The WM sector in Nairobi is a failure. Collection rates are deplorable, regulations go unenforced and the municipal landfill is desecrating the environment and killing neighbouring slum dwellers. This paper focuses on the exclusion and marginalization of the slums adjacent to Nairobi’s landfill, Korogocho and Dandora, and uses a post-structuralist theoretical framework to conceptualize a just response to these exclusions and theorize an inclusive approach to waste policy in Nairobi. Building on the work of Jacques Derrida, I present a ‘deconstructive ethic’ for development that is dedicated to mitigating and overcoming the production of alterity, and reintegrating excluded communities and knowledges into the sites of knowledge and policy creation. This ethic is used to formulate a five-part response to the conditions of exclusion experienced in Korogocho and Dandora, and to engage these populations in finding participatory solutions to the city’s waste problem.

Mutual exclusion (ME) is used to coordinate access to shared resources by concurrent processes. We investigate several new N-process shared-memory algorithms for variants of ME, each of which uses only reads and writes, and is local-spin, i.e., has bounded remote memory reference (RMR) complexity. We study these algorithms under two different shared-memory models: the distributed shared-memory (DSM) model, and the cache-coherent (CC) model. In particular, we present the first known algorithm for first- come-first-served (FCFS) ME that has O(log N) RMR complexity in both the DSM and CC models, and uses only atomic reads and writes. Our algorithm is also adaptive to point contention, i.e., the number of processes that are simultaneously active during a passage by some process. More precisely, the number of RMRs a process makes per passage in our algorithm is \Theta(min(c, log N)), where c is the point contention. We also present the first known FCFS abortable ME algorithm that is local-spin and uses only atomic reads and writes. This algorithm has O(N) RMR complexity in both the DSM and CC models, and is in the form of a transformation from abortable ME to FCFS abortable ME. In conjunction with other results, this transformation also yields the first known local-spin group mutual exclusion algorithm that uses only atomic reads and writes. Additionally, we present the first known local-spin k-exclusion algorithms that use only atomic reads and writes and tolerate up to k − 1 crash failures. These algorithms have RMR complexity O(N) in both the DSM and CC models. The simplest of these algorithms satisfies a new fairness property, called k-FCFS, that generalizes the FCFS fairness property for ME algorithms. A modification of this algorithm satisfies the stronger first-in-first-enabled (FIFE) fairness property. Finally, we present a modification to the FIFE k-exclusion algorithm that works with non-atomic reads and writes. The high-level structure of all our k-exclusion algorithms is inspired by Lamport’s famous Bakery algorithm.

Mutual exclusion (ME) is used to coordinate access to shared resources by concurrent processes. We investigate several new N-process shared-memory algorithms for variants of ME, each of which uses only reads and writes, and is local-spin, i.e., has bounded remote memory reference (RMR) complexity. We study these algorithms under two different shared-memory models: the distributed shared-memory (DSM) model, and the cache-coherent (CC) model. In particular, we present the first known algorithm for first- come-first-served (FCFS) ME that has O(log N) RMR complexity in both the DSM and CC models, and uses only atomic reads and writes. Our algorithm is also adaptive to point contention, i.e., the number of processes that are simultaneously active during a passage by some process. More precisely, the number of RMRs a process makes per passage in our algorithm is \Theta(min(c, log N)), where c is the point contention. We also present the first known FCFS abortable ME algorithm that is local-spin and uses only atomic reads and writes. This algorithm has O(N) RMR complexity in both the DSM and CC models, and is in the form of a transformation from abortable ME to FCFS abortable ME. In conjunction with other results, this transformation also yields the first known local-spin group mutual exclusion algorithm that uses only atomic reads and writes. Additionally, we present the first known local-spin k-exclusion algorithms that use only atomic reads and writes and tolerate up to k − 1 crash failures. These algorithms have RMR complexity O(N) in both the DSM and CC models. The simplest of these algorithms satisfies a new fairness property, called k-FCFS, that generalizes the FCFS fairness property for ME algorithms. A modification of this algorithm satisfies the stronger first-in-first-enabled (FIFE) fairness property. Finally, we present a modification to the FIFE k-exclusion algorithm that works with non-atomic reads and writes. The high-level structure of all our k-exclusion algorithms is inspired by Lamport’s famous Bakery algorithm.

Within the framework of urban communication, this thesis attempts to "read" the urban space of West Kabul in Afghanistan, as a social and cultural text in order to understand the social exclusion of the Hazara people, a socially and politically disenfranchised ethnic group who predominantly inhabit that area. Based on data gathered through documentary research and non-participant field observations, this thesis argues that the urban space of West Kabul is the spatial manifestation of a systematic exclusionary process, through which, the Hazara people have been deprived from access to political, economic and cultural resources, services and opportunities. It interprets the city planning, distribution of resources, urbicide, streetscape, architecture and the body as the main sites where the social exclusion of the Hazaras in West Kabul is exercised. This study also provides a discussion about the historical evolution of West Kabul as an ethnic ghetto, as well as the various forms of conflict which led to spatial and social division in Kabul city.

Dans l’optique d’ajouter à la compréhension de la gentrification et en réponse aux développements récents au niveau de la théorisation, cette recherche analyse le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la production du discours. Pour y arriver, nous utilisons une méthode tripartite qui situe la gentrification à Montréal, identifie et spatialise le discours de l’État local et analyse la perception sociale face à sa concrétisation. Nous expliquons que le lien de causalité entre la gentrification et l’exclusion doit être renversé lorsque le rôle de l’État local est considéré. Ainsi, le gouvernement local crée des catégories d’inclus et d’exclus en construisant un discours autour d’un idéal de développement urbain particulier et encourage par le fait même la gentrification. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’insérer la gentrification dans un processus de construction sociopolitique de l’espace urbain et non pas de la considérer simplement comme symptôme de la logique économique capitaliste contemporaine.

Social exclusion is the restriction of participation in one’s community; it is the denial of access to rights, services, dignity and respect. Youth who are homeless experience social exclusion on numerous fronts, as they are marginal to the social, economic and civil worlds of Canadian society. This dissertation is a qualitative, participatory project on youth homelessness that prioritizes voice by employing a “methods from the margins” approach (Kirby & McKenna, 1989). During this project I worked with youth who have experienced homelessness (ages 16-25), first in focus groups (n=13) and, then, through interviews (n=30), to explore their views on topics connected to social exclusion. The youth guided the topics that I explored, which I connected to the features of social exclusion outlined by Silver and Miller (2003). Results of this study highlight that youth who are homeless do not describe their experiences in terms of social exclusion. The results of this work question the homogeneity of experiences of the youth in the age bracket of 16-25, and review findings through three specific age categories of youth being “not yet adults,” “new adults” and “adults.” My findings indicate that youth who experience homelessness perceive themselves to be more independent and mature than youth who have not experienced homelessness, questioning dominant constructions of both “youth” and “homelessness.” Youth respondents also mentioned a number of other difficulties they experienced because of homelessness, including discrimination and limited opportunities for education and conventional employment and access to housing. This highlights the multidimensionality of social exclusion. At various points in the thesis I discuss youths’ views on rights and social citizenship, pointing to the impacts of limited rights and social safeguards in a neo-liberal state. Recommendations are made for reducing the social exclusion of youth who experience homelessness through “housing-first” approaches to addressing homelessness.

My big interest in sports was what shaped my choice of subject for the essay. The purpose of this study has been to explore the social meaning of team sports for functionally impaired persons. In order to fulfil the purpose of the essay I formed following questions: How do the actives experience their participation in team sports? And how important is the social intercourse in team sports to the individual welfare? The methods I’ve used have been qualitative with an ethnographic approach. I have used participant observations and field interviews to gather my empirical material. To analyze this material I have used theoretical concepts such as: group membership, social skills, social interaction, social inclusion and social exclusion. In this essay I have found out that team sports promotes people’s social skills. Therefore team sports are, according to my studies, a beneficial form of social work.

This study is about job training for people with psycho-social problems without income. The purpose with this sort of job training is to bring these people back to the regular labor market as well as the experience of having a job. In the labor market situation in Sweden today there’s no guarantee that the individual will return to the labor market after having undergone job training. The aim of this study is to understand how supervisors at job training activities experience that the organizations of the activities and resources affect their work. We shall also explore how the supervisors assess if the structure of the activity weaken or enhance the job trainees’ social exclusion. Our research questions are:       1. How are job training activities organized? 2. How do the supervisors work with the job trainees’ social exclusion? 3. How does the structure of the activity affect the supervisors’ discretion?   We have in this study done interviews with supervisors. To understand our result we have used Hasenfelds (1983; 2010) and Lipskys (2010) theories about human service organizations and the discretion of street level bureaucrats.The result shows that the job training activities are organized in different ways. The supervisors work with the social exclusion by creating routines in the every-day life, a social network and increased self-confidence for the job trainees. The result also shows that all the supervisors experience a great discretion in their work but that this discretion is affected by external factors.

Background: Studies have shown that 66 children and teenagers in Sweden suffers from brain tumor every year. Children and teenagers who can´t participate in the regular school for a longer time for whatever reason, have by the school law the right to education in hospitals or institutions. Education that take place in other places than school most try to follow the same guidelines as his/hers usual school.  This applies to students in elementary school, compulsory school, special school, Sami school, secondary school and upper secondary school. Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to find out how three teachers at a hospital school plans their work with children in grade from 1 to 3, who suffer from cancer, especially brain tumor.  How can the teachers at the hospital school plan and organize their teaching so that it´s possible for the children whit brain tumor to feel as normal as possible. How does the common work between the consultant nurse, teachers at the hospitals and their ordinary school prevent the children to feel like an outsider? Method: I have chosen to do a qualitative study followed by three interviews whit three informants who works at a hospital school. One interview with the head of the unit, one interview with the special education teacher and one interview with the consultant nurse who works as a contact for the affected students. Conclusions: The result of my thesis is primarily that it`s important to have a good contact, communication and attitude to the students, so that their time at the hospitalschool will be as normal as possible. And in that way minimize the risk to feel and bee seen as a outsider. Result: Hospitalschool is a very god communal operation for those students who needs it.

The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate how societal mechanisms can impact on asylum seekers and influence their individual identity. The information for this case study was collected through comprehensive interviews with a group of asylum seekers from Söderhamn whereby the individuals expressed their perception of their current situation. From the gathered material we could see a pattern emerge which gave us the framework and the foundation for our theoretical approach. The similarity we discovered when analyzing the material was the powerlessness the individuals experienced e.g. the individuals had no possibility to influence their current situation and worse, it was impossible for the individuals to enter society even when they had the willpower to do so. According to the asylum seekers the authority’s unwillingness to assist in language development worsens the chances for the individuals to integrate into the society. Through our case study we have discovered that social exclusion and alienation are common identity experiences the asylum seekers have been through which will be our theoretical framework.