Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de avaliação da incerteza associada à medição do desempenho térmico de coletores solares térmicos, utilizados em aquecedores de água residenciais. A determinação desta grandeza tem influência direta na estimativa da fração solar obtida pelo sistema, e consequentemente no tempo de retorno sobre o investimento do mesmo. Coletores solares planos, construídos a partir de perfis de alumínio, com absorvedores metálicos, pintura preta não seletiva, tubulação interna de cobre, cobertura de vidro simples e isolante térmico na parte traseira, foram ensaiados individualmente em laboratório para determinação do seu desempenho. O procedimento adotado foi o indoor, onde os ensaios são realizados sob um simulador artificial de radiação solar, e envolveu a configuração da câmara de testes, estabilização das variáveis ambientais, ensaios das amostras, cálculo do desempenho térmico e estimativa da sua incerteza associada. Esta última levou em consideração as contribuições da instrumentação empregada, da estabilidade temporal das condições de contorno para realização das medições e do método estatístico utilizado na determinação da curva de desempenho térmico do coletor. Ao final do estudo foram ponderados os limites aceitos pelo programa de etiquetagem brasileiro de coletores em comparação com os resultados obtidos. / This work presents a methodology for assessing the thermal performance uncertainty of solar collectors used in residential water heaters. The uncertainty has a direct influence on the solar fraction prediction and consequently on its payback time. Flat solar collectors, built in aluminum frames, metallic absorber with non-selective black paint, copper pipes, single glass cover and thermal insulation on the back, were tested individually at the laboratory to measure their performance. The test procedure was the indoor, performed on an artificial solar simulator, and included the test chamber set-up, environmental variables control, sample testing, thermal performance calculating and its uncertainty estimate. The latter considered the instrumentation, temporal stability of variables and the statistical method used on the collectors thermal performance curve fitting. The study also compared the results obtained with the performance limits accepted by the Brazilian collector labeling program.

O motor de indução trifásico foi o elemento principal de aumento de produtividade na segunda revolução industrial no final do século XIX na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Atualmente, em termos mundiais, é a principal carga nos sistemas elétricos, chegando a atingir mais de 65% do consumo no Brasil. Durante o século XX, os motores elétricos sofreram intensos processos de inovações tecnológicas que possibilitaram significativos ganhos de rendimento. Assim, inicialmente, esta dissertação analisa o rendimento de 419 motores elétricos com potência mecânica de 5 CV, 50 CV e 200 CV, de fabricação nacional ou importados, ensaiados entre 1945 e 2016, possuindo velocidades correspondentes de 2 a 8 polos e alimentados em baixa tensão, na frequência de 60 Hz, onde foi possível verificar ganhos acumulados de rendimento, em alguns casos, acima de 10% no referido período. A legislação brasileira para o desempenho de motores elétricos teve papel importante no ganho de rendimento dos últimos anos. Neste sentido, em sequência, o trabalho avaliou o impacto do Decreto Presidencial nº 4.508 de 11 de dezembro de 2002, sendo o primeiro documento nacional a estabelecer o rendimento mínimo dos motores elétricos trifásicos de indução com rotor em gaiola de esquilo. Posteriormente, a Portaria nº 553/2005 avançou nas exigências para os níveis de rendimento e, recentemente, a Portaria nº 1/2017 eleva o patamar mínimo de rendimento. Em relação a essas três legislações, foi analisado o comportamento do rendimento de 435 motores ensaiados entre 2015 e 2016, com potências entre 1 CV e 250 CV para as 4 velocidades normatizadas. Todos os dados foram coletados, por meio de ensaios, no Laboratório de Máquinas Elétricas do Instituto de Energia e Ambiente da Universidade de São Paulo, o qual disponibilizou os resultados para esta pesquisa, de maneira que esta dissertação apresenta dados medidos. Os resultados desta dissertação fornecem subsídios para a comparação dos padrões de rendimento dos motores elétricos comercializados no Brasil, bem como na análise das mudanças que uma decisão política pode provocar. / The three-phase induction motor was the main element of increased productivity in the second industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century in Europe and the United States. Currently, in world terms, it is the main load in the electrical systems, reaching up to 65% of the consumption in Brazil. During the 20th century, electric motors underwent intense processes of technological innovations that allowed significant gains in efficiency. Thus, initially, this dissertation analyzes the performance of 419 electric motors with mechanical power of 5 HP, 50 HP and 200 HP, of national manufacture or imported, tested between 1945 and 2016, having corresponding speeds of 2 to 8 poles and fed in low voltage, in the frequency of 60 Hz, where it was possible to verify accumulated gains in efficiency, in some cases, above 10% in said period. The Brazilian legislation for the performance of electric motors played an important role in the income gain of the last years. In this sense, in sequence, the work evaluated the impact of the Presidential Decree No. 4,508 of December 11, 2002, being the first national document to establish the minimum performance of three-phase induction electric motors with a rotor in the squirrel cage. Subsequently, Ordinance No. 553/2005 advanced the requirements for performance levels, and recently Ordinance No. 1/2017 has raised the minimum level of performance. In relation to these three legislations, the measured performance behavior of 435 motors tested between 2015 and 2016, with powers between 1 HP and 250 HP for the 4 regulated speeds was analyzed. All data were collected by means of tests in the Laboratory of Electrical Machines of the Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo, which provided the results for this research, so that this dissertation presents measured data. The results of this dissertation provide subsidies for the comparison of the performance standards of commercial electric motors in Brazil, as well as the analysis of the changes that a political decision can cause.

O estudo visa investigar os impactos do abastecimento por águas subterrâneas no setor energético brasileiro, as dinâmicas das tomadas de decisões no gerenciamento hídrico e gerenciamento energético brasileiro, e apontar onde as ações para a sustentabilidade no bombeamento de águas subterrâneas devem ser tomadas. A geração, consumo e gestão de energia interagem de muitas formas com os recursos hídricos, contudo o gerenciamento das águas superficiais difere do gerenciamento das águas subterrâneas. Cerca de 2,6% do consumo energético brasileiro é utilizado para abastecimento por águas subterrâneas. Ações para eficiência energética neste setor podem trazer economia de energia. / The study aims to investigate the impacts of groundwater supply in the Brazilian energy sector, the dynamics of decision making in water management and Brazilian energy management, and to point out where actions for sustainability in pumping groundwater must be taken. Power generation, consumption and management interact in many ways with water resources, yet surface water management differs from groundwater management. About 2.6% of Brazilian energy consumption is used for groundwater supply. Actions for energy efficiency in this sector can bring energy savings.

O crescente valor pago pela fatura de energia elétrica sucedendo um período de indisponibilidade quando do racionamento em 2001, concomitantemente com as novas regulamentações do setor elétrico, fizeram com que algumas indústrias buscassem melhor entender o negócio energia elétrica de forma a se precaver de um possível novo racionamento. As indústrias foram em busca de preços mais atrativos, objetivando garantir seu processo produtivo com competitividade. O setor elétrico buscou estimular o investimento privado e o crescimento sustentável do mercado de energia elétrica no Brasil, e também incentivar o usuário final a melhor fazer a gestão dos gastos e consumos de energia elétrica através de novas regulamentações, incentivos à eficiência energética, acelerando a competitividade nos preços de energia elétrica, entre outras ações. Este trabalho apresenta um resumo dos fatos relevantes que ocorreram no setor elétrico brasileiro e cita os principais impactos ocorridos na indústria, a transformação do consumidor em cliente, ou seja, de mero pagador de fatura ao responsável pela escolha do fornecedor e o atual gestor do gasto e do consumo de energia em sua indústria. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo de gestão de energia elétrica baseado em um caso de sucesso ocorrido numa grande indústria de alimentos do Brasil, apresentando os resultados obtidos. / The increasing amount paid for the electricity energy invoice after the period of unavailability on the occasion of the energy rationing in 2001, concurrently with the new regulations of the energy sector, have made some industries pursue a better understanding of the energy business in order to avoid a possible new energy rationing. The companies have also been searching for more attractive prices, aiming at ensuring competitiveness in their production process. The electrical energy sector has sought to stimulate private investment and sustainable growth of the energy market in Brazil, apart from providing incentive for the end user in terms of improving their expenditures and energy consumption management through new regulations and incentives for energy efficiency, accelerating the competitiveness of energy price, among other actions. The contents of this dissertation present a summary of relevant facts that occurred in the Brazilian electricity sector. Moreover, they cite the major impacts on the industry, the transformation of consumers into customers, i.e. from a mere bill payer to a customer who is responsible for choosing the energy provider, also becoming the current expenditure and energy consumption manager of their own company. This dissertation proposes a model of energy management based on a successful case occurred in a major food processing industry in Brazil, presenting the results.

"Opportunistic routing (OR) takes advantages of the spatial diversity and broadcast nature of wireless networks to combat the time-varying links by involving multiple neighboring nodes (forwarding candidates) for each packet relay. This dissertation studies the properties, energy efficiency, capacity, throughput, protocol design and security issues about OR in multihop wireless networks. Firstly, we study geographic opportunistic routing (GOR), a variant of OR which makes use of nodes' location information. We identify and prove three important properties of GOR. The first one is on prioritizing the forwarding candidates according to their geographic advancements to the destination. The second one is on choosing the forwarding candidates based on their advancements and link qualities in order to maximize the expected packet advancement (EPA) with different number of forwarding candidates. The third one is on the concavity of the maximum EPA in respect to the number of forwarding candidates. We further propose a local metric, EPA per unit energy consumption, to tradeoff the routing performance and energy efficiency for GOR. Leveraging the proved properties of GOR, we propose two efficient algorithms to select and prioritize forwarding candidates to maximize the local metric. Secondly, capacity is a fundamental issue in multihop wireless networks. We propose a framework to compute the end-to-end throughput bound or capacity of OR in single/multirate systems given OR strategies (candidate selection and prioritization). Taking into account wireless interference and unique properties of OR, we propose a new method of constructing transmission conflict graphs, and we introduce the concept of concurrent transmission sets to allow the proper formulation of the maximum end-to-end throughput problem as a maximum-flow linear programming problem subject to the transmission conflict constraints. We also propose two OR metrics: expected medium time (EMT) and expected advancement rate (EAR), and the corresponding distributed and local rate and candidate set selection schemes, the Least Medium Time OR (LMTOR) and the Multirate Geographic OR (MGOR). We further extend our framework to compute the capacity of OR in multi-radio multi-channel systems with dynamic OR strategies. We study the necessary and sufficient conditions for the schedulability of a traffic demand vector associated with a transmitter to its forwarding candidates in a concurrent transmission set. We further propose an LP approach and a heuristic algorithm to obtain an opportunistic forwarding strategy scheduling that satisfies a traffic demand vector. Our methodology can be used to calculate the end-to-end throughput bound of OR in multi-radio/channel/rate multihop wireless networks, as well as to study the OR behaviors (such as candidate selection and prioritization) under different network configurations. Thirdly, protocol design of OR in a contention-based medium access environment is an important and challenging issue. In order to avoid duplication, we should ensure only the "best" receiver of each packet to forward it in an efficient way. We investigate the existing candidate coordination schemes and propose a "fast slotted acknowledgment" (FSA) to further improve the performance of OR by using a single ACK to coordinate the forwarding candidates with the help of the channel sensing technique. Furthermore, we study the throughput of GOR in multi-rate and single-rate systems. We introduce a framework to analyze the one-hop throughput of GOR, and provide a deeper insight on the trade-off between the benefit (packet advancement, bandwidth, and transmission reliability) and cost (medium time delay) associated with the node collaboration. We propose a local metric named expected one-hop throughput (EOT) to balance the benefit and cost. Finally, packet reception ratio (PRR) has been widely used as an indicator of the link quality in multihop wireless networks. Many routing protocols including OR in wireless networks depend on the PRR information to make routing decision. Providing accurate link quality measurement (LQM) is essential to ensure the right operation of these routing protocols. However, the existing LQM mechanisms are subject to malicious attacks, thus can not guarantee to provide correct link quality information. We analyze the security vulnerabilities in the existing link quality measurement (LQM) mechanisms and propose an efficient broadcast-based secure LQM (SLQM) mechanism, which prevents the malicious attackers from reporting a higher PRR than the actual one. We analyze the security strength and the cost of the proposed mechanism. "

There is a large demand for applications of high data rates in wireless networks. These networks are becoming more complex and challenging to manage due to the heterogeneity of users and applications specifically in sophisticated networks such as the upcoming 5G. Energy efficiency in the future 5G network is one of the essential problems that needs consideration due to the interference and heterogeneity of the network topology. Smart resource allocation, environmental adaptivity, user-awareness and energy efficiency are essential features in the future networks. It is important to support these features at different networks topologies with various applications. Cognitive radio has been found to be the paradigm that is able to satisfy the above requirements. It is a very interdisciplinary topic that incorporates flexible system architectures, machine learning, context awareness and cooperative networking. Mitola’s vision about cognitive radio intended to build context-sensitive smart radios that are able to adapt to the wireless environment conditions while maintaining quality of service support for different applications. Artificial intelligence techniques including heuristics algorithms and machine learning are the shining tools that are employed to serve the new vision of cognitive radio. In addition, these techniques show a potential to be utilized in an efficient resource allocation for the upcoming 5G networks’ structures such as heterogeneous multi-tier 5G networks and heterogeneous cloud radio access networks due to their capability to allocate resources according to real-time data analytics. In this thesis, we study cognitive radio from a system point of view focusing closely on architectures, artificial intelligence techniques that can enable intelligent radio resource allocation and efficient radio parameters reconfiguration. We propose a modular cognitive resource management architecture, which facilitates a development of flexible control for resources management in diverse wireless networks. The core operation of the proposed architecture is decision-making for resource allocation and system’s parameters adaptation. Thus, we develop the decision-making mechanism using different artificial intelligence techniques, evaluate the performance achieved and determine the tradeoff of using one technique over the others. The techniques include decision-trees, genetic algorithm, hybrid engine based on decision-trees and case based reasoning, and supervised engine with machine learning contribution to determine the ultimate technique that suits the current environment conditions. All the proposed techniques are evaluated using testbed implementation in different topologies and scenarios. LTE networks have been considered as a potential environment for demonstration of our proposed cognitive based resource allocation techniques as they lack of radio resource management. In addition, we explore the use of enhanced online learning to perform efficient resource allocation in the upcoming 5G networks to maximize energy efficiency and data rate. The considered 5G structures are heterogeneous multi-tier networks with device to device communication and heterogeneous cloud radio access networks. We propose power and resource blocks allocation schemes to maximize energy efficiency and data rate in heterogeneous 5G networks. Moreover, traffic offloading from large cells to small cells in 5G heterogeneous networks is investigated and an online learning based traffic offloading strategy is developed to enhance energy efficiency. Energy efficiency problem in heterogeneous cloud radio access networks is tackled using online learning in centralized and distributed fashions. The proposed online learning comprises improvement features that reduce the algorithms complexities and enhance the performance achieved.

In this thesis, I analyze the impacts of the design and implementation of different environmental policy tools from a theoretical and empirical perspective: certificates providing information on the energy performance of buildings (chapter 1); urban road pricing schemes such as congestion charges (chapter 2); quantity-based policy tools to support production with non-polluting technologies (chapter 3).In chapter 1, co-authored with Luisa Dressler, we study how energy performance certificates (EPCs) impact the residential rental market. These certificates can help solve information asymmetries between landlords and tenants about the thermal quality of dwellings for rent, which, in turn, is expected to facilitate investment aimed at improving dwellings' energy performance. However, disclosure of EPCs is often incomplete, which hampers their effectiveness in relieving such information asymmetries. Moreover, even when a certificate is available, landlords do not always disclose it. This contradicts the so-called information unraveling result, according to which all landlords should disclose quality information unless it is costly to do so: in such a setting, information eventually unravels. Using a cross-sectional dataset of residential rental advertisements from the Belgian region of Brussels, we empirically evaluate incentives to disclose energy performance ratings. We find that two fundamental assumptions underlying the unraveling result are not confirmed in our setting: firstly, tenants value energy performance of rental property only when dwellings are of very high quality; secondly, tenants do not appear to rationally adjust their expectations when faced with dwellings that withhold their energy performance rating. Finally, we formulate specific policy advice for reforming EPC mechanisms to increase disclosure rates.In chapter 2, I study how urban congestion pricing impacts the use of sustainable mobility options such as bike sharing, presenting evidence from the city of Milan, Italy.As concern for air pollution grows in cities across the world, policies such as urban road pricing are rolled out to induce urban residents to opt for greener transport options. While several papers have analyzed the impact of urban road pricing on air pollution and on car use, this is the first analysis of its impact on sustainable travel behaviors, such as the use of bike sharing.I extend a stylized theoretical model of travel behavior to formalize the drivers of bike-sharing demand. Then, I exploit a panel dataset covering all bike-sharing trips carried out over an 8-year period in the city of Milan to estimate the impact of congestion pricing on bike-sharing use. The empirical strategy I employ in this study is based on the sudden suspension and reintroduction of congestion pricing, which generate a quasi-experimental setting. Adopting an event study approach, I find that suspending the congestion charge reduces daily bike-sharing traffic by about 5% in the short run. I show that, in Milan, congestion pricing mainly impacts bike-sharing use through the reduction of road traffic congestion, which makes cycling safer and more pleasant. The direct effect of the increased relative cost of car use is secondary in individual decisions to use bike-sharing. The role of these effects is likely to be context-specific, as they may be affected by the baseline level of urban congestion, the broader policy mix affecting the cost of driving and the specific design of the congestion pricing scheme.In chapter 3, co-authored with Renaud Foucart, we study the impact of different quantity-based tools that governments can use to support the production of homogeneous goods through clean rather than polluting inputs in a setting where production costs are uncertain.In recent years, many sectors have been disrupted by clean innovation, as clean inputs have emerged as close substitutes of polluting ones: for example, in the power sector renewable energy sources are increasingly used for electricity generation instead of fossil fuels. Whenever the negative externalities caused by polluting incumbent technologies are not internalized in production costs, emerging clean technologies are left at a disadvantage. For this reason, governments may want to design policy support schemes for emerging clean technologies.We develop a theoretical framework in which well-established polluting technologies entail known production and pollution costs, while using emerging green technologies requires higher, steeper and uncertain production costs. In this context, a government chooses between a range of quantity-based instruments to support the deployment of clean technologies based on cost estimates, as costs of production with green inputs are uncertain.We show that a cap on production with polluting inputs is the least distortionary among quantity instruments; next is a mandatory share of production with green inputs out of total production. Setting a policy objective in terms of a precise level of green inputs for production is the least efficient policy approach. This ranking results from the so-called “technology effect”, which determines the extent to which the market corrects cost estimation errors after real costs are observed. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-05-30T12:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita de Albuquerque Barreto_.pdf: 3641892 bytes, checksum: f2e5a2fbe9ce56b1af55edb294e16c77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T12:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talita de Albuquerque Barreto_.pdf: 3641892 bytes, checksum: f2e5a2fbe9ce56b1af55edb294e16c77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22 / Nenhuma / Uma ação importante para a sustentabilidade é a redução do consumo de energia, buscando atingir a eficiência energética dos edifícios. Os aeroportos têm incorporado progressivamente operações comerciais e de lazer que os aproximam de centros comerciais, com um aumento no consumo de energia para iluminação artificial e condicionamento do ambiente considerando a operação 24/7. No entanto, muitas vezes não são desenvolvidos planos de eficiência energética. O Aeroporto Internacional Salgado Filho, localizado em Porto Alegre, sul do Brasil, tem cerca de 100 mil operações de aeronaves, entre pousos e decolagens, por ano, o que representa 4% do movimento nacional. Nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a eficiência energética do aeroporto mencionado. Este trabalho utiliza como parâmetro a certificação brasileira PROCEL Edifica. Foram coletados dados de consumo de energia de dois anos de operação do aeroporto. A eficiência energética foi avaliada através de condições técnicas de edifícios e sistemas operacionais, seguida por análise e classificação pelo método PROCEL Edifica. Os resultados apontaram para classificação geral da edificação como C no terminal 1 e classificação A no terminal 2. Os sistemas de iluminação e condicionamento de ar tiveram classificação abaixo do nível A e a partir da identificação de itens não atendidos do método, foram propostas ações para a redução do consumo de energia no aeroporto com a análise da viabilidade econômica dessas propostas. / An important action for sustainability is the reduction of energy consumption, seeking to achieve the energy efficiency of buildings. Airports have progressively incorporated commercial and leisure operations that bring them closer to shopping centers, with an increase in energy consumption for artificial lighting and environmental conditioning considering the operation 24/7. However, energy efficiency plans are often not developed. Salgado Filho International Airport, located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, has about 100,000 aircraft operations, between landings and takeoffs, per year, which represents 4% of the national movement. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the energy efficiency of the mentioned airport. This work uses as a parameter the Brazilian certification PROCEL Edifica. Energy consumption data from two years of airport operation were collected. Energy efficiency was evaluated through technical conditions of buildings and operating systems, followed by analysis and classification by PROCEL Constructs method. The results pointed to the overall classification of the building as C at terminal 1 and classification A at terminal 2. Lighting and air conditioning systems were rated below level A and from the identification of unmet items of the method, actions were proposed to reduce energy consumption at the airport with the analysis of the economic viability of these proposals.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-05-21T13:43:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dário da Rosa Cruz.pdf: 2357249 bytes, checksum: cc31613a7629955b25090b2c81265ab5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-21T13:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dário da Rosa Cruz.pdf: 2357249 bytes, checksum: cc31613a7629955b25090b2c81265ab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-09 / IFSUL - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense / No presente trabalho foi analisado um sistema de cogeração de uma empresa de alimentos que utiliza, em seu processo produtivo, diversas utilidades. Estes processos geram resíduos industriais, como sólidos, líquidos e também resíduos térmicos. Atualmente muito tem se falado sobre eficiência energética no setor de utilidades, a qual impacta diretamente nos custos operacionais de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar potenciais térmicos disponíveis para a simulação de um sistema de trigeração, que utiliza sistema de refrigeração por absorção amônia/água como uma alternativa na redução dos custos operacionais mediante a produção de água gelada e de refrigeração para túneis de congelamento. Na empresa em análise, a demanda por energia elétrica para sistemas de refrigeração por compressão representa atualmente 60% da energia elétrica total da fábrica. Deste modo, sistemas de refrigeração por absorção mostram-se interessantes para diversas aplicações, pois são movidos por energia térmica ao invés de energia elétrica. Neste estudo são analisadas as influências da temperatura de condensação, temperatura de evaporação, temperatura do gerador e concentrações de amônia sobre o COP do sistema de refrigeração por absorção amônia/água. Para a análise destas influências, foi realizado o modelamento matemático e desenvolvido um programa no EES (Engineering Equation Solver) e os resultados da simulação foram comparados com os resultados encontrados nas simulações do Handbook fundamentals da ASHRAE (2009). A partir daí são simulados três diferentes casos para os sistemas de absorção em estudo, onde os dados coletados na empresa, referentes aos potenciais de recuperação de calor, e os parâmetros da ASHRAE para sistemas de refrigeração por absorção NH3/H2O, são simulados e analisados mediante o programa IPSEpro®. Uma análise econômica é realizada, onde se pode concluir quanto à melhor configuração do sistema de trigeração sugerido. O percentual de economia, referente à energia elétrica consumida pelos compressores de refrigeração adotados foi de 8,7%, o qual proporcionará uma economia líquida mensal de R$ 135.391,41. O custo de energia elétrica considerado foi de R$ 0,1968/kWh e a TMA (taxa mínima de atratividade) considerada no projeto foi de 15,7%. A melhor situação apresentada foi a do caso 3, onde o valor do capital investido foi de R$ 5.368.700,00 referente à aquisição dos equipamentos e instalação e a TIR (taxa interna de retorno) ficou em 15,7%, o VPL (valor presente líquido) para 10 anos ficou em R$ 2.443.000,00 e o tempo de retorno payback se dará em 6,07 anos ou 73 meses. / In this present study, a cogeneration system is analyzed in a food company that uses several utilities in its productive process. These processes generate industrial residues, such as solids, liquids and also thermal residues. Currently, much has been said about energy efficiency in the utilities department to which directly impact the operational costs of production. The goal of this study is to identify thermal and energy potentials available for the simulation of a trigeneration system that uses absorption ammonia/water cooling system as an alternative to reduce operational costs through the production of cold water and the cooling of freezing tunnels. In the analyzed company, the demand for electric energy for the cooling systems by compression, represents lately 60% of all the electric energy of the factory. This way, cooling systems by absorption become interesting for many different applications, since they are activated by thermal energy instead of electric energy. In this study the influences of the condensation temperature, evaporation temperature, generator temperature and ammonia concentration by COP of absorption ammonia/water cooling systems are analyzed. For the fulfillment of these analysis, the mathematical modeling is carried out and an EES program is developed and compared through simulations performed in Handbook fundamentals by ASHRAE (2009). Therefore, three cases different are simulated for the absorption systems in study, where the data presented for the company potential recovery of heat a boiler and the ASHRAE guidelines for an ammonia/water absorption refrigeration systems, are simulated and analyzed through the IPSEpro software. An economical analysis is performed where it is possible to conclude the best configuration of the trigeneration system suggested. The percentage of economy concerned to the electric energy consumed by the adopted cooling compressors was 8.7%. It will proportionate a mouthy economy of around R$ 135,391.41. The costs of electric energy considered was R$ 0.1968/kWh and the TMA (minimal tax of attractiveness) considered in the project was 15.7% the best situation presented was the case 3, where the value of invested capital was R$ 5,368,700.00 concerned to the acquisition and installation of equipments. The TIR (internal rate of return) was in 15.7%, the VPL (net present value) for ten years was R$ 2,443,000.00 and the payback will occur in 6.07 years or 73 months.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-29T14:03:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Ghilardi Breitenbach_.pdf: 1516661 bytes, checksum: 05907a451007241e834fa21e460bdc4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-29T14:03:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Ghilardi Breitenbach_.pdf: 1516661 bytes, checksum: 05907a451007241e834fa21e460bdc4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Nenhuma / Simulação de uma residência unifamiliar de interesse social pelos métodos prescritivo e de simulação encontrados no RTQ-R (Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais) que faz parte do selo de eficiência energética do programa Procel Edifica criado pelo Ministério de Minas e Energia em parceria com o Governo Federal. Este estudo compara e avalia os métodos utilizados para qualificar energeticamente as edificações residenciais no Brasil. Com base nos resultados obtidos nas simulações propõe possíveis meios de ampliar o conforto ambiental e reduzir o consumo energético desse tipo de edificação. A avaliação é feita em uma edificação típica e com padrões mínimos exigidos pelo programa MCMV (Minha Casa, Minha Vida), situada na cidade de Porto Alegre no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O estudo é comparativo e adota diferentes critérios construtivos, dentre eles: a ampliação das aberturas para comparar a influência da ventilação e iluminação; alteração da absortividade externa da residência; sombreamento das aberturas que resultará em diferentes absorções de calor e a influência da orientação solar da edificação. Observou-se que, pelos critérios de avaliação encontrados no RTQ-R, para esta zona bioclimática do Brasil, há uma maior preocupação com as temperaturas quentes e, para estas, as medidas tomadas com intuito de ampliar o conforto se mostraram benéficas. A alteração da absortividade do revestimento externo da residência resultou em maior eficiência entre as demais medidas adotadas. Quando se fazem avaliações com as temperaturas frias e quentes, simultaneamente, e com o mesmo grau de importância, praticamente, temos uma compensação nos resultados, o que nos leva a entender por que o RTQ-R prioriza as temperaturas quentes. Ao serem avaliados os dois extremos de temperaturas focando o conforto ambiental, percebe-se que, pelos resultados encontrados, é mais lógico tratarmos com medidas naturais o extremo de temperaturas mais prejudicial ao conforto, para que, no outro extremo, possa ser utilizado algum sistema artificial de tratamento térmico, mas com menor impacto econômico. Um sistema de tratamento térmico poderia ser o uso do potencial geotérmico. Outro fator analisado é que o RTQ-R poderia ser mais criterioso e, também, demonstrou ser confuso. Neste trabalho propõe-se uma avaliação criteriosa em relação ao conforto ambiental para atender às necessidades dos usuários. / Simulation of a single-family residence social interest in prescriptive and simulation methods found in the RTQ-R (Quality Technical Regulation for Energy Efficiency Level Residential Buildings) part of the energy efficiency seal Procel Edifica program created by the Ministry of Mines and Energy in partnership with the Federal Government. This study compares and evaluates the methods used to qualify the energy residential buildings in Brazil. Based on the results obtained in the simulations proposes possible means of increasing the environmental comfort and reduce energy consumption of this type of building. The assessment is made in a typical building and minimum standards required by the MCMV (Minha Casa, Minha Vida), in the city of Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study is comparative and adopts different construction criteria, including: the expansion of openings to compare the influence of ventilation and lighting; changing the external absorptivity of residence; shading of the openings will result in different absorption of heat and the influence of solar orientation of the building. It was observed that the evaluation criteria found in the RTQ-R, for this bioclimatic zone of Brazil, there is a greater concern with the warm temperatures and, for these, the measures taken in order to enlarge the comfort proved beneficial. Changing the absorptivity the outer covering of the residence resulted in greater efficiency among the other measures adopted. When making evaluations with the cold and warm temperatures simultaneously and with the same degree of importance, practically, we have a compensation in the results, which leads us to understand why the RTQ-R gives priority to hot temperatures. When evaluated the two extremes of temperatures focusing on the environmental comfort, it is clear that the results found, it is more logical to treat natural extreme measures more harmful to the comfort temperature, so that at the other end, can be used a system artificial heat treatment but with less economic impact. A thermal treatment system could be the use of geothermal potential. Another factor considered is that RTQ-R could be more selective and also proved to be confused. In this paper we propose a careful assessment in relation to environmental comfort to meet the needs of users.