs occurrences. Pour ce faire nous avons étudié les paramètres à examiner pour déterminer la possibilité de cascade et être en mesure d’identifier les scénarios dominos. L’enjeu étant de permettre l’amélioration de la prévention du risque d’effet domino. L’autre objectif est donc de produire une méthode pour l’identification et l’analyse des effets dominos. Nous avons développé une méthodologie globale pour l’étude des effets dominos en chaîne initiés par des pertes de confinement. Elle permet l’identification et la hiérarchisation des chemins de propagation des accidents. Cette méthode facilite la prise de décision pour la prévention des effets dominos, tout en proposant un outil efficace et simple d’utilisation. Les résultats de l’étude sont fournis sous forme d’une hiérarchisation quantitative des équipements impliqués dans les scénarios dominos, en tenant compte des effets des conditions météorologiques et des mesures de maîtrise des risques existantes ou proposées.Cette hiérarchisation donne une idée claire des dangers que représentent les équipements par rapport aux accidents en cascade, en précisant si la dangerosité de l’équipement provient de sa capacité à initier ou à propager un effet de cascade.La méthode est basée sur une description topographique de la zone étudiée, incluant les caractéristiques de chaque équipement, et prend en compte les mesures de maîtrise des risques mises en œuvre par l’industriel. Elle repose sur deux phases principales : La première, est l’identification des chemins de propagation des accidents. Pour ce faire, la méthode d’analyse par arbre d’événements est utilisée. Les cibles potentielles sont déterminées en combinant les valeurs seuils d’escalade et les modèles de vulnérabilité (pour l’estimation de la probabilité d’endommagement). Cette première phase est implémentée sous MATLAB® et Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) afin de faciliter l’entrée des données, et l’analyse des résultats dans Microsoft Excel®. La deuxième phase est l’identification des équipements les plus dangereux vis-à-vis des effets dominos. Elle consiste à hiérarchiser les équipements impliqués dans les chemins de propagation, en fonction de leur vraisemblance à causer ou à propager un effet domino. L’algorithme qui effectue cette phase est codé sous VBA. La méthode a été conçue de façon à ce qu’elle puisse être utilisée sans qu’il soit nécessaire de s’appuyer sur les résultats des études de dangers. Néanmoins, si ces résultats sont disponibles, il est alors possible d’alléger certaines étapes de la méthode. Elle s’est révélée facile à utiliser, cela a été constaté lors de son application dans le cadre de projets et stages d’étudiants. / Domino effects or cascading events in the chemical and process industries are recognized as credible accident scenarios since three decades. They are raising a growing concern, as they have the potential to cause catastrophic consequences. Domino effect, as phenomenon, is still a controversial topic when coming to its assessment. There is still a poor agreement on the definition of domino effect and its assessment procedures. A number of different definitions and approaches are proposed in technical standards and in the scientific literature. Therefore, one of this research objectives is to formalize domino effects knowledges in order to comprehend their occurrence mechanisms. Thus, the parameters that should be looked at so as to understand the escalation possibility and in order to identify domino scenarios, were analyzed. The aim is to improve domino effect hazards prevention, through the development of a methodology for the identification and the analysis of domino effects.We developed a method for the analysis of domino accident chain caused by loss of containments. It allow the identification and prioritization of accident propagation paths. The method is user-friendly and help decision making regarding the prevention of cascading events. The final outcomes of the model are given in form of quantitative rankings of equipment involved in domino scenarios, taking into account the effect of meteorological conditions and safety barriers. The rankings give a clear idea of equipment hazard for initiating or continuing cascading events.The methodology is based on a topography of the industrial area of concern, including the characteristics of each unit and accounting for protection and mitigation barriers. It is based on two main stages. The first is the identification of accident propagation paths. For this, the event tree method is used. The possible targets are identified combining the escalation thresholds and vulnerability models (to estimate damage probability). This first stage was implemented using the MATLAB® software and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to enable an easy input procedure and output analysis in Microsoft Excel®.The second stage is the identification of the most dangerous equipment. It consists in prioritizing equipment involved in the propagation paths according to their likelihood to cause/propagate domino effect. The algorithm that performs this phase was coded in VBA.The method was designed so as it can be used without the need to rely on the results of safety reports. However, if such results are available, it is possible to lighten some steps of the method. It revealed easy to apply, this was confirmed through projects and student internships. / Gli effetti domino, in cui un primo incidente causa in cascata altri scenari incidentali, sono tragli scenari incidentali più severi che avvengono nell’industria chimica. Nonostante l’attenzioneche anche la normativa dedica a tali scenari, la valutazione dell’effetto domino è un soggettocontroverso. L’analisi della letteratura tecnica e scientifica ha mostrato l’assenza di unadefinizione comune di « effetto domino » e di una semplice procedura per l’identificazione ditali scenari. È per tale motivo che uno degli obiettivi di questo lavoro di ricerca è diformalizzare le conoscenze relative agli effetti domino al fine di meglio comprendere imeccanismi che possono provocarli. A tal proposito sono stati studiati i parametri necessariper determinare la possibilità dell’insorgere di cascate di eventi e per essere in grado diidentificare i possibili scenari incidentali dovuti ad effetto domino. L’obiettivo finale del lavoroè stato di sviluppare un metodo per l’identificazione e l’analisi quantitativa della propagazionedi incidenti primari nell’ambito di scenari dovuti ad effetto domino.E’ stata sviluppata una metodologia generale per l’analisi degli effetti domino causati daperdite di confinamento. Tale metodologia permette l’identificazione e la classificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. Tale metodo facilita inoltre la prevenzione deglieffetti domino, proponendo uno strumento efficace e semplice da utilizzare.I risultati di questo studio sono forniti in forma di una classificazione delle apparecchiaturecoinvolte in scenari dovuti ad effetto domino, tenendo conto degli effetti delle condizionimeteorologiche e delle misure esistenti per la gestione del rischio. Tale classificazione fornisceanche un chiara idea dei pericoli rappresentati dalle singole apparecchiature nel caso diincidenti in cascata, in quanto precisando se la pericolosità delle attrezzature proviene dallaloro capacità di innescare o propagare un reazione a catena.Il metodo è basato su una descrizione topografica del sito studiato, che comprende anche lecaratteristiche di ogni attrezzatura, che tiene conto delle misure di gestione dei rischi e dellebarriere di sicurezza presenti, basato su due fasi principali. La prima è l’identificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. A tale scopo è stato utilizzato un metodo basatoVIsull’albero degli eventi. I potenziali bersagli vengono determinati combinando i valori di sogliaper la propagazione degli eventi ed i modelli di vulnerabilità delle apparecchiature. Questaprima fase è implementata in MATLAB® e Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in modo dafacilitare la gestione dei dati e l’analisi dei risultati in Microsoft Excel®.La seconda fase è l’identificazione delle apparecchiature più pericolose per gli effetti domino.Tale fase consiste nel classificare le apparecchiature coinvolte nei percorsi di propagazione infunzione della loro capacità di causare o propagare un effetto domino. L’algoritmo dedicato inquesta fase è eseguito su VBA.I risultati ottenuti anche nell’applicazione ad un caso di studio hanno evidenziato le potenzialitàdel metodo, che rappresenta un significativo progresso nell’analisi quantitativa dell’effetto domino.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur une étude systématique des mécanismes d'adsorption et d'interaction du chlore avec les surfaces des métaux Au(111), Ag(111) et Cu(111). Pour cette étude nous avons mis en oeuvre une méthode d'élaboration par réaction gaz/surface en conditions ultra-vide. Les systèmes élaborés ont été étudiés d'un point de vue structural par diffraction d'électrons lents et par microscopie à effet tunnel basse température (5K). Les propriétés électroniques on fait l'objet de mesures de spectroscopie locale par effet tunnel. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée aux modifications structurales induites par l'adsorption du chlore dans le régime sub monocouche et au régime de saturation, qui correspond à l'apparition des stades précurseurs de la formation des halogénures métalliques. A partir de nombreux résultats expérimentaux, nous avons réussi à décrire de façon détaillée les mécanismes d'interaction gaz/surfaces et à proposer des modèles de structures à l'échelle atomique jusqu'alors non résolues. Les modèles proposés ont été validés par des calculs DFT. La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée aux propriétés électroniques originales de réseaux de puits quantiques formés par auto organisation du chlore à la surface (111) de l'or. Nous avons étudié les résonances quantiques qui se forment par confinement des états électroniques de surface dans des pores de quelques nanomètres de diamètre. Les états propres des puits quantiques ainsi constitués ont été caractérisés en fonction de la taille et de la forme des puits et une modélisation numérique des propriétés spectrales par une approche de type "particule dans une boîte" a complété l'étude expérimentale / This work is related to the systematic study of chlorine adsorption mechanism on the metal's surfaces Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111). We had used for this study the interaction of chlorine gas with metal surface in ultra-high vacuum conditions. Elaborated systems were characterized from the structural point of view by low-energy electron diffraction and low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (5 K). Local electronic properties were probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. The first part of the work is devoted to the surface's structural modifications induced by chlorine adsorption from sub-monolayer regime to saturation, which corresponds to the appearance of metal halide precursors. From numerous experimental results we were able to describe in details the mechanism of gas/surface interaction and to propose atomic structural models that remained unresolved up to now. The proposed models were validated by density functional theory calculations. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of original electronic properties of the superstructure of quantum wells formed by self-organization of chlorine atoms on (111) surface of gold. We had studied the quantum resonances that appeared due to the confinement of surface electronic states in the pores of few nanometers in diameter. The eigenstates were characterized as a function of the quantum well?s shape and size. This study was completed by numerical modeling of spectroscopic properties of nano-pores in the "particle-in-a-box" limit

Un corps en chute libre dans un fluide sous l'effet de la gravité peut être soumis à des perturbations. De façon générale, celles-ci peuvent être dues aux mouvements propres du fluide porteur, à la présence d'autres corps mobiles ou encore à la présence de parois. Dans un premier temps, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à l'interaction de deux disques identiques chutant dans un fluide de densité proche de celle du corps. Différents comportements d'interaction sont observés pour des disques de rapports de forme variable (diamètre sur épaisseur) et des nombres de Reynolds (effets inertiel sur effets visqueux) couvrant des trajectoires rectilignes et périodiques oscillantes. Lorsque les disques sont lâchés en tandem, ils s'attirent et se rencontrent. Après le contact, le comportement dépend du rapport de forme : les disques épais se séparent et tombent côte à côte, tandis que les disques minces continuent leur évolution ensemble dans une configuration relative stable. Lorsque les corps sont lâchés côte à côte, on observe une répulsion des corps qui se traduit par un éloignement horizontal. Une modélisation pour chacun de ces comportements (attraction, répulsion) a été proposée. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de parois fixes sur le mouvement d'un disque isolé en chute libre. Les disques sont lâchés dans des tubes cylindriques créant différents rapports de confinement (diamètre du disque sur diamètre du tube). Nous avons mis en évidence que le comportement du corps dépendait du rapport de forme : la trajectoire d'un disque mince est déstabilisée par le confinement, alors que celle d'un disque épais est stabilisée. Des visualisations des sillages à l'aide de colorants ainsi que des simulations numériques de l'écoulement autour de disques fixes ont été réalisées et ont permis de mieux comprendre le rôle du sillage sur les interactions / A body falling in a fluid under the effect of gravity may be perturbed by the presence of other bodies or fixed boundaries. We first focused our attention on the interaction of two identical disks in freefall. We investigated the kinematics of disks with different aspect ratios (ratio of diameter to thickness) and with different initial relative positions, for a range of Reynolds numbers (ratio of inertial effects to viscous effects) covering both rectilinear trajectories and periodic, oscillating trajectories. When the disks are falling in tandem, the trailing body accelerates until it catches up the leading one. After the contact, the behaviour depends on the aspect ratio. Thicker disks separate and fall side by side and separated while thinner disks continue their fall together in Y or T reversed position. A model of the different types of interaction (entrainment by the wake and horizontal repulsion) is proposed. The second part of the study is devoted to the effect of fixed walls on the kinematics of freely falling bodies. The behaviour again depends strongly on the aspect ratio : a thin disk is destabilized when the blockage ratio (ratio of disk diameter to tube diameter) increases, whereas thicks disks are stabilized. In addition, visualizations of the wakes using dyes and numerical simulations for fixed disks were performed and provide a better understanding of the role of the wake in the interaction

An increasing need for effective thermal sensors, together with dwindling energy resources, have created renewed interests in thermoelectric (TE), or solid-state, energy conversion and refrigeration using semiconductor-based nanostructures. Effective control of electron and phonon transport due to confinement, interface, and quantum effects has made nanostructures a good way to achieve more efficient thermoelectric energy conversion. This thesis studies the two well-known approaches: confinement and energy filtering, and implements improvements to achieve higher thermoelectric performance. The effect of confinement is evaluated using a 2D material with a gate and utilizing the features in the density of states. In addition to that, a novel controlled scattering approach is taken to enhance the device thermoelectric properties. The shift in the onset of scattering due to controlled scattering with respect to sharp features in the density of states creates a window shape for transport integral. Along with the controlled scattering, an effective utilization of Fermi window can provide a considerable enhancement in thermoelectric performance. The conclusion from the results helps in selection of materials to achieve such enhanced thermoelectric performance. In addition to that, the electron filtering approach is studied using the Wigner approach for treating the carrier-potential interactions, coupled with Boltzmann transport equation which is solved using Rode's iterative method, especially in periodic potential structures. This study shows the effect of rapid potential variations in materials as seen in superlattices and the parameters that have significant contribution towards the thermoelectric performance. Parameters such as period length, height and smoothness of such periodic potentials are studied and their effect on thermoelectric performance is discussed. A combination of the above two methods can help in understanding the effect of confinement and key requirements in designing a nanostructured thermoelectric device that has a enhanced performance.