Dans la théorie socioconstructiviste de Vygotski (1985), la prise en compte de l’élève, de ses connaissances et de sa culture est un incontournable pour l’apprentissage et le développement. Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse à l’analyse de l’activité des élèves de première année de lycée, c’est un âge critique pour le développement de la personnalité de l’adolescent pour ce qui concerne le raisonnement mathématique. Le choix du sujet vient de la réforme du système éducatif saoudien, et de son projet pour développer les mathématiques à l’école. Dans cette approche socioconstructiviste, nous avons décidé d’aller au plus près des apprentissages, sur le terrain et aussi hors du système saoudien, pour voir ce que se passe ailleurs, quelle est la place laissée aux jeunes élèves. Nous avons ainsi observé, analysé et discuter les interactions entre les élèves et les professeurs de trois classes de mathématiques en France et en Arabie Saoudite. Dans les démarches suivies dans une configuration en îlots, nous nous rendons compte que ce n’est pas seulement une organisation en îlots qui permet de donner la parole aux jeunes élèves. Les échanges à partir de la réponse à une question, entre le professeur et les élèves étaient faibles. Dans cette étude de thèse, nous nous voyons donner le parole aux jeunes élèves dans deux dispositifs différent ; le focus groupe et l’ACG (l’autoconfrontation de groupe de jeunes), que nous avons développé dans nos analyses. L’approche innovante (ACG) donne la parole aux jeunes dans un dynamique socioconstructiviste est celle que nous cherchons à transférer vers l’Arabie Saoudite. Les résultats montrent que les deux dispositifs sont riches en potentialité, à la fois riches parce que cela redonne confiance en soi aux élèves, et aussi parce que l’estime de soi est revalorisée. Nous relevons également que ces dispositifs ont permis une évolution des pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants. / In the social constructivist theory of Vygotsky (1985), taking into account the student, his knowledge and its culture is a must for learning and development. This research focuses on the analysis of the activity of the students of first year of high school, the critical age for the development of the adolescent's personality with regard to mathematical reasoning. The choice of subject is come from the reform of the Saudi educational system, and its project to develop mathematics in school. In this socio-constructivist approach, we decided to go closer to learning, field and also off the Saudi system, to see what is happening elsewhere, what is instead left to the young students. We observed, analyzed and discussed the interaction between students and teachers from three math classes in France and Saudi Arabia. In the approaches used in islet configuration, we realize that this is not just an organization in islet that can give voice to young students. The exchanges from the answer to a question, between the teacher and the students were low. In this thesis, we see give voice to young students in two different devices; focus group of l’ACG « l’autoconfrontation de groupe de jeunes », (the youth group of self-confrontation) that we have developed in our analyzes. The innovative approach (ACG) gives voice to young people in a social constructivist dynamics is that we seek to move to Saudi Arabia. The results show that the two devices are rich in potential, both rich because it gives confidence to students, and also because self-esteem is revalued. We also note that these devices have allowed an evolution of teaching practices.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as vozes discursivas envolvidas no ensino de gramática da língua portuguesa no contexto escolar: a voz do sistema educacional, de instituições escolares, de professores, de alunos e da família. O estudo dessas vozes que compartilham o mesmo universo discursivo e das concepções que expressam sobre questões relacionadas à gramática foi feito a partir das noções de voz, dialogismo e polifonia de Bakhtin (1981, 2000) e das contribuições de vários estudiosos a respeito do ensino de língua portuguesa (Bagno, 1999, 2002; Geraldi, 1987, 1996, 2002; Perini, 2001; Possenti, 1996, 2002). O corpus principal da pesquisa compõe-se de dados do discurso oral, tendo sido gravadas e transcritas 52 entrevistas, com professoras, alunos e mães de alunos de 5a a 8a série de duas escolas, uma particular e outra municipal. Uma vice-diretora e uma coordenadora foram entrevistadas, representando as duas escolas. O texto dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs) para a língua portuguesa foi anexado ao corpus coletado para esta pesquisa, buscando-se identificar, através deles, a voz do sistema educacional. O confronto de vozes foi feito a partir de cinco temas que afloraram dos dados: ensino de gramática, conteúdos, finalidades, modos de ensinar/aprender e variação lingüística. Investigamos cada uma das vozes discursivas de modo a perceber como o enunciado de uma voz reflete o enunciado de outra, enfatizando os aspectos em que tais vozes ecoam simultaneamente. Esse confronto de vozes nos possibilitou fazer a descrição e análise de diferentes percepções quanto ao ensino de gramática; identificar as contribuições das novas teorias lingüísticas incorporadas ao ensino de língua portuguesa; e verificar que as concepções de língua, gramática e ensino de língua direcionam o fazer pedagógico e que, para os alunos, o sucesso do ensino está relacionado ao modo como este é implementado em sala de aula. / [en] This research investigates the discursive voices involved in the teaching of Portuguese grammar in school contexts: the voice of the educational system, schools, teachers, students and families. The study of these voices which share the same discursive universe, as well as the conceptions they express about grammar, was based on Bakhtin`s (1981, 2000) notions of voice, dialogism and polyphony and on the contributions of research work about Portuguese language teaching (Bagno, 1999, 2002; Geraldi, 1987, 1996, 2002; Perini, 2001; Possenti, 1996, 2002). The main corpus of this study is composed of spoken discourse data that were recorded and transcribed. Interviews (N=52) with teachers, students and student mothers from 5th to 8th grades were conducted in two schools, a private and a public one. A vice-director and a coordinator were interviewed, representing each school. The text of the National Curriculum Parameters (PCNs) for the Portuguese language was added to the corpus in order to represent the voice of the educational system voice. The confrontation of voices is developed around five themes that emerged from the data: grammar teaching, contents, purposes, ways of teaching/learning and linguistic variation. We investigated each discursive voice in order to check how the discourse of a voice reflects the discourse of another voice, emphasizing the aspects in which such voices echo simultaneously. This confrontation of voices allowed us to describe and analyze the different perceptions related to grammar teaching; to identify the contributions of new linguistic theories to Portuguese teaching; to verify that language, grammar and language teaching conceptions affect pedagogic practice; and to realize that, for students, teaching success is related to the way this practice is implemented by teachers in the classroom.

The following thesis investigates the British punk movement of the mid-late seventies and suggests that, by performing acts of imaginative re-identification, we may gain greater insights into both the phenomenon of punk and aspects of Jesus’ life, ministry, and teaching despite their axiomatic and sometimes problematic differences. To do this we explore the power of the sartorial creations that the movement adopted and the way in which they conveyed an oppositional protest message and stance. We explore punk graphics and the way in which they could offer a targeted critique of the nation. We look at punk performances and how they confrontationally engaged with their audiences and what they wanted to elicit in return. We reflect on women in punk, punk in Northern Ireland and the relationship between punk and the black community and the degree to which punk exhibited a counter-cultural attitude to relationships. Concluding our look at punk we investigate how society, the authorities and commerce reacted to the movement, before investigating punk as a trans-historical essence. Having explored punk and established imaginative connections we then revisit aspects of Jesus’ life and consider him as a subversive who negated some of the national symbols of Israel, collided with Jewish national authority and reversed many of the nation’s perspectives. We look at the more confrontational nature of Jesus, his use of symbolic physical statements and his interaction with women, teaching on enemies and the way he related to the outcast. We then conclude by showing the degree to which the present-day church has been absorbed into the surrounding culture and explore two instances in post-war theology where there has been a recovery of the more seditious pattern within Jesus’ life before seeing whether there is anything that the church may learn from imaginatively identifying with punk.

Notre travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une visée psycho-ergonomique et s'intéresse au bien-être des individus au travail. Les forums de discussion peuvent être le reflet de ce qui met en péril l'équilibre des professionnels. L'étude s'intéresse aux échanges entre professionnels en difficulté sur les forums et cherche à comprendre ce qu'ils peuvent apporter aux participants. La thèse principale défendue est que ces échanges ont à la fois une fonction de soutien psychologique et d'acquisition de connaissances. Le travail s'articule autour de trois études réalisées sur deux forums de discussion pour professionnels de l'éducation. La première étude apporte des éléments de compréhension des forums de discussion notamment sur les aspects motivationnels des participants. Cent dix personnes réparties sur les deux forums ont répondu à une enquête en ligne. On observe huit types de motivations à s'engager sur un forum de professionnels. La deuxième étude vise (1) à identifier la nature des interactions dans ces communautés et (2) à étudier la dynamique des échanges. Treize discussions ont été analysées. Les résultats ont mis en évidence (1) que le dévoilement de soi est une caractéristique propre au premier message des initiateurs et que les réactants ont recours à six comportements de soutien typiques (i.e. récit d'expérience, expressions émotionnelles, opinions, conseils, connaissances, soutien émotionnel explicite). (2) l'empathie est traduite par du partage d'expérience similaire. L'étude de l'évolution des échanges a révélé trois dynamiques : l'élaboration de sens, de recherche de solutions concrètes et de soutien émotionnel. Ces résultats montrent que ces communautés de professionnels en ligne ont une visée de soutien psychologique et de construction de sa pratique. La troisième étude cherche à explorer le vécu subjectif des participants au moment des échanges sur le forum. Des entretiens d'auto-confrontations avec relances d'entretien d'explicitation ont été menés avec neuf participants aux discussions analysées précédemment, à partir des traces écrites des discussions. On peut observer des décalages entre ce que les participants partagent dans leurs messages et ce qu'ils expriment avoir vécu (en entretien). Les participants masquent certains états émotionnels difficilement communicables ainsi que leurs attentes de soutien émotionnel qu'ils déguisent parfois en demande de conseils. Les entretiens ont également révélé que la perception du soutien est dépendante de trois facteurs : (a) le participant évalue la compréhension de son interlocuteur à travers plusieurs processus; (b) le participant se construit une représentation des compétences de l'interlocuteur ; (c) Le partage d'expérience est le type de soutien le plus satisfaisant au sens où il remplit de multiples fonctions. Enfin, les résultats révèlent que les participants craignent que leur anonymat soit levé et censurent certaines informations sur eux-mêmes, sur les relations conflictuelles avec leurs collègues et leur hiérarchie afin d'éviter d'éventuelles répercussions. L'analyse globale montre que les motivations des participants à s'engager sur le forum sont complexes, multidimensionnelles et enchevêtrées. D'autre part, les échanges entre professionnels sur le forum peuvent être considérés comme un nouveau mode de coping qui favorise la réévaluation de la situation et la résolution de problème. Les résultats de cette thèse sont discutés au regard des processus de construction de connaissances sur la pratique, du bien-être au travail et de la dynamique interactionnelle du soutien.

L'ambition de ce travail est de dégager une vision critique du champ de la communication et de la consommation de masse, au croisement du double parcours de recherche et de pratique professionnelle de l'auteur. L'approche sémiotique, enrichie des éclairages disciplinaires des sciences de la communication, de la stratégie, de l'interaction, de l'anthropologie, permet d'ébaucher une théorie stratégique du champ de la communication. En envisageant cette dernière comme un espace stratégique d'actualisation d'enjeux pour les actants, régi par la confrontation et la rivalité, on se donne les moyens de prendre la juste mesure de ce champ et des phénomènes qui le structurent. Cette approche croisée, unifiée par l'appareil conceptuel et méthodologique de la sémiotique greimassienne, dégage une vision globale de ce champ en prenant appui essentiellement sur trois niveaux de pertinence sémiotique, qui révèlent la cohérence et la transversalité des phénomènes de signification observés : les formes discursives, les formes stratégiques et les formes d'interaction. La vision proposée, à travers le cadre général ainsi que les différents travaux présentés, met en évidence les dysfonctionnements du modèle de communication de masse " mécaniste " fondé sur la maitrise et la programmation, et défini les bases et les conditions de l'émergence d'un nouveau modèle de communication. Ce nouveau modèle fait basculer la communication d'un pur régime de simulacres discursifs à un véritable régime d'interaction où l'articulation du cognitif et du sensible favorise la co-construction du sens par l'énonciataire dans des dispositifs communicationnels d'un nouveau genre. Ce travail est enfin une mise à l'épreuve et un questionnement sur les apports de la praxis sémiotique à la construction d'un champ de la communication pertinent et opératoire. On y montre ainsi qu'elle n'est pas seulement un outil d'analyse mais une méthode d'aide à la génération des formes signifiantes et stratégiques. Enfin, dans un incessant va-et-vient entre le particulier et le général, elle rend possible l'intégration des formes sémiotiques en circulation dans des schématisations plus vastes qui font apparaitre l'architecture des grands phénomènes de signification à l'œuvre dans ce champ.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6455.pdf: 667249 bytes, checksum: 9a22675fe7c8047e5a2e7ada6a115b26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-16 / The present work analyses the public policies related to confronting violence against women in São Carlos city, between 2008 and 2012, from the field research carried out along with various bodies responsible for their implementation in a local sphere, regardless of being associated with the federal, state or municipal sphere of the government. The bodies are: Center of Reference for women (CRM), Women Police Station (DDM), public defender, Care Program for Women Victims of Sexual Violence (PAVAS) and Laboratory of Analysis and Prevention of Violence (LAPREV). From the documents and interviews carried out with representatives from two of these bodies, the research tried to respond: a) if the actions taken by them are based on the National Policy for Confronting the Violence against Women and Maria da Penha Law; b) which means, strategies and difficulties were found for taking such actions; and c) if there is an interconnected network in federal and intersectoral terms for the integral assistance to women victims of violence in São Carlos. The study attempts to rescue the history and reflection about the appearance of human rights, as well as the struggle of women s movements to recognize and guarantee their interests, freedom and rights, with an approach based on feminism, gender issues and the recognition of the violence against women as a public problem, which resulted in the development of the public policies for women both in international and national sphere. It was concluded that there has been a recent empowerment of these policies in Brazil through the development of law and institutional tools that broadened and directed the protective measures for women. In the case of São Carlos city, they also contributed to the local management course and initiatives, associated with the commitment to the cause, and enabled the creation of a service network integrated with all the bodies and services, although its growth, allied to a civil education of respect to women, consists of challenges to be faced in the management and implementation of more efficient policies to combat violence against women in the city. / O presente trabalho analisa as políticas públicas de enfrentamento da violência contra as mulheres no município de São Carlos, no período de 2008 a 2012, a partir de pesquisa realizada junto aos vários órgãos responsáveis por sua implementação no nível local, independentemente de serem vinculados ao nível federal, estadual ou municipal de governo. São estes órgãos: o Centro de Referência da Mulher (CRM), a Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher (DDM), a defensoria pública, o Programa de Atendimento a Vítimas de Abuso Sexual (PAVAS) e o Laboratório de Análise e Prevenção da Violência (LAPREV). A partir de documentos e entrevistas realizadas com representantes de dois destes órgãos, a pesquisa procurou responder: a) se as ações executadas por eles estão embasadas na Política Nacional para o Enfrentamento da Violência contra as Mulheres e na Lei Maria da Penha; b) quais são os meios, estratégias e dificuldades encontradas para a execução destas ações; e c) se existe uma rede articulada em termos federativos e intersetoriais para o atendimento integral às mulheres em situação de violência em São Carlos. O estudo faz um resgate histórico e reflexão sobre o surgimento dos direitos humanos e das lutas dos movimentos de mulheres pelo reconhecimento e garantia de seus interesses, liberdades e direitos, abordando o feminismo, questões de gênero e o reconhecimento da violência contra a mulher como problema público, que resultou na criação de políticas públicas para mulheres tanto no nível internacional quanto nacional. O trabalho conclui que houve um fortalecimento recente destas políticas no Brasil, por meio da criação de instrumentos jurídicos e institucionais que ampliaram e direcionaram as medidas protetivas às mulheres. No caso de São Carlos, as políticas também contribuíram para a trajetória e as iniciativas de gestão locais, ancoradas no comprometimento com a causa, e subsidiaram a formação de uma rede de atendimento integrada com os vários órgãos e serviços, mas cujo amadurecimento, aliado a uma educação cívica de respeito às mulheres, consiste de desafios a serem enfrentados na gestão e implementação de políticas mais eficazes de combate à violência contra as mulheres no município.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo fundamental a apresentação de análises e comparações, que visam fazer parte do processo de aprimoramento constante do método numérico de simulação de unidades flutuantes produtoras de petróleo, chamado TPN Tanque de Provas Numérico. Para tanto, foram executados ensaios com modelo em escala reduzida, cujos resultados foram comparados com o modelo numérico do TPN. A unidade padrão utilizada nos ensaios foi a plataforma semi-submersível ITTC-SR192, escala 1:105, ensaios estes realizados no tanque de provas do IPT Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. Por meio de comparação com os resultados dos ensaios, foram verificadas as habilidades do TPN em reproduzir os movimentos do casco, a tração no topo das linhas de produção e o amortecimento induzido pelas mesmas. Importante destacar que os parâmetros verificados tiveram a finalidade adicional de confrontar os resultados numérico-experimentais com foco na investigação da influência das linhas de produção na própria dinâmica do sistema flutuante. Tendo em vista esse objetivo complementar, todos os ensaios foram realizados com e sem a presença de linhas de produção, no texto referenciadas apenas por risers, modeladas como um grupo de estruturas bastante flexíveis e de grande diâmetro, a fim de prover um aumento significativo no amortecimento do sistema. Sendo assim, o comportamento dinâmico dos casos com e sem risers foram comparados buscando observar as diferenças nos movimentos do sistema em ondas e correnteza. Além disso, utilizando o método recomendado pela API, referência [3] , doravante denominado apenas por método Near and Far, a tração de topo de um dos risers foi simulada numericamente com a imposição de movimentos obtidos nos experimentos, dando assim meios para comparação dos critérios de projeto, considerando a influência das linhas conectadas nas plataformas de petróleo. / This research aims to present analysis and comparisons, intended to make part of the constant improvement of the oil platform analysis software, called Numerical Offshore Tank (Tanque de Provas Numérico - TPN). For this purpose, small-scale model tests were performed, and the results compared with the numerical model in TPN. The standard unit used in these model tests was the semisubmersible ITTC-SR192, at scale 1:105, and the tests were performed at IPT (State of São Paulo Institute for Technological Research) towing tank. By means of the model tests results comparisons, the ability of the TPN in reproduce the hull motions, the risers top tensions and damping induced by these lines was evaluated. Importantly, these parameters were verified with the further purpose of comparing the numerical and the experimental results, focusing on the influence of the production lines in the dynamics of the floating system. Taking into account this additional objective, all the model tests were performed with and without production lines, i.e. risers, modeled as a group of highly flexible and large diameter structures, in order to provide a significant increment in the damping of the system. Thus, the dynamic behaviors of the cases with and without risers were compared, giving means to observe motion differences in waves and current. Moreover, using the method recommend by API, reference [3], hereinafter called Near and Far, the top tension of one riser was numerically simulated with the imposition of the motions obtained in the experiments, giving means to compare the riser design criteria, considering the influence of lines attached to the oil platforms.

Le constat évoqué à propos des peuples arabes, acteurs passifs d’un contexte de paupérisation, est centré sur ses orientations futures à travers l'impact déterminant des discours idéologiques.<p><p>L’entrée du monde arabe dans l’ère moderne a tourné au désastre, entravant son accès à la modernité en l'éloignant peu à peu d’une idée de progrès. L’effort de dépassement d'une logique de crise perpétuelle s'orientera inévitablement vers la recherche d’un idéal commun en mesure de conférer une stabilité vitale pour cette région soumise à des siècles d’instabilité. <p><p>Parmi les choix futurs des populations arabes, l'une des alternatives pourrait être l'éradication du contexte de misère via l’instauration d’un mode de production démocratique. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Energy system is important for classification of flation of developing countries. Function of energy system is supply electric power of high quality for every customers in system. Requirements of quality are different for individual countries. Reliability of electricity sector system is important parameter in every electricity systems. At the present time are the requirements of quality much higher, because of condition of liberalized market. Each country have different systems of standards of classification of reliability. Penalizations are assign to, when the systems of standards are overrun. Type of penalization is different for each countries. In my work I looked on system of electricity sector system, its reliability, operating, and organization etc. In principle for Czech Republic. Basic documents of electric legislation are described in this work, it is described for Czech Republic and for European Union. Public notice No. 540/2005 Sb. is described. This public notice interpret laws about supplies of electricity and others services in electricity sector system in Czech Republic. Penalizations are described in this public notice. Standards of penalizations are different for each European countries. Various monitoring of penalization are used. Also dividing of penalization is different for each country. At the last part of my work I analyze costs of penalization in required distribution network. Most reason of failure cause are analyzed here. Size of costs of penalization are compared in this part of my work, for changes of standards in required distribution networks. Required countries are Czech Republic, Great Britain and Spain. These countries are compare with each other. I evaluate the worst outlets of required distribution network. The worst outlets are outlets with higher costs of penalizations. These worst outlet I compare for required countries and between each other. At the end of my work I analyze failure causes for the worst outlets in penalization system of Czech Republic.

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of Russian foreign policy towards Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The actions of the external players, namely the US (NATO), the EU and China are discussed in order to see how these foreign entities can modify Russia's actions in its backyard. The current state of affairs demands a careful examination of Russian foreign policies. As Russia has demonstrated in Georgia, Ukraine, Syria, it is willing to protect its interests at any cost. Thus, it was decided to analyze whether the foreign involvement in Kazakhstan would provoke Russian aggression. The primary aim is to provide a complex examination of Russian involvement in Kazakhstan and Ukraine along with the increasing influence from external players. This thesis is expected to contribute to the existing research on Russian foreign policy by providing an essential background for future researches as well as by presenting previously incomparable cases. This work presents a significant historical background that provides a reader with the in- depth analysis of Russia's relations with Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Geopolitical, military, economic, social factors are analyzed to present a broader perspective of the regional interconnections. Thus, this work analyzes how Russia has established its dominance in the...