Bostadsbolag i Sverige kan vara kommunalt eller privat ägda och styrs utifrån olika lagarberoende på ägarform. Deras olika förutsättningar till värdeöverföring gör det intressant att undersöka skillnader mellan ägarform i bostadsbolag. Kommunala bostadsbolag ska finnas för att verka för allmännyttan samtidigt som de ska drivas under affärsmässiga principer. Syftet med studien är att jämföra kommunala och privata bostadsbolag när det kommer till deras redovisning av värdeöverföringar och investeringar. För att besvara studiens två frågor om hur det skiljer sig mellan kommunalt respektive privatägda bostadsbolag när det kommer till värdeöverföring och investering och hur redovisningen av värdeöverföring och investering kan tolkas utifrån intressenternas kontra ägarnas perspektiv, har en kvalitativinnehållsanalys valts som metod. Det insamlade materialet kommer vara både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data som hämtas från bostadsbolagens årsredovisningar. Resultatet visar på att kommunala och privata bostadsbolag investerar mer än vad de delar ut. Däremot delar kommunala bostadsbolag ut mer än vad de enligt lag får göra om undantagbortses. Vilket innebär att kommunala bostadsbolag använder sig utav undantagsregel för att få dela ut mer än vad som först är tillåtet. Både kommunala och privata bostadsbolag väljer att beskriva sin utdelning på liknande sätt hänfört till lag. Däremot vad gäller investeringar beskrivs det mer fritt vad de gör för investeringar och varför. Det varierar därför betydligt mer i hur de uttrycker sig kring investeringar än vad det gör med värdeöverföringar. Resultatet visar även att företagsledningar prioritera sina intressenter efter deras grad av kontroll på bolagets resurser. Detta uppmärksammas tydligast vid redovisning av investeringar eftersom bolagens olika sätt att beskriva dessa kan tyda på att de försöker tillgodose olika intressenter. Utifrån ägarperspektivet prioriteras utdelning i störst grad av de privata bolagen än det kommunala. Medan investeringar förespråkas av kommunala bostadsbolaget eftersom de har ett ska bidra till allmännyttan. De privata bostadsbolagen investerar mer om det anses vara ekonomiskt gynnsamt för ägarna i framtiden. / Housing companies in Sweden can be municipal or private owned and are regulated by different laws depending on ownership. Their different presumptions make it interesting to investigate the differences between ownership in housing companies. The municipal housing companies purpose is to work for the public good and simultaneously operate under business principles. The aim with this study is to compare municipal and private housing companies regarding their reporting of value transfers and investments. The study aims to answer the two questions: How do municipal and private owned housing companies differ in their value transfer and investments? How can the accounting of value transfers and investment be interpreted from the stakeholders versus the owners perspective? To answer the questions a qualitative content analysis has been chosen as a method. The collected data will be both qualitative and quantitative and will be retrieved from the housing companies annual reports. The results show that municipal and private housing companies invest more than they are transferring. However the municipal housing companies are also transferring more than they are able to according to the law, if exceptions are ignored. This means that municipal housing companies are using the exception rule to transfer more than what is allowed according to the main rule. Both municipal and private housing companies are describing their value transfers in a similar way with reference to law. On the contrary investments are usually described more openly about what kind of investments they are doing and why. Therefore, it varies considerably more in how they express themselves in terms of investments compared to value transfers. The results also show that company managements prioritize their stakeholders according to their degree of control over the company's resources. This is more clear when reporting investments, as the companies different ways of describing these may indicate that they try to satisfy different stakeholders. From the ownership perspective, dividends are prioritized more by the private companies than the municipal ones. While investments are advocated by the municipal housing company because they must contribute to the community. The private housing companies invest if it is considered to be financially for the owners in the future. This study is written in Swedish.

This thesis deals with a fundamental share analysis of the Czech ČEZ Group. The theoretical part summarizes the most frequent techniques and methods of a fundamental share analysis. In the practical part these findings are used to analyze the shares of ČEZ. The core of the fundamental analysis itself lies in the calculation of the intrinsic value of the share. And finally, investment recommendations are proposed on the basis of the comparison between the acquired intrinsic value and the current market price of the shares.

The content of this thesis is the fundamental analysis of stocks whose bases are practically focused on the company New World Resources Plc. In the theoretical part of the thesis are presented approaches to the capital markets generally used to search for undervalued stocks and when appropriate to their business. The detail is given to the specifics of fundamental analysis. These data are used in the practical part of the work at different levels of fundamental analysis. The main part consists of the actual determination of the intrinsic value of the shares of New World Resources Plc on whose basis the work mentioned specific investment recommendation.

This thesis is dedicated to fundamental analysis of the company ČEZ and tries to assess whether it is appropriate in the circumstances, to invest in the company or not. To determine the intrinsic value of a share in this work the use of dividend discount models, cash flow, profit models and other. Assessing the economic situation is then performed based on various ratios of the company's performance.

The aim of this master`s thesis is to perform fundamental analysis and determine the intrinsic value of Pfizer Inc share. There are three main parts of fundamental analysis - global, industry and company analysis, which includes a financial analysis. Using the chosen methods the value of shares is determined. The calculated intrinsic value is then compared to the market price and the investment recommendation is proposed.

Cette thèse analyse les conséquences et les implications des annonces de dividendes sur le marché boursier français dans un contexte de crise financière. Elle comporte quatre chapitres dont un premier, théorique qui trace les orientations des trois études empiriques réalisées. À l’issue de ce chapitre, il est proposé un cadre d’analyse de l’impact de la crise sur la politique de dividendes. Le deuxième chapitre traite de l’impact de la crise sur les réactions du marché. Il a testé et validé l’hypothèse d’une réaction différenciée des investisseurs aux annonces de dividendes en fonction du contexte économique. De surcroît, il met en évidence des réactions asymétriques des investisseurs en période de crise. Le troisième chapitre fournit une nouvelle explication à ces réactions asymétriques à travers la théorie de l’ambiguïté. L’hypothèse selon laquelle la nature et le degré d’incertitude de l’environnement macroéconomique auraient un impact sur la manière dont les investisseurs réagissent suite aux annonces de dividendes a été testée et validée. Le quatrième chapitre analyse la prévision des bénéfices comptables par les dividendes en période de crise, au regard de la théorie du signal. Nos résultats valident globalement les théories du signal et de l’ambiguïté. Même si la crise a affecté les réactions du marché français, elle n’a pas eu d’impact sur la relation significative qui existe entre les changements de dividendes et les variations de bénéfices futurs. Cette thèse analyse les conséquences et les implications des annonces de dividendes sur le marché boursier français dans un contexte de crise financière. Elle comporte quatre chapitres dont un premier, théorique qui trace les orientations des trois études empiriques réalisées. À l’issue de ce chapitre, il est proposé un cadre d’analyse de l’impact de la crise sur la politique de dividendes. Le deuxième chapitre traite de l’impact de la crise sur les réactions du marché. Il a testé et validé l’hypothèse d’une réaction différenciée des investisseurs aux annonces de dividendes en fonction du contexte économique. De surcroît, il met en évidence des réactions asymétriques des investisseurs en période de crise. Le troisième chapitre fournit une nouvelle explication à ces réactions asymétriques à travers la théorie de l’ambiguïté. L’hypothèse selon laquelle la nature et le degré d’incertitude de l’environnement macroéconomique auraient un impact sur la manière dont les investisseurs réagissent suite aux annonces de dividendes a été testée et validée. Le quatrième chapitre analyse la prévision des bénéfices comptables par les dividendes en période de crise, au regard de la théorie du signal. Nos résultats valident globalement les théories du signal et de l’ambiguïté. Même si la crise a affecté les réactions du marché français, elle n’a pas eu d’impact sur la relation significative qui existe entre les changements de dividendes et les variations de bénéfices futurs. / This dissertation investigates the consequences and implications of dividend announcements on French stock market in a context of financial crisis. It consists of four chapters including a first theoretical chapter that draws directions of the three empirical studies we realised. After this chapter, we provide an analysis framework of the impact of the crisis on the dividend policy. The second chapter discusses the impact of the financial crisis on french market reactions following dividend announcements. It tested and validated the hypothesis of a differentiated reaction of investors to dividend announcements based on the economic environment. Furthermore, it highlights asymmetric reactions of investors in times of crisis. The third chapter provides a new explanation for these asymmetric reactions through the ambiguity theory. The hypothesis according to which the nature and the degree of uncertainty of the macroeconomic environment has an impact on the way in which capital market prices react to dividend announcements was tested and validated. The fourth chapter analyses earnings forecast by dividends in times of crisis, according to the signaling theory. Our findings generally support the signaling and ambiguity theories. But, although the crisis affected the French market reactions to dividend announcements, it has no impact on the significant relationship between dividends changes and future earnings variations.

One of the most fundamental issues in the accounting area is when an income is to be reported.Depending on the time at which an income is reported, the income can have a significant rolefor what a company's financial reports will look like. In 2002, the IASB and FASB agreed tojointly develop a common international revenue standard. The aim of the collaboration was todevelop a more robust and consistent framework, in order to increase comparability in revenuerecognition between different companies, markets and countries. Basically, all Swedishunlisted companies that are classified as larger companies must prepare their accounts inaccordance with the Swedish regulations K3. However, Swedish major unlisted companies canvoluntarily choose to apply the international accounting standard IFRS by applying theSwedish recommendation RFR 2.The purpose of this study is to investigate and account for the similarities and differences thatarise in the income statement for Swedish unlisted companies through the voluntary applicationof the international standard RFR 2/IFRS 15 versus the Swedish counterpart in the regulatoryframework K3. By applying three self-constructed typing cases, the study aims to clarify thesimilarities and differences that arise between income recognition according to RFR 2/IFRS 15versus K3 with regard to income taxation, dividend possibilities and key figures linked toprofitability and capital structure.The results of the study show that there are both similarities and differences between the RFR2/IFRS 15 and K3 regulations. In the three typical cases, differences arise between the timewhen the income is to be reported and the amounts to which it is accounted for at eachindividual time. This, in turn, means that differences arise with regard to income taxation,dividend opportunities and key figures linked to profitability and capital structure. However,based on the three types of cases that have been constructed, it is not possible to identify whichregulations are most advantageous for the individual company. When the amount ofinformation that the two regulations require the company to provide and the scope of theregulations are taken into account, income reporting in accordance with RFR 2/IFRS 15 can beconsidered more favorable to the company's stakeholders, since more detailed and usefulinformation must be provided in accordance with these regulations. / En av de mest fundamentala frågorna inom redovisningsområdet är när en intäkt ska redovisas.Beroende vid vilken tidpunkt som en intäkt redovisas så kan intäkten ha en betydande roll förhur ett företags finansiella rapporter kommer att se ut. Under 2002 kom IASB och FASBöverens om att tillsammans utveckla en gemensam internationell intäktsstandard. Målet medsamarbetet var att utveckla ett mer robust och konsekvent ramverk, för att öka jämförbarheteninom intäktsredovisningen mellan olika företag, marknader och länder. I grund och botten skaalla svenska onoterade företag som klassificeras som större företag upprätta sin redovisningenligt det svenska regelverket K3. Svenska större onoterade företag kan emellertid frivilligtvälja att tillämpa den internationella redovisningsstandarden IFRS genom att tillämpa densvenska rekommendationen RFR 2.Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka och redogöra för vilka likheter och skillnader somuppstår vid intäktsredovisningen för svenska onoterade företag genom frivillig tillämpning avden internationella standarden RFR 2/IFRS 15 kontra den svenska motsvarigheten i regelverketK3. Genom tillämpning av tre egenkonstruerade typfall så syftar studien till att tydliggöra vilkalikheter och skillnader som uppstår mellan intäktsredovisning enligt RFR 2/IFRS 15 kontra K3med hänseende till inkomstbeskattning, utdelningsmöjligheter och nyckeltal kopplade tillräntabilitet och kapitalstruktur.Resultatet av studien visar att det existerar både likheter och skillnader mellan regelverken RFR2/IFRS 15 och K3. I de tre typfallen uppstår skillnader mellan tidpunkten då intäkterna skaredovisas och till vilka belopp de ska redovisas till vid varje enskild tidpunkt. Detta medför isin tur att skillnader uppstår med hänseende till inkomstbeskattning, utdelningsmöjligheter ochnyckeltal kopplade till räntabilitet och kapitalstruktur. Utifrån de tre typfall som harkonstruerats så går det dock inte att identifiera vilket regelverk som är mest fördelaktigt för detenskilda företaget. När den mängd information som de båda regelverken kräver att detredovisande företaget ska lämna och regelverkens omfattning tas i beaktning, så kanintäktsredovisning enligt RFR 2/IFRS 15 anses som mer gynnsamt för företagets intressenter,då mer utförlig och användbar information måste lämnas enligt detta regelverk.

Cette thèse, en portant une attention particulière sur les entreprises familiales turques et par l'utilisation d'une approche fondée sur la théorie de l'agence, a pour objectif de mettre en lumière les implications du capital familial sur la performance, la distribution de dividendes et les avoirs étrangers. Elle étudie premièrement en s'appuyant sur une méta-analyse, la relation entre l'impact net du capital familial sur la performance de l'entreprise et l'effet de modérateurs sur cette relation. Ensuite, elle examine si, en Turquie, le capital familial comble ou profite des lacunes institutionnelles et étudie comment les entreprises familiales diminuent les préoccupations relatives à l'expropriation des actionnaires minoritaires. Enfin, elle explore comment dans le cas turc, les investisseurs étrangers perçoivent le capital familial et les pratiques de gouvernance appliquées par les entreprises familiales pour éliminer les préoccupations de ces investisseurs concernant l'expropriation de leurs droits. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse démontrent que l'impact du capital familial sur la performance des entreprises est positif mais faible. Le niveau de développement des institutions formelles du pays dans lequel les entreprises familiales opèrent, modère la relation entre le capital familial et la performance des entreprises. En Turquie, un niveau modéré de détention du capital par la famille est bénéfique car la performance comptable atteint un pic à ce niveau de détention et les investisseurs valorisent un tel niveau de détention du capital par la famille. En outre, lorsque les familles détiennent un niveau substantiel de droits de vote et participent activement au management de l'entreprise, le versement de dividendes se réduit et la gouvernance familiale profite des lacunes institutionnelles pour exproprier les autres actionnaires de leurs droits. Enfin, en Turquie, le recours effectif par les entreprises familiales à des pratiques de gouvernance diminue les inquiétudes des investisseurs étrangers concernant l'opportunisme de la famille. / Using insights mainly from agency theory, this dissertation intends to shed light on performance, dividend payout and foreign holdings' implications of family involvement in firm with an emphasis on Turkish family firms. The dissertation first investigates the net effect of family involvement on firm performance and the effect of moderators on that relationship by conducting a meta-analysis. It then shifts the focus on Turkey to examine whether family governance fills or abuses institutional gaps and look into how family firms alleviate concerns of expropriation of minority shareholders. Finally, it investigates how foreign investors perceive family involvement in firm and firm-level governance practices of family firms to mitigate investors' expropriation concerns in Turkey. The main findings of this dissertation show that the impact of family participation on firm performance is positive but modest. The development level of formal institutions in countries in which family firms operate moderates the relationship between family involvement and firm performance. In Turkey, moderate levels of family involvement in ownership are beneficial since accounting profitability reaches a peak at these levels and foreign investors value these levels of family participation in firm. On the other hand, when families have substantial voting rights and actively participate in management, dividend payouts reduce and family governance abuses institutional voids by expropriating other shareholders. Additionally, the effective use of firm-level governance practices by family firms mitigates foreign investors' concerns about family opportunism in Turkey.

Master's thesis is devoted to the improvement of income taxation of individuals in Russia. Final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of the tax on personal income in Russia. In the second chapter, an analysis of the income tax on physical income in the budget system of Russia. In the third chapter proposed directions for improving the income taxation of individuals in Russia. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена совершенствованию подоходного налогообложения физических лиц в России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налога на доходы физических лиц в России. Во второй главе проведён анализ поступлений налога на доходы физических в бюджетную систему России. В третьей главе предложены направления совершенствования подоходного налогообложения физических лиц в России.

An optimal dividend problem with investment opportunities, taking into consideration a source of strategic risk is being considered, as well as the effect of market frictions on the decision process of the financial entities. It concerns the problem of determining an optimal control of the dividend under debt constraints and investment opportunities in an economy with business cycles. It is assumed that the company is to be allowed to accept or reject investment opportunities arriving at random times with random sizes, by changing its outstanding indebtedness, which would impact its capital structure and risk profile. This work mainly focuses on the strategic risk faced by the companies; and, in particular, it focuses on the manager's problem of setting appropriate priorities to deploy the limited resources available. This component is taken into account by introducing frictions in the capital structure modification process. The problem is formulated as a bi-dimensional singular control problem under regime switching in presence of jumps. An explicit condition is obtained in order to ensure that the value function is finite. A viscosity solution approach is used to get qualitative descriptions of the solution. Moreover, a lending scheme for a system of interconnected banks with probabilistic constraints of failure is being considered. The problem arises from the fact that financial institutions cannot possibly carry enough capital to withstand counterparty failures or systemic risk. In such situations, the central bank or the government becomes effectively the risk manager of last resort or, in extreme cases, the lender of last resort. If, on the one hand, the health of the whole financial system depends on government intervention, on the other hand, guaranteeing a high probability of salvage may result in increasing the moral hazard of the banks in the financial network. A closed form solution for an optimal control problem related to interbank lending schemes has been derived, subject to terminal probability constraints on the failure of banks which are interconnected through a financial network. The derived solution applies to real bank networks by obtaining a general solution when the aforementioned probability constraints are assumed for all the banks. We also present a direct method to compute the systemic relevance parameter for each bank within the network. Finally, a possible computation technique for the Default Risk Charge under to regulatory risk measurement processes is being considered. We focus on the Default Risk Charge measure as an effective alternative to the Incremental Risk Charge one, proposing its implementation by a quasi exhaustive-heuristic algorithm to determine the minimum capital requested to a bank facing the market risk associated to portfolios based on assets emitted by several financial agents. While most of the banks use the Monte Carlo simulation approach and the empirical quantile to estimate this risk measure, we provide new computational approaches, exhaustive or heuristic, currently becoming feasible, because of both new regulation and the high speed - low cost technology available nowadays.