The aim of this study is to analyze the patterns of code-switching and more specifically repairs in Swedish-Persian bilinguals‟ talk. This would take a huge sample, considering the large number of Persians living in Sweden who are actually bilingual. Therefore, I have chosen to narrow the sample to make a manageable study. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of code-switching and repair patterns of an originally Persian family living in Sweden and whose children were born in Sweden. / conversation transcription

This thesis investigates how street performers entertain passers-by and audience members in exchange for money. Specifically, it investigates how this exchange relationship is accomplished in light of exchange happening outside the routine context of “the market”, where payment for goods and services is ordinarily enforceable. In this regard, this thesis seeks to uncover the ways that exchange in street performance is alternatively organised through donations, and how giving donations are produced and recognised as interactionally relevant and morally accountable actions. To that end, this thesis employs the allied approaches of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. It empirically examines video recordings of street performances, mostly collected at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Three kinds of street performance encounter are considered: these are musical busking, living statue performing, and circle show performing. The order of the discussions of these performances reflects the extent to which the performers explicitly recruit interactional resources —including talk, gesture and material objects—to morally obligate audience members and passers-by to give donations. The main thrust of this thesis is that street performers, passers-by and audience members collaboratively produce and recognise street performances as gifts that should be reciprocated. The street performances are initially freely given, but participation entails indebtedness that in various ways make remuneration interactionally relevant. In this regard, this thesis also explores how money, value and materiality feature in the giving and receiving of donations. This thesis provides new knowledge about how street performance encounters are ordered, how moral obligation is interactionally worked up through the sequential organisation of social actions, and how money donations are exchanged in return for entertainment. It also provides new understanding about how different kinds of street performance encounters share organisationally similar properties for solving the “payment problem”, but at the same time possess properties that are distinct.

Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse au sujet de la normalisation dans le champ de la formation à distance. Parmi les multiples propositions de normalisation, notre intérêt porte plus particulièrement sur l’enrichissement du dernier standard de fait IMS-LD. Nous souhaitons de ce fait introduire la notion de pertinence de la normalisation qui signifie la capacité d’IMS-LD de prescrire des scénarios pédagogiques qui répondent réellement à certains principes pédagogiques. Pour notre recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés à une des composantes essentielles de l’apprentissage (Leontiev, 1981), il s’agit de la motivation à apprendre. Ce travail nous a permis d’obtenir trois principaux résultats qui ont été validés en effectuant des études de cas: il s’agit d’abord d’une démarche de scénarisation à posteriori fondée sur les théories de l’activité ; Elle décrit, à partir des traces, le déroulement effectif d’une activité d’apprentissage. Le deuxième résultat est une taxonomie fondée sur la théorie des actes de langage ; Elle permet de traduire quelques composantes de la motivation en un ensemble d’actes de langage observables dans une trace de discussion par « Chat ». Quant au troisième résultat, il s’agit d’un modèle descriptif de la motivation qui rend compte, à partir des traces, des perceptions et ses origines. Ce modèle se sert de notre taxonomie et repose sur le concept des paires adjacentes issu de l’analyse conversationnelle. Enfin, nos conclusions exposent de plus des résultats secondaires et ouvrent des perspectives pour la poursuite de notre question sur la pertinence des normes. / This thesis focuses on standardization in the field of distance learning. Among the many proposed standards, our interest focuses on the enrichment of latest standard proposal, which is the IMS-LD standard. We would therefore introduce the standardization relevance notion which means the ability of IMS-LD prescribes learning scenarios that actually meet certain educational principles. For our research, we focused on an essential component of learning (Leontiev, 1981), it is the motivation to learn. From this thesis, we obtained three main results validated by conducting case studies: first, is an activity theories’ posteriori design based approach; It describes, from traces, the actual learning activity scenario taking into account its human factors. The second result is a taxonomy based on the speech acts theory; it allowed us to translate some motivation components as a set of speech acts observed in « Chat » discussion. The third result is a motivation descriptive model that reflects, from the traces, the perceptions and their origins. This model uses our taxonomy and is based on the adjacency pairs concept derived from conversational analysis. Finally, our conclusions explain further, our secondary results and provide opportunities for continuing our question about standards relevance.

Simulators provide great promises of pedagogical utility in a wide array of practices. This study focuses on the use of a full-scale mannequin simulator in training of personnel at an intensive care unit at a Swedish hospital. In medicine, simulators are a means of doing realistic training without risks for the patient. Simulators for use in intensive care medicine are built to resemble as closely as possible the human physiology. In the studied sessions the simulator (a Laerdal SimMan) is set up to be an as-authentic-as-possible replication of the nurses regular, day-to-day practice. In examining the training-sessions, it was found that the participants often did other things than “proper” simulation, such as joking or making comments about the simulation. These “transgressional activities” were studied from a perspective of ethnomethodology, using video-recordings of the session. These were transcribed and analyzed in detail using ethnomethodologically informed interaction analysis. Several themes were developed from the recordings and transcripts. These have in common that they demonstrate the participants’ own achievement and maintenance of the simulation as a distinct activity. The analysis provides an account of how the local order of the simulation is upheld, how it is breached and how the participants find their way back into doing “proper” simulation. It is an overview of the interactional methods that participants utilize to accomplish the simulation as a simulation. This study concludes with a discussion of how this study can provide a more nuanced view of simulations, in particular the relation between simulated and “real” practices. Notions of realism, authenticity and fidelity in simulations can all be seen to be the participants’ own concern, which informs their activities in the simulation.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T20:24:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Carriao dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 12345678 bytes, checksum: c979199bb9c9f0f150375e3a19944976 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-09T20:26:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Carriao dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 12345678 bytes, checksum: c979199bb9c9f0f150375e3a19944976 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-09T20:26:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Carriao dos Santos - 2014.pdf: 12345678 bytes, checksum: c979199bb9c9f0f150375e3a19944976 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-25 / The ineffectiveness and inefficiency of the commitments set out within the building project teams cause losses as rework, delays and additional costs for the following phases of the project and undermine interpersonal relationships. Communication is the tool used to coordinate actions to achieve the completion of the whole project. The observation of the process of establishing commitment allowed to recognize the dynamics of actions that involves the commitments and the possible impacts of the quality of these commitments in the design process. The goal of the research was to investigate how the commitments are established through conversations and interaction between participants of the project coordination team through Conversation Analysis technique. The research has a qualitative and exploratory character and was developed a case study of project coordination meetings. As results can be seen that the Conversation Analysis technique is suitable as a support for the study of commitment, was identified what actions are more closely linked to commitment and also suggested guidelines for practitioners to value the time of commitments establishment. In the academic field, the research contributes to enhancing the theme of communication and interaction in Construction, approach still recent in Brazil and worldwide. To the practice of managing the design process, the research presents a technique that can help agents to improve their communication skills and grasp its commitments as set out in the workplace by providing means to assess and adjust the process while developing. / A ineficácia e a ineficiência dos comprometimentos estabelecidos dentro da equipe de projeto de edifícios acarretam perdas, como retrabalhos, atrasos e custos adicionais de serviços para as fases seguintes do empreendimento e fragilizam os relacionamentos interpessoais com prejuízos variados para todos os envolvidos. A comunicação é a ferramenta utilizada para coordenar as ações necessárias para se atingir os objetivos de conclusão do conjunto de projetos. A observação do processo de estabelecimento de compromisso permitiu reconhecer a dinâmica das ações que o envolve e perceber os possíveis impactos da qualidade destes compromissos no processo de projeto. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar como os comprometimentos são estabelecidos através das conversações e da interação entre os participantes de equipes de projeto de edifícios no âmbito da coordenação de projetos por meio da técnica da análise da conversa. A pesquisa desenvolvida teve caráter qualitativo e exploratório e foi estruturada a partir de um estudo de caso de reuniões de coordenação de projetos. Como resultados pode-se perceber como a técnica de análise da conversa é adequada como suporte para o estudo do comprometimento, identificar quais ações estão mais intimamente ligadas ao comprometimento e ainda sugerir diretrizes para os agentes do processo para a valorização do momento do estabelecimento dos compromissos. No campo acadêmico, a pesquisa contribui para a valorização do tema da comunicação e da interação na Construção Civil, abordagem ainda recente no Brasil e no mundo. Para a prática de trabalho de gestão do processo de projeto, a pesquisa apresenta uma técnica que pode auxiliar os agentes do processo a aprimorarem suas habilidades comunicativas e apreenderem como estabelecem seus compromissos no contexto de trabalho facultando meios de avaliar e ajustar o processo enquanto o desenvolvem.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A nossa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral analisar a utilizaÃÃo dos marcadores discursivos mais recorrentes na norma oral popular da cidade de Fortaleza, considerando os aspectos linguÃsticos (formais e funcionais), sociais (relativos ao sexo e ao tempo de escolaridade) e o aspecto interacional (relativo ao tipo de inquÃrito DIDdiÃlogo documentador â informante- documentador). As bases teÃricas que subsidiaram a anÃlise dos dados apoiaram-se na GramÃtica Funcional (Dik, 1997), na GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008), e nos pressupostos teÃricometodolÃgicos da AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo (Said Ali, 1930; GÃlich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brow e Levison, 1978, Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987, Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). A fim de investigarmos sobre as propriedades definidoras dos marcadores discursivos, fizemos um levantamento de 75 formas encontradas, no tipo de inquÃrito DID do corpus NORPOFOR (Norma popular de Fortaleza). Identificamos os marcadores discursivos mais frequentes na norma oral popular de Fortaleza, as principais funÃÃes, o condicionamento das caracterÃsticas associadas ao tipo de inquÃrito, as variÃveis sociais estabelecidas na pesquisa e, finalmente propomos um quadro com as propriedades identificadoras, porÃm nÃo absolutas, dos marcadores discursivos encontrados. / Our study aimed at analyzing the use of the most frequent discourse markers in the popular oral discourse of the city of Fortaleza, considering the linguistic aspects (formal and functional), social (pertaining to sex and length of schooling) and aspect interaction (on the type of investigation DID). The theoretical bases that supported the data analysis relied on Functional Grammar (Dik, 1997), on Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008) and on the theoretical and methodological analysis Conversation (Said Ali, 1930; GÃlich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brown; Levison, 1978; Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987; Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). In order to investigate the defining properties of discourse markes, we conducted a survey of 75 forms found in the type of survey DID corpus NORPOFOR (Norma Popular Fortaleza). We identify the most frequent discourse markers in oral discourse popular in Fortaleza, the principal functions, the conditioning of the characteristics associated with type of investigation, the social variables established in the research and finally we propose a framework with the identifier properties, but not absolute marker discursive matches.

A repetição representa, certamente, uma das marcas da língua falada, cuja relevância para a produção e a compreensão do texto falado é atestada por diversos estudos, concernentes à Análise da Conversação, que se voltam à observação de tal fenômeno, principalmente no que se refere a seus aspectos formais e funcionais. O presente trabalho pauta-se na tipologia funcional das repetições proposta por Luiz Antônio Marcuschi, um dos mais renomados estudiosos da conversação, para analisar os seus efeitos interacionais. Assim, a partir do arcabouço teórico fornecido pela Análise da Conversação e pela Sociolingüística Interacional, procuramos compreender a relação existente entre diferentes tipos de repetição e dois traços qualitativos que podem permear as interações verbais: a colaboração e o conflito. / Repetition is a trait of spoken language whose relevance, both for production and comprehension of the spoken text, is highlighted in a number of studies on Conversation Analysis concerned with observing this phenomenon, especially with reference to its formal and functional aspects. This current study focuses on the functional typology of repetition proposed by Luiz Antônio Marcuschi, one of the most renowned academics of conversation, to analyze its interactional effects. Through the theoretical framework provided by Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, we seek to comprehend the relationship between different types of repetition and two qualitative traits which can permeate verbal interactions: collaboration and conflict.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:40:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValleBarbosa_ThalitaSiqueirado_M.pdf: 2562003 bytes, checksum: ae387b0787ec400d35120703fe08a180 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Trabalhos como os de Schegloff (1998), French e Local (1983), Jefferson (1984) e Wells e MacFarlane (1998) têm buscado em correlatos acústicos como duração, frequência fundamental e entoação, juntamente a análises sintáticas e semânticas de falas naturais, evidências que consigam descrever um padrão de pistas acústicas e estratégias que os falantes utilizam durante a interação dialógica. Tais trabalhos, com base em dados gravados de maneira espontânea ou semi-espontânea, afirmam que estes parâmetros configuram no reconhecimento de possíveis conclusões de turno em conversações, o que acaba por gerar em alguns casos sobreposições de fala. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal traçar uma análise fonético-acústica acerca do entendimento destas sobreposições de fala no Português Brasileiro durante diálogos gravados de maneira semi-espontânea entre dois participantes. O estudo se deu através da gravação de um corpus composto por três diálogos de falas semi-espontâneas com seis sujeitos falantes nativos do Português Brasileiro. A partir das gravações foram avaliados (1) o número de sobreposições de fala por diálogo, (2) o número de trocas de turno, (3) quem iniciou a sobreposição e a duração destas sobreposições em cada diálogo, (4) a duração do silêncio entre os turnos dos participantes do diálogo e (5) cada sobreposição foi analisada a partir da frequência fundamental. A análise do sinal acústico dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa de análise de fala Praat (http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). Após a análise de dados concluiu-se que a maior parte das sobreposições não apresenta um parâmetro único que consiga explicar a monitoração do curso do turno em progresso de um participante do diálogo buscando projetar uma realização de um próximo turno, pois existe uma variação de parâmetros prosódicos durante os diferentes tipos de sobreposição. No entanto, foi possível avaliar alguns padrões de sobreposição, além de propor uma diferenciação dos tipos de sobreposição feitas por falante do inglês e do português / Abstract: Works such as Schegloff (1998), French e Local (1983), Jefferson (1984), Wells and MacFarlane (1998) have searched acoustic correlates such as duration, pitch and intonation, along with syntactic and semantic analysis of natural speech, evidences that can describe a pattern of acoustic cues and strategies that speakers use during dialogic interaction. Such studies based on data recorded spontaneously or semi-spontaneous claim that these parameters constitute the formation and recognition of possible conclusions turns in conversations, which generates in some cases overlapping speech. The present work has as main objective to describe a phonetic-acoustic analysis of overlapping speech in Brazilian Portuguese dialogues recorded during a semi-spontaneous dialogue between two participants. The study was composed by a recorded corpus of three semi-spontaneous speech dialogues with six native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, from the recordings was evaluated (1) the number of overlapping speech in dialogue, (2) the number of turn changes, (3) who initiated the overlap and the duration of these overlaps in each dialogue, (4) the duration of silence between turns of dialogue participants and (5) each overlapping speech was analyzed from the fundamental frequency. The data analysis of the acoustic signal was performed using the speech analysis program Praat (http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). After the data analysis was concluded that the majority of the overlap does not have a single parameter that can explain the monitoring of the progress turn trying to project a next turn. Because there is a variation of prosodic parameters during the different kinds of overlapping speech. However, it was possible to evaluate some overlapping patterns, and a differentiation of types of overlay made by speakers of English and Portuguese / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

The present paper focuses on exploring the usage of communicative strategies (CSs) by business professionals who use business English as a lingua franca (BELF) in telephone negotiations. The purpose of the study is also to analyze the occurrence of misunderstanding and non-understandings. The data consists of nine naturally-occurring spoken ‘buy-sell’ negotiations between business professionals from seven different countries around Europe and Asia.  The negotiations summed up to 1 hour and 30 minutes of recorded material. The transcripts of these negotiations were analyzed in detail by using the qualitative method ‘conversation analysis’ (CA). The results show that business professionals use CSs as pre-empting measures to prevent misunderstanding. In addition, CSs in the present data appear to be used to create cooperativeness and subsequently reach successful communication. The present study also found two scenarios where communicative breakdown occurred but were subsequently repaired through ‘clarity requests’, ‘confirmation checks’ and repetition. Lastly, the present paper recognizes that previous knowledge of the other party is an effective aspect in keeping upbeat negotiations and reaching mutual understanding.

One of the most important social activities in the lives of human beings is conversation. Apart from thoughts and ideas, we can express our feelings and emotions by means of conversation. Moreover, since conversation is recognized as a reciprocal process, we can understand and grasp what the people involved in the interaction are displaying. Being all around us, conversation is a means which makes us social. Its description and analysis have become a concern for many scientists. For the past forty years, conversation has been a subject of study for sociologists, linguists and social psychologists. Since that time, we may speak of the emergence of conversation analysis (hereinafter referred to as CA).