Risken att drabbas av demens ökar med stigande ålder. Antalet demenssjuka kommer att öka beroende på att befolkningen blir allt äldre. I och med detta ökar även antalet anhöriga som har en viktig roll i vården av den sjuke. I Sverige finns det ca 1,3 miljoner personer som ger stöd eller vård till närstående regelbundet. Demens är en diagnos för en rad symtom, med bland annat sviktande minne och nedsättning av andra kognitiva funktioner, vilket i sin tur har allvarliga konsekvenser för individer, familjer och hälso- sjukvårdssystem. De vanligaste formerna av demens är Alzheimers sjukdom, vaskulär demens och frontallobsdemens. En demenssjukdom medför ofta en stor fysisk, psykisk och social påfrestning. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa anhörigvårdares upplevelse av att leva med en närstående som drabbats av demens. Studien baseras på nio kvalitativa och två kvantitativa artiklar. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: "Upplevelse av förändrad relation", "Upplevelse av förändrad vardag" och "Upplevelse av stödbehov". I resultatet framkom det att anhöriga upplevde en rollförändring vilket påverkade såväl relationer som anhörigas hälsa. Upplevelser av ensamhet, bundenhet och isolering var stor samt känslan av att förlora kontrollen över sitt liv. Resultatet visar även på att anhöriga kan uppleva meningsfullhet i vårdandet. Personen med demens blir ofta allt mer beroende av familjemedlemmars stöd för att klara sin dagliga livsföring. Anhöriga behöver i sin tur stöd för att hantera vardagen och för att öka känslan av trygghet i deras omsorgssituation. En sjuksköterska behöver goda grundläggande kunskaper om den kliniska bilden och symtomatologi av kognitiv nedgång för att kunna ge anhöriga värdefulla råd och information.

As smartphones become more ubiquitous, increasing amounts of information about smartphone users are created, collected, and shared. This information may pose privacy and security risks to the smartphone user. The risks may vary from government surveillance to theft of financial information. Previous work in the area of smartphone privacy and security has both identified specific security flaws and examined users’ expectations and behaviors. However, there has not been a broad examination of the smartphone ecosystem to determine the risks to users from smartphone data sharing and the possible mitigations. Two of the five studies in this work examine the smartphone data sharing ecosystem to identify risks and mitigations. The first study uses multi-stakeholder expert interviews to identify risks to users and the mitigations. A second study examines app developers in order to quantify the risky behaviors and identify opportunities to improve security and privacy. In the remaining three of five studies discussed in this work, we examine one specific risk mitigation that has been popular with policy-makers: privacy notices for consumers. If done well, privacy notices should inform smartphone users about the risks and allow them to make informed decisions about data collection. Unfortunately, previous research has found that existing privacy notices do not help smartphone users, as they are neither noticed nor understood. Through user studies, we evaluate options to improve notices. We identify opportunities to capture the attention of users and improve understanding by examining the timing and content of notices. Overall, this work attempts to inform public policy around smartphone privacy and security. We find novel opportunities to mitigate risks by understanding app developers’ work and behaviors. Also, recognizing the current focus on privacy notices, we attempt to frame the debate by examining how users’ attention to and comprehension of notices can be improved through content and timing.

När individen upplever stress i samband med att inte kunna agera i enlighet med sitt samvete uppstår samvetsstress. Denna stress är vanligt förekommande hos sjuksköterskor. Om stressen blir långvarig kan den övergå till kronisk stress, vilket kan ge allvarliga konsekvenser. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva när och hur sjuksköterskan upplever samvetsstress. Metoden var litteraturstudie som innefattade tio kvalitativa studier samt en kvantitativ studie som svarade på studiens syfte. Studierna söktes i databaserna CINAHL och MEDLINE. Resultatet redovisades i två teman med subteman. Tema 1 var orsak till samvetsstress med subteman brist på stöd, dåligt samarbete och tidsbrist. Tema 2 var beskrivning av upplevelsen av samvetsstress med subteman frustration, maktlöshet och otillräckligt och ensamhet. Slutsats Om sjuksköterskans förmåga att ge god omvårdnad äventyras kan patientsäkerheten riskeras. Genom att sjuksköterskan kräver mer stöd, respekt samt hjälp kan upplevelsen av samvetsstress minska. Klinisk betydelse Litteraturstudiens resultat kan leda till en ökad förståelse av vad som orsakar samvetsstress. / When the individual experience stress associated with not being able to act according to one’s conscience, stress of conscience occurs. This type of stress is common among nurses. If the stress becomes prolonged and becomes chronic it can lead to severe consequences. The aim of this study was to describe when and how nurses’ experience stress of conscience. The method used was a literature study which involved ten qualitative studies and one quantitative study that answered to the aim. The searches were made in the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE. The result was presented in two themes. Theme 1 was cause of stress of conscience with subthemes lack of support, bad cooperation and lack of time. Theme 2 was description of the experience of stress of conscience with subthemes frustration, powerlessness and inadequacy and loneliness. Conclusion If the nurses ability to provide good care compromises patients safety can be at risk. By demanding more support, respect and help the perception of stress of conscience can be reduced. Clinical significance The literature study’s result can lead to a better understanding of the causes stress of conscience.

Syfte: I denna studie har vi undersökt hur Tolv Stockholm använder sig av sinnesmarknadsföring för att skapa en upplevelse och om det har den önskade effekten på besökarna. Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie baseras på primär och sekundär data. Vi har intervjuat anställda som jobbar både på och för Tolv Stockholm för att få deras perspektiv. Sedan har vi utfört observationer för att avgöra om besökarnas upplevelser stämmer överens med Tolv Stockholms intentioner. Referensram: Tidigare forskning och teorier menar att sinnena spelar en stor på våra upplevelser. Dessa kan påverkas av de som producerar upplevelserna genom till exempel belysning, musik och doft. Resultat & Slutsats: Många av de sinnesintryck som Tolv Stockholm arbetar med får den önskade effekten hos deras besökare. Vi anser dock att de har gjort en lite miss vad gäller samspel av musik och belysning. Detta gäller även den doft som de menar att de designat, men som inte uppfattades i observationerna. / Purpose: In this study, we investigated how Tolv Stockholm uses sensory marketing to create an experience and if it has the desired effect. Method: This qualitative study is based on primary and secondary data. We have interviewed those who work with Tolv Stockholm to get their perspective. Afterwards we performed observations to determine whether the visitor's experience is consistent with Tolv Stockholm's intentions. Frame of reference: Previous research and theories argue that the senses play a huge role in our experiences. These can be influenced by those who produce experiences through, for example, lighting, music and scent. Result & Conclusion: Many of the sensory inputs that Tolv Stockholm works with have the desired effect on their visitors. However, we feel that they have made an oversight when it comes to the interaction of music and lighting. This is also applies to the scent that they believe that they have designed, but was not noticed in the observations.

Bakgrund: De senaste åren har antalet suicid och suicidförsök ökat. Livsvärlden i relation till hälsa och ohälsa var bärande begrepp i denna studie då detta ansågs vara av vikt för både hur sjuksköterskan och patienten kom att uppleva mötet efter ett suicidförsök. I bakgrunden beskrevs dessutom vikten av stöd för sjuksköterskan samt vilken roll hon eller han hade gentemot patienter som gjort ett suicidförsök. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser i mötet med patienter efter ett suicidförsök. Metod: Vald metod var en litteraturöversikt. Artiklar söktes via databaserna CINAHL och MEDLINE, vilket genererade i 153 träffar totalt. Av dessa användes fem artiklar till studiens resultat. Resterande sex artiklar framkom via frisökning. Resultat: Resultatet presenterades genom tre kategorier, vilka delades in i sju underkategorier. Kategorierna benämndes som Upplevelsen av negativa känslor i mötet, Upplevelsen av positiva känslor i mötet samt Faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av mötet. Diskussion: För att sjuksköterskans upplevelser skulle bli så bra som möjligt i mötet med patienten var det viktigt att denne inte påverkade hur mötet kom att bli genom sin egen negativa inställning. Reflektion sågs som ett viktigt hjälpmedel för att sjuksköterskans upplevelser av mötet skulle bli goda. / Background: In recent years, the numbers of suicides and suicide attempts increased. Lifeworld in relation to health and disease is bearing concept in this study, as it´s considered to be of importance for how both the nurse and the patient experienced the meeting after an attempted suicide. In this essay a description of the importance of support for the nurse as much as her/his role towards patient who attempted suicide. Aim: The purpose is to describe nurses´ experiences in meeting with patients after suicide attempt. Method: This study is a literature review. The articles were searched via the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE, which generated a total of 153 hits. Five of these articles were used for the study results. The six rest where found from a free search. Results: The result is introduced throw three different categories, which was divided into seven subcategories. The categories were named as The experience of negative emotions in the meeting, The experience of positive emotions in the meeting and Factors that affect the experiences of the meeting. Discussion: For a nurses´ experiences to be as good as possible in a meeting with patient who attempted suicide, it´s important that the nurses´ own negative impression don´t effects. Reflection is seen as an important accessibility for the nurses’ experience to become good.

The general aim of the study was to investigate how grandparents experience their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren in the town of Odendaalsrus. From the literature review the researcher realised that a limited amount of research has been done on Caucasian grandparents as primary caregivers of their grandchildren in the suburban areas of South Africa. The literature however did confirm that the prevalence of the phenomenon of grandparents raising their grandchildren has increased significantly over the past few years. This led to the investigation into how grandparents experience their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren. The researcher undertook a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological study. The research was conducted in the rural town of Odendaalsrus. The participants consisted of ten Caucasian grandparents of whom four were male participants and six were female participants. Grandparents who formed part of the research sample were identified based on a set of criteria which was formulated by the researcher. After the participants had been identified, the purpose of the research was explained to them. Informed consent was obtained, where after grandparents shared their experience of their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren through an unstructured interview. The interviews were transcribed by the researcher. The transcriptions were reviewed by the researcher, after which themes were identified together with supporting evidence thereof. The results of the study confirmed that, although the phenomenon is increasing the cause thereof are a complex issue. The reasons why grandparents act as primary caregivers of their grandchildren are divergent and include reasons like the death of parents, incompetence of parents due to chronic illness such as HIV/ Aids, alcohol and drug abuse, divorce, teen pregnancies or parents who are just unable to look after their own children. The phenomenon of grandparents as primary caregivers of their grandchildren has consequences for both the grandparents and grandchildren. Grandparents pursuing the primary caregiver role experience intense conflict between the traditional role of a grandparent and the role of substitute parent they are fulfilling now. Their role also includes the financial provider role, the mediator role and the disciplinary role. These roles all have an impact on the interpersonal relationships of these grandparents. Recommendations are made to professionals (social workers, therapists and counsellors) to equip them in assisting grandparents in their experience and to provide them with effective support and advice. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This study explored secondary school teachers’ experiences of their principals’ use of power and control at schools in the Matlosana area in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district, North West province. The aims of the study were to (i) explore and describe secondary school teachers' experiences of their principals’ power and control at school, (ii) explore how their principals’ power and control affects secondary school teachers at school, and (iii) provide suggestions for secondary school teachers to help them to deal with their principals’ power and control at school. The theoretical framework was based on a number of theories of power and control. The study was situated in an interpretive paradigm. The researcher chose a qualitative research design and methods that were appropriate for a phenomenological approach. The participating teachers were purposefully selected for the data-generation process that involved photo-elicitation-narratives (written) and photo-elicitation group interviews. Ethical requirements were met by ensuring confidentiality and the anonymity of these participants. The following criteria were applied in order to ensure the trustworthiness of the study: truth value (credibility), applicability (transferability), consistency (dependability) and neutrality (confirmability). The data analysis was done by means of interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). The main themes that emerged from the data analysis process were: * Theme 1: principals’ expression of power and control evoked a range of feelings in secondary school teachers, and * Theme 2: teachers were oblivious to their own role in managing their experiences of their principals’ power and control at school. The findings of the study were used to provide suggestions for secondary school teachers to help them to deal with their principals’ power and control at school and to sustain their overall well-being. / MEd (Educational Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The general aim of the study was to investigate how grandparents experience their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren in the town of Odendaalsrus. From the literature review the researcher realised that a limited amount of research has been done on Caucasian grandparents as primary caregivers of their grandchildren in the suburban areas of South Africa. The literature however did confirm that the prevalence of the phenomenon of grandparents raising their grandchildren has increased significantly over the past few years. This led to the investigation into how grandparents experience their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren. The researcher undertook a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological study. The research was conducted in the rural town of Odendaalsrus. The participants consisted of ten Caucasian grandparents of whom four were male participants and six were female participants. Grandparents who formed part of the research sample were identified based on a set of criteria which was formulated by the researcher. After the participants had been identified, the purpose of the research was explained to them. Informed consent was obtained, where after grandparents shared their experience of their role as the primary caregivers of their grandchildren through an unstructured interview. The interviews were transcribed by the researcher. The transcriptions were reviewed by the researcher, after which themes were identified together with supporting evidence thereof. The results of the study confirmed that, although the phenomenon is increasing the cause thereof are a complex issue. The reasons why grandparents act as primary caregivers of their grandchildren are divergent and include reasons like the death of parents, incompetence of parents due to chronic illness such as HIV/ Aids, alcohol and drug abuse, divorce, teen pregnancies or parents who are just unable to look after their own children. The phenomenon of grandparents as primary caregivers of their grandchildren has consequences for both the grandparents and grandchildren. Grandparents pursuing the primary caregiver role experience intense conflict between the traditional role of a grandparent and the role of substitute parent they are fulfilling now. Their role also includes the financial provider role, the mediator role and the disciplinary role. These roles all have an impact on the interpersonal relationships of these grandparents. Recommendations are made to professionals (social workers, therapists and counsellors) to equip them in assisting grandparents in their experience and to provide them with effective support and advice. / Thesis (MA (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The purpose of this qualitative thesis is to describe the common elements of sense of place in the lived experiences of volunteer trail managers. Through a triangulation of data gathered from secondary research, interviews with trail managers, and participation observation of hikers, I sought to draw out the essence of the trail manager???s sense of place towards their trail experience and connect this back to ongoing management challenges in the organization. Some of these challenges include declining membership, limited lines of communication, and problematic landowner relations. Themes around this common sense of place are situated within meanings, relationship/ attachments, emotions, and behaviors towards the trail experience. Interrelationships between sense of place, phenomenology, and trail management are also highlighted.

Negotiating a synergized solution is challenging under optimal circumstances. Add in the challenge of cross-cultural differences, cultural collision occurs leading to worse negotiation outcomes in intercultural negotiation than intracultural ones (e.g., Adair et al., 2001; Adair et al., 2007). Given that intercultural negotiations are both challenging and prevalent, this study investigates how to improve intercultural negotiation effectiveness, and demonstrates when intercultural negotiators can in fact achieve significantly better outcomes than intracultural negotiators (i.e. cultural synergy). Drawing insights from research on cultural essentialism and its influence on intergroup relations and conflicts, I examine the interaction between essentialist beliefs and the cultural context in negotiation. Using an actor-partner interdependence model, I reveal that whether cultures collide or synergize in intercultural negotiation depends on negotiators’ endorsement of cultural essentialist beliefs. Intercultural negotiators who believed that cultural characteristics are malleable (i.e. non-essentialist beliefs) achieved higher individual gains and joint gains, compared to not only intercultural negotiators who endorsed stronger essentialist beliefs, but also intracultural negotiators. Beyond identifying why cultures collide in negotiation, these findings pave the way for future research to examine factors that help negotiators harvest cultural synergy for favorable negotiation outcomes.