Recently there has been more critical attention given to the violent role of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) in the unfolding of settlement and colonial laws in western Canada. However, few have offered a comprehensive analysis of the violent encounters that are recorded (and missing) in the archival records and correspondence of the NWMP, and other secondary sources. Similarly, few researchers have utilized the ‘past’ experiences of Aboriginal peoples to try and understand the ongoing chasm today between non-indigenous settlers and Aboriginal peoples of Canada. In making the “marginal central” (Fitzpatrick 1989), and simultaneously challenging the dominant colonial narrative, I offer a socio-historical analysis of western Canada during the NWMP era (1873-1905), to show how it was (and still is), like other colonial frontiers, a violent space and time. I explore this argument by situating the violent encounters between the NWMP, white settlers, and Aboriginal peoples within the colonial relations that were structured to maintain the marginalization and dispossession of Aboriginal peoples. Failing to recognize and resist this part of western Canadian history, and the underlying logic behind it, is denial and limits the rationality and potential of non-indigenous Canadian populations to work for, and even conceive of, achieving an authentic reconciliation with Aboriginal peoples.

The Changing Landscape of Financial Services in Manitoba: A Location Analysis of Payday Lenders, Banks and Credit Unions ABSTRACT This study traces the emergence and expansion of payday lending outlets in Winnipeg and the rural Manitoba communities of Brandon, Portage la Prairie, Thompson and Dauphin during the period 1980-2009, in order to look for shifts over time in the site location strategies of payday lenders relative to mainstream banks. Location analysis, in the context of financial exclusion theory, is used to examine the spatial void hypothesis that mainstream banks have played a role in the rise of payday lending in poor neighbourhoods where traditional bank branches are absent or under-represented. It also considers evidence for the spatial complement hypothesis that payday lenders are not geographic substitutes for mainstream banks but are instead spatial complements, serving different segments of shared markets. Results of the goodness-of-fit test and location analysis based on population data suggest that the payday lending industry in Manitoba is not exclusively located in lower income neighbourhoods or solely located in areas where there is an absence or reduced presence of bank and credit union branches. Moreover, newer, suburban and rural payday lender outlets are almost always located next to mainstream banks and credit unions. The exception would be Winnipeg’s inner-city, where payday lenders are more densely located and where mainstream banks have gradually retreated. While multi-service establishments are shown to have first gained a foothold in poor neighbourhoods as cheque-cashers, this study examines the extent to which a focus on payday loans as the lead product has been accompanied by a shift to middle-income, suburban neighbourhoods and rural communities over the study period. The results of descriptive and OLS multivariate regression analyses provide further evidence of the changing relationship of location patterns of payday lenders to neighborhood characteristics, including mainstream bank presence, income level, poverty status, population density, age, education, family type and ethnicity. The implications these findings have for ongoing policy discussions about the status of the payday loan industry in Canada are discussed. JEL Classification code: G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Microfinance Institutions; Mortgages

This study is about exclusion and childrens role-play in Swedish preschools. 8 preschool teachers, in 4 different preschools, have been interviewed about exclusion and low and high rating roles in children's role-play. The interviews was recorded and then analyzed. Relevant research in this study was from Corsaro, Tellgren and Löfdahl amongst others, and the results of the interviews is what this study is based on. The study showed that one of the most common roles in childrens role-play is the role of mother and that the roles children play are based on social norms and values. Children wants the roles with the highest status, because they want the power that comes with that role. Other commons roles was father, child and pets, and characters from children movies, such as Spiderman and Anna and Elsa from Frozen. This study also includes researchers and preschool teachers views on childrens role-play and free play.

This research presents empirical work which grounds the discourses of socially inclusive 'communities' in a 'global information society'. The empirical work focuses on a specific group of young people aged 11 to 25 living in one of the most ethnically diverse and poorest boroughs of London, Newham. The thesis explores the ways in which the group construct their 'online' community (Newham Young People Online) and how their identities as young people are re-produced through the interplay between their everyday and their technocultural lifeworlds. Key to the work is how the group is using and shaping ICTs and cyberspace(s), which are central to a 'global information society', in different ways: to explore creativity, to find diverse ways of self-expression, to understand 'difference' and to discover other spaces of learning and education against a background of social exclusion.

Within the framework of urban communication, this thesis attempts to "read" the urban space of West Kabul in Afghanistan, as a social and cultural text in order to understand the social exclusion of the Hazara people, a socially and politically disenfranchised ethnic group who predominantly inhabit that area. Based on data gathered through documentary research and non-participant field observations, this thesis argues that the urban space of West Kabul is the spatial manifestation of a systematic exclusionary process, through which, the Hazara people have been deprived from access to political, economic and cultural resources, services and opportunities. It interprets the city planning, distribution of resources, urbicide, streetscape, architecture and the body as the main sites where the social exclusion of the Hazaras in West Kabul is exercised. This study also provides a discussion about the historical evolution of West Kabul as an ethnic ghetto, as well as the various forms of conflict which led to spatial and social division in Kabul city.

Dans l’optique d’ajouter à la compréhension de la gentrification et en réponse aux développements récents au niveau de la théorisation, cette recherche analyse le rôle des gouvernements locaux dans la production du discours. Pour y arriver, nous utilisons une méthode tripartite qui situe la gentrification à Montréal, identifie et spatialise le discours de l’État local et analyse la perception sociale face à sa concrétisation. Nous expliquons que le lien de causalité entre la gentrification et l’exclusion doit être renversé lorsque le rôle de l’État local est considéré. Ainsi, le gouvernement local crée des catégories d’inclus et d’exclus en construisant un discours autour d’un idéal de développement urbain particulier et encourage par le fait même la gentrification. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’insérer la gentrification dans un processus de construction sociopolitique de l’espace urbain et non pas de la considérer simplement comme symptôme de la logique économique capitaliste contemporaine.

Since the integration of women into the United States armed forces, servicemen have been expected to be the fighters while servicewomen largely occupied safe or nurturing support roles as dictated by American society at large. The ground combat exclusion policy, which officially barred women from all positions involving ground fighting, limited women to support units which, in theory, were strategically located in the rear and far removed from the dangers of the front lines. As we experienced in the recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the differentiation of gender roles became irrelevant in asymmetrical wars with no established front lines. Female soldiers found themselves in a variety of combat situations of indirect and direct nature, as I learned through the qualitative interviews that I conducted at Fort Hood, Texas, and Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In this dissertation, I examined the narratives of female and male soldiers who experienced combat in Afghanistan and Iraq, to discern: 1) whether females and males discussed their scenarios differently; 2) whether experiencing combat affected soldiers’ ideas about their various gender roles; 3) whether perceptions on servicewomen’s combat participation differed by sex; and 4) whether soldiers’ opinions on women’s inclusion in combat arms military occupation specialties differed by sex. What I found in my study was that: 1) female and male soldiers largely discussed their combat experiences in similar ways; 2) while familial gender roles were largely unchanged as a result of combat deployment, the majority of female and male soldiers perceived changes in their roles as women and men – where women often discussed feeling stronger, empowered, and independent, and men often identified their changes in terms of maturity and personal growth; 3) that exposure to women’s roles in combat deployments had a more positive effect on the perceptions of male soldiers than those of female soldiers; and 4) that both female and male participants largely disagreed with the ground combat exclusion policy for women.

Salinity stress limits the growth and productivity of agricultural crops in many regions of the world. Whole plant tolerance to soil salinity involves numerous processes in many different tissues and cell types. For many cereals, sensitivity to salinity is due to the accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) to toxic concentrations in the leaves. This thesis investigates a mechanism of control of Na⁺ accumulation in leaves of wheat. Bread wheat excludes sodium from the leaves better than durum wheat. Bread wheat is hexaploid (AABBDD) whereas durum wheat is tetraploid (AABB). The D-genome in bread wheat carries a major locus for sodium exclusion, Kna1, which may contribute to the differences in sodium exclusion between bread wheat and durum wheat. An unusual durum wheat, Line 149, excludes sodium to a similar degree as bread wheat. Line 149 was derived from a cross between a Triticum monococcum (accession C68-101; AA) and a durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum cv. Marrocos; AABB). Line 149 had been found to contain two major genes for sodium exclusion, named Nax1 and Nax2, which appeared to retrieve sodium from the xylem sap in the roots and so prevent it reaching the leaves. Line 149 had been crossed with the durum wheat cv. Tamaroi, which accumulates high concentrations of Na⁺ in the leaves, and near-isogenic single-gene mapping populations had been developed for Nax1 and Nax2. Nax1 had been located on chromosome 2A. The objective of this thesis was to map Nax2 and identify a candidate gene. Nax2 mapped to chromosome 5AL based on linkage to microsatellite markers. A high-affinity potassium (K⁺) transporter (HKT)-like gene, HKT1;5 was considered as a candidate gene for Nax2, based on similarity of the phenotype to a rice orthologue. Sequence information from a wheat HKT1;5-like expressed sequence tag in the public database was used to develop a probe for use in Southern hybridsation. A HKT1;5-like fragment was identified in Line 149 and T. monococcum C68-101, but was absent in Tamaroi. The HKT1;5-like gene, named TmHKT1;5-A, co-segregated with Nax2 in the Nax2 single-gene mapping population. The HKT1;5 probe identified three putative HKT1;5-like genes on the long arm of chromosome 4B, and one HKT1;5-like gene on the long arm of chromosome 4D, in Langdon (T. turgidum ssp. durum) substitution lines, and in Chinese Spring (T. aestivum) ditelomeric lines. No A-genome HKT1;5 like gene was identified in Langdon or Chinese Spring. The D-genome HKT1;5 gene, named TaHKT1;5-D, was found to co-locate with Kna1, the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, in Chinese Spring chromosome 4D deletion lines. Nax2 (TmHKT1;5-A) was found to be homoeologous with the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, Kna1 (TaHKT1;5-D). TmHKT1;5-A and TaHKT1;5-D, and their promoters, were 94% identical, and both were expressed in the roots of wheat plants. This is consistent with the genes being located in the stele of the roots and retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows towards the shoot, and so excluding Na⁺ from the leaves. A marker for TmHKT1;5-A was developed to track this gene in durum wheat breeding programs. A study of the HKT1;5 gene in diploid ancestors of wheat indicated that this gene is present in most Triticum monococcum accessions, some T. boeoticum accessions, but not present in any T. urartu accessions. T. urartu is the likely A genome ancestor of modern wheat. This may explain the absence of HKT1;5 in the A genome of modern wheat. The protein encoded by TaHKT1;5-D transported sodium when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The inward currents were specific to Na⁺, but at particular mole fractions of Na⁺ and K⁺ outward currents were observed that were consistent with outward K⁺ transport. These data were consistent with the putative physiological function, of retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows to the leaves, and resulting in a net exchange with K⁺. A construct designed to silence the expression of TaHKT1;5-D was introduced to bread wheat cv. Bob White. Nineteen putative transgenic plants were developed. The leaf Na⁺ concentrations and genotype of the T1 individuals were assayed. The data from two of the transgenic plants indicated that TaHKT1;5-D may have been silenced and that this may have lead to the increase in Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves. However, this data is not conclusive at this time. The information gained from this study will assist the introduction of the Na⁺ exclusion trait into current durum cultivars, which are poor at excluding Na⁺ and are salt sensitive. This information will also contribute to the body of knowledge of ion transport in plants and salinity tolerance in wheat. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

Salinity stress limits the growth and productivity of agricultural crops in many regions of the world. Whole plant tolerance to soil salinity involves numerous processes in many different tissues and cell types. For many cereals, sensitivity to salinity is due to the accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) to toxic concentrations in the leaves. This thesis investigates a mechanism of control of Na⁺ accumulation in leaves of wheat. Bread wheat excludes sodium from the leaves better than durum wheat. Bread wheat is hexaploid (AABBDD) whereas durum wheat is tetraploid (AABB). The D-genome in bread wheat carries a major locus for sodium exclusion, Kna1, which may contribute to the differences in sodium exclusion between bread wheat and durum wheat. An unusual durum wheat, Line 149, excludes sodium to a similar degree as bread wheat. Line 149 was derived from a cross between a Triticum monococcum (accession C68-101; AA) and a durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum cv. Marrocos; AABB). Line 149 had been found to contain two major genes for sodium exclusion, named Nax1 and Nax2, which appeared to retrieve sodium from the xylem sap in the roots and so prevent it reaching the leaves. Line 149 had been crossed with the durum wheat cv. Tamaroi, which accumulates high concentrations of Na⁺ in the leaves, and near-isogenic single-gene mapping populations had been developed for Nax1 and Nax2. Nax1 had been located on chromosome 2A. The objective of this thesis was to map Nax2 and identify a candidate gene. Nax2 mapped to chromosome 5AL based on linkage to microsatellite markers. A high-affinity potassium (K⁺) transporter (HKT)-like gene, HKT1;5 was considered as a candidate gene for Nax2, based on similarity of the phenotype to a rice orthologue. Sequence information from a wheat HKT1;5-like expressed sequence tag in the public database was used to develop a probe for use in Southern hybridsation. A HKT1;5-like fragment was identified in Line 149 and T. monococcum C68-101, but was absent in Tamaroi. The HKT1;5-like gene, named TmHKT1;5-A, co-segregated with Nax2 in the Nax2 single-gene mapping population. The HKT1;5 probe identified three putative HKT1;5-like genes on the long arm of chromosome 4B, and one HKT1;5-like gene on the long arm of chromosome 4D, in Langdon (T. turgidum ssp. durum) substitution lines, and in Chinese Spring (T. aestivum) ditelomeric lines. No A-genome HKT1;5 like gene was identified in Langdon or Chinese Spring. The D-genome HKT1;5 gene, named TaHKT1;5-D, was found to co-locate with Kna1, the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, in Chinese Spring chromosome 4D deletion lines. Nax2 (TmHKT1;5-A) was found to be homoeologous with the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, Kna1 (TaHKT1;5-D). TmHKT1;5-A and TaHKT1;5-D, and their promoters, were 94% identical, and both were expressed in the roots of wheat plants. This is consistent with the genes being located in the stele of the roots and retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows towards the shoot, and so excluding Na⁺ from the leaves. A marker for TmHKT1;5-A was developed to track this gene in durum wheat breeding programs. A study of the HKT1;5 gene in diploid ancestors of wheat indicated that this gene is present in most Triticum monococcum accessions, some T. boeoticum accessions, but not present in any T. urartu accessions. T. urartu is the likely A genome ancestor of modern wheat. This may explain the absence of HKT1;5 in the A genome of modern wheat. The protein encoded by TaHKT1;5-D transported sodium when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The inward currents were specific to Na⁺, but at particular mole fractions of Na⁺ and K⁺ outward currents were observed that were consistent with outward K⁺ transport. These data were consistent with the putative physiological function, of retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows to the leaves, and resulting in a net exchange with K⁺. A construct designed to silence the expression of TaHKT1;5-D was introduced to bread wheat cv. Bob White. Nineteen putative transgenic plants were developed. The leaf Na⁺ concentrations and genotype of the T1 individuals were assayed. The data from two of the transgenic plants indicated that TaHKT1;5-D may have been silenced and that this may have lead to the increase in Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves. However, this data is not conclusive at this time. The information gained from this study will assist the introduction of the Na⁺ exclusion trait into current durum cultivars, which are poor at excluding Na⁺ and are salt sensitive. This information will also contribute to the body of knowledge of ion transport in plants and salinity tolerance in wheat. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

Salinity stress limits the growth and productivity of agricultural crops in many regions of the world. Whole plant tolerance to soil salinity involves numerous processes in many different tissues and cell types. For many cereals, sensitivity to salinity is due to the accumulation of sodium (Na⁺) to toxic concentrations in the leaves. This thesis investigates a mechanism of control of Na⁺ accumulation in leaves of wheat. Bread wheat excludes sodium from the leaves better than durum wheat. Bread wheat is hexaploid (AABBDD) whereas durum wheat is tetraploid (AABB). The D-genome in bread wheat carries a major locus for sodium exclusion, Kna1, which may contribute to the differences in sodium exclusion between bread wheat and durum wheat. An unusual durum wheat, Line 149, excludes sodium to a similar degree as bread wheat. Line 149 was derived from a cross between a Triticum monococcum (accession C68-101; AA) and a durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum cv. Marrocos; AABB). Line 149 had been found to contain two major genes for sodium exclusion, named Nax1 and Nax2, which appeared to retrieve sodium from the xylem sap in the roots and so prevent it reaching the leaves. Line 149 had been crossed with the durum wheat cv. Tamaroi, which accumulates high concentrations of Na⁺ in the leaves, and near-isogenic single-gene mapping populations had been developed for Nax1 and Nax2. Nax1 had been located on chromosome 2A. The objective of this thesis was to map Nax2 and identify a candidate gene. Nax2 mapped to chromosome 5AL based on linkage to microsatellite markers. A high-affinity potassium (K⁺) transporter (HKT)-like gene, HKT1;5 was considered as a candidate gene for Nax2, based on similarity of the phenotype to a rice orthologue. Sequence information from a wheat HKT1;5-like expressed sequence tag in the public database was used to develop a probe for use in Southern hybridsation. A HKT1;5-like fragment was identified in Line 149 and T. monococcum C68-101, but was absent in Tamaroi. The HKT1;5-like gene, named TmHKT1;5-A, co-segregated with Nax2 in the Nax2 single-gene mapping population. The HKT1;5 probe identified three putative HKT1;5-like genes on the long arm of chromosome 4B, and one HKT1;5-like gene on the long arm of chromosome 4D, in Langdon (T. turgidum ssp. durum) substitution lines, and in Chinese Spring (T. aestivum) ditelomeric lines. No A-genome HKT1;5 like gene was identified in Langdon or Chinese Spring. The D-genome HKT1;5 gene, named TaHKT1;5-D, was found to co-locate with Kna1, the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, in Chinese Spring chromosome 4D deletion lines. Nax2 (TmHKT1;5-A) was found to be homoeologous with the gene for sodium exclusion in bread wheat, Kna1 (TaHKT1;5-D). TmHKT1;5-A and TaHKT1;5-D, and their promoters, were 94% identical, and both were expressed in the roots of wheat plants. This is consistent with the genes being located in the stele of the roots and retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows towards the shoot, and so excluding Na⁺ from the leaves. A marker for TmHKT1;5-A was developed to track this gene in durum wheat breeding programs. A study of the HKT1;5 gene in diploid ancestors of wheat indicated that this gene is present in most Triticum monococcum accessions, some T. boeoticum accessions, but not present in any T. urartu accessions. T. urartu is the likely A genome ancestor of modern wheat. This may explain the absence of HKT1;5 in the A genome of modern wheat. The protein encoded by TaHKT1;5-D transported sodium when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The inward currents were specific to Na⁺, but at particular mole fractions of Na⁺ and K⁺ outward currents were observed that were consistent with outward K⁺ transport. These data were consistent with the putative physiological function, of retrieving Na⁺ from the xylem sap as it flows to the leaves, and resulting in a net exchange with K⁺. A construct designed to silence the expression of TaHKT1;5-D was introduced to bread wheat cv. Bob White. Nineteen putative transgenic plants were developed. The leaf Na⁺ concentrations and genotype of the T1 individuals were assayed. The data from two of the transgenic plants indicated that TaHKT1;5-D may have been silenced and that this may have lead to the increase in Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves. However, this data is not conclusive at this time. The information gained from this study will assist the introduction of the Na⁺ exclusion trait into current durum cultivars, which are poor at excluding Na⁺ and are salt sensitive. This information will also contribute to the body of knowledge of ion transport in plants and salinity tolerance in wheat. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008