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The technology of online banking for customers refers to several types of banking activities through which bank customers can get information and carry out most retail banking services. Libyan banks continue to conduct most of their banking transactions using traditional methods. Given the prevalence of online technology adoption by the banking industry in developed countries, reasons for the lack of such innovation in developing countries such as Libya is of interest in any consideration of technological innovation. The online banking technology usage rate in Libya is at present very minimal, despite the fact that Libya is one of the wealthiest countries in Africa as it is a major oil producer and one of the Europe’s biggest North Africa oil suppliers (Touati, 2008). The Libyan banking industry is now lagging behind and in extreme need of essential change to enhance its banking system, as it has been continuously criticised for its inadequate and inefficient services. Unreliable national telecommunications infrastructure, lack of education between bank customers, lack of technological knowledge among bank staff and customers, and the distance between bank branches and their headquarters were slowing the development of Libyan banking system. These processes require extensive and comprehensive study of online banking related factors in order to achieve customers’ trust and acceptance in online banking technology. The aim of this research is to develop a framework to guide government official for increasing customer trust and acceptance for online banking. After providing literature on online banking, this study considers a framework and tests various factors that might act to determine whether a given technology is likely to be trusted and accepted by the customers of the banking industry in a developing country such as Libya. Data was collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The questionnaire survey was distributed to more than 200 Libyan customers of the Bank of Commerce and Development (BCD) and they were analysed quantitatively by descriptive and statistical (correlation and regression) analysis. The data was qualitatively validated with interviews and content analysis. The data was based on customers’ perceptions of factors that might affect their decisions as to whether or not to trust online banking technology in Libya. The study thus addresses the question: How can the level of Libyan bank customers’ trust of online banking be improved? The results of the analysis of this enquiry and findings from a comprehensive literature review enabled the theoretical framework for customers’ trust and acceptance improvement to be developed. As the main outcome of the study, this framework consists of acceptance which includes (relative advantages, ease of use), trust and risk, and online banking issues which includes (security issues, technical and legal support issues, reputation issues, privacy issues, transactional/operation issues). Moreover, technology readiness and demographic characteristics (age, gender) are proposed as having a moderating effect on the relationship between intention and the challenges that might affect customers’ trust and acceptance. These components of the framework have been subject to necessary validation. Thus, if implemented with a conscious effort to address all the mitigating factors, online banking has the potential to bring substantial corporate benefits to both banks and their customers. This research also has significant implications for other research and practical analysis of online banking customers by providing a comprehensive database and established knowledge based on essential theory; this could be used as a resource for practitioners and potential more detailed research, the government officials will also be of interest to the framework for their banking future policies regarding customers’ trust and acceptance. In conclusion, while the aim and objectives of this research were accomplished by providing a framework for the improvement of trust and acceptance of online banking technology by Libyan bank customers, the study has identified the potential limitations of the research and recommendations for future research.

Value investing strategies, those calling for the purchase of shares with low market values relative to measures of their financial fundamentals, have shown great promise in the literature indicating the potential for stock market outperformance. Collectively this idence is one of the most controversial challenges to the efficient market hypothesis. This thesis focuses on one value strategy, net current asset value-to-market value 'NCA/M' strategy examining a large sample of U.K. shares over period from 1980 to 2005.

The financial liberalisation theorem postulates that liberalising the financial sector is a route to increasing savings and investment, and thus the promotion of growth. Endogenous growth models suggest that financial sector development increases savings mobilisation, transfers savings into investments, and increases the productivity of investment, with the consequence of economic growth and improved economic performance. However, in practice, experience has shown that a number of developing countries do not demonstrate this kind of relationship, and have rather, recorded relatively low growth despite achieving high savings rates. It is argued that the reason why few authors have found empirical evidence supporting the notion that saving causes growth in developing countries, and have found instead that growth causes savings, is these scholars' failure to consider the productivity of investment financed by savings, evidenced by the tendency to use aggregate measures of savings. This work proposes that the quality of saving is important, and instead of using gross saving, financial savings is used as a measure of savings. Despite the implementation of reforms and liberalisation in the financial sector, especially the banking industry, as the major elements of the economic reforms and structural adjustment programmes in Libya in the early 1990s, the resulting improved economic performance has not been followed by sustained economic growth and development, and investment rates are still insufficient to achieve this. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify the role of the financial sector, examining the impact of its development on saving, and on the growth of the Libyan economy. The methodology used in this research involved the quantitative approach. The quantitative aspect was based on an empirical assessment of the importance of financial sector development by using time-series econometric techniques including the unit root test, testing for cointegration and causality for the variables of the study. The results indicate that the impact of the real interest rate on financial saving and domestic investment is negative in the long run. The impact of real output on financial savings and domestic investment is positive in the long run. Credit as an indicator of financial sector development, has a very small impact on domestic saving in the long run and is highly insignificant in the long run. The causality test results indicate that causality runs from growth to financial savings, from growth or real output to credit. The study suggests that more attention should be paid to other aspects of financial liberalisation and financial reforms because liberalising the interest rate is not only the key aspect of financial sector reform.

This research investigates customer loyalty and relationship marketing theories into two different commercial sectors in the UK, namely grocery retailing and telecommunication. The study is divided into two major parts. The first part examines consumer perceptions of customer loyalty schemes and explores the nature and extent of relationship development in the UK retail grocery sector. Aspects of the Interaction Approach, historically developed and confined to organisational contexts, were used as a conceptual framework for assessing the level of these relationships.

The citizens of the Gulf Cooptation Cancel (G.C.C.) countries have been facing an increasing problem in recent years relating to the difficulties in obtaining public services. The time taken to receive a public service has been increasing, and the quos at public organizations have been increasing. Citizen is also having to shuttle between many public organizations in order to complete a service. The finding of the exploratory study conducted at the General Traffic Department (GTD) showed that citizens want services to be provided online instead of traditional means, which means implementing e-Government initiatives.

This research is intended to study how to attract Foreign Direct Investment to invest specifically in the housing sector in Libya. An exploratory methodology has been adopted in this research, and multi-methods (qualitative and quantitative) are used to analyse multi-sources of data that comprise observation, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, literature, and official documents. Triangulation analysis has been employed, which, is appropriate for multi-sources data.

The aims and objectives of the research presented in this thesis were to explore service user experience as a key element of the concept of service excellence in NHS Salford Primary Care Trust. . The link between health and social deprivation is well established. Thus, service users in worst economic and social problems in Europe. A phenomenological approach was adopted in order to get to the roots of the service user's own understanding of excellent healthcare. The study undertook a critical review of previous research into service concepts and instruments and their application in healthcare settings and identified current methods and techniques used in primary care. It has been shown that existing tools rely on previous work conducted in secondary care settings and do not have a basis in understanding of user experience.