abstract: In sub transmission systems, many more raptor deaths have been recorded near metal poles rather than wood poles. The metal pole, which is reliable in structure but also grounded, may increase the risk of electrocution when raptors perch on the insulator. This thesis focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of the raptor guard to prevent both debilitating and lethal electrocutions to local wildlife in 69 kV sub transmission systems. First, the two-dimensional (2D) finite difference methods (FDM) were proposed to solve the Poisson and Laplace equations, which describe the electric field. Second, the verification of the FDM algorithm was made based on a parallel-plate capacitor model. Then, the potential and the electric field were simulated by the raptor-insulator model to evaluate the possibility of flashover and leakage current under various conceivable scenarios. Third, several dielectric performance experiments were implemented to gain insight into the physical property of the raptor guard developed by the Salt River Project (SRP) as an example. The proposed initial-tracking-voltage and time-to-track experiments tested the ability of the guard, which is designed to prevent the tracking phenomenon under a contaminated situation such as rain, fog, and snow. A data acquisition also collected the leakage current data for the comparison of maximum raptor tolerance. Furthermore, the puncture voltage of this guard material was performed by the dielectric breakdown voltage experiment in an oil-covered container. With the combination of the model simulation and the experiments in this research, the raptor guard was proven to be practical and beneficial in sub transmission system. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

Orientador: Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ambrosio_LeonardoAndre_M.pdf: 2415252 bytes, checksum: c4357386bcd33e0676d894544a47c85e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um modelo numérico baseado no método das diferenças finitas no domínio do tempo, com objetivo de analisar as características da taxa de absorção específica, SAR, na cabeça humana, mediante um modelamento quiral das equações de Maxwell. A formulação é expressa em termos dos campos polarizados elétrico e magnético, permitindo investigar possíveis variações de SAR na cabeça humana, para diferentes valores de quiralidade, através de algoritmos simples. Tais algoritmos tornam possíveis a análise das diversas características da SAR em estruturas bidimensionais, representando secções transversais da cabeça humana, discretizada em seus tecidos de volumes significativos. Uma verificação foi feita calculando se a estabilidade numérica e simulando uma fonte pontual em um meio quiral. As influências da impedância equivalente da antena e da distância entre a antena e a cabeça humana foram investigadas, para diferentes valores quirais, bem como é feita a análise da SAR local média e sua variação percentual para os valores quirais escolhidos. Cinco cortes transversais foram analisados, com o objetivo de verificar características e comportamentos globais de SAR, evitando assim que variações locais fossem assumidas como um efeito global / Abstract: This work shows a numerical model based on the finite-difference time-domain method, with the aim of analysing the characteristics of the Specific Absorption Rate, SAR, in a human-head, through a quiral modeling of Mawell¿s equations. The formulation is expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic wave-fields, allowing to investigate possible changes in SAR, inside the human head, for different values of chirality, using simple algorithms. Such algorithms, make the analysis of the several characteristics of SAR in bidimensional structures representing the transversal layers of the human head, discretized in its tissues possessing significant volumes. A verification was made by calculating the numerical punctual stability and by simulating a punctual source in a chiral medium. The influences of the equivalent impedances of the antenna and of the distance between the antenna and the human head are analysed, for different chiral values, as well as an analysis of the average local SAR and its percentual variation for chosen chiral values. Five transversal layers were analysed, with the aim of verifying global characteristics and behaviors of SAR, avoiding that local variations were assumed as a global effect / Mestrado / Telecomunicações / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Submitted by Almir Azevedo (barbio1313@gmail.com) on 2014-05-09T16:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-09T16:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / Empregando a equação de difusão de nêutrons em estado estacionário multidimensional para simular o fluxo de nêutrons em reatores refrigerados água, e fazendo uso do Método de Diferenças Finitas, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre o comportamento da distribuição de potência num reator tipo PWR, considerando a intensidade e a migração dos picos de potência à medida que ocorre a inserção das barras de controle no núcleo. Além disso, tomando como ponto de partida a distribuição axial de potência ao longo da vareta de maior fluxo de calor, realiza-se a análise térmica dessa vareta e do canal refrigerante associado. Para tal é empregado o código Fuel_Rod_3D, que usa o Método dos Elementos Finitos para modelar uma vareta combustível e seu canal refrigerante, possibilitando a simulação do comportamento termohidráulico de uma única vareta discretizada em três dimensões, considerando o fluxo de calor a partir do interior da pastilha combustível, passando pelo "gap" e pelo revestimento até alcançar o fluido refrigerante / This Work aims to present a study about the power distribution behavior in a PWR type reactor, considering both intensity and migration of power peaks due to insertion of control rods into the core. Employing the multidimensional steady-state neutron diffusion equation in order to simulate the neutron flux, and using the Finite Difference Method. Furthermore, based on the axial power distribution on the largest heat flux rod, is carried out thermal analysis of this rod and associated coolant channel. For this purpose is employed the Fuel_Rod_3D code, it uses the Finite Element Method to model the fuel rod and the associated coolant channel, allowing the thermohydraulics simulation of a single rod discretized in three dimensions, considering the heat flux from the pellet, crossing the gap and the cladding until it reaches the coolant.

Abstract Several numerical methods and algorithms, for solving the mathematical model of a continuous casting process, are presented, and theoretically studied, in this work. The numerical algorithms can be divided in to three different groups: the Schwarz type overlapping methods, the nonoverlapping Splitting iterative methods, and the Predictor-Corrector type nonoverlapping methods. These algorithms are all so-called parallel algorithms i.e., they are highly suitable for parallel computers. Multiplicative, additive Schwarz alternating method and two asynchronous domain decomposition methods, which appear to be a two-stage Schwarz alternating algorithms, are theoretically and numerically studied. Unique solvability of the fully implicit and semi-implicit finite difference schemes as well as monotone dependence of the solution on the right-hand side are proved. Geometric rate of convergence for the iterative methods is investigated. Splitting iterative methods for the sum of maximal monotone and single-valued monotone operators in a finite-dimensional space are studied. Convergence, rate of convergence and optimal iterative parameters are derived. A two-stage iterative method with inner iterations is analyzed in the case when both operators are linear, self-adjoint and positive definite. Several new finite-difference schemes for a nonlinear convection-diffusion problem are constructed and numerically studied. These schemes are constructed on the basis of non-overlapping domain decomposition and predictor-corrector approach. Different non-overlapping decompositions of a domain, with cross-points and angles, schemes with grid refinement in time in some subdomains, are used. All proposed algorithms are extensively numerically tested and are founded stable and accurate under natural assumptions for time and space grid steps. The advantages and disadvantages of the numerical methods are clearly seen in the numerical examples. All of the algorithms presented are quite easy and straight forward, from an implementation point of view. The speedups show that splitting iterative method can be parallelized better than multiplicative or additive Schwarz alternating method. The numerical examples show that the multidecomposition method is a very effective numerical method for solving the continuous casting problem. The idea of dividing the subdomains to smaller subdomains seems to be very beneficial and profitable. The advantages of multidecomposition methods over other methods is obvious. Multidecomposition methods are extremely quick, while being just as accurate as other methods. The numerical results for one processor seem to be very promising.

Neste projeto, é apresentado um método numérico com uma abordagem do tipoMAC para a simulação de escoamentos viscoelásticos incompressíveis tridimensionais com superfície livre governados pelo modelo de fluido SXPP. A formulação apresentada nesse trabalho é uma extensão dos resultados obtidos por Oishi et al. (2011), sobre o estudo de métodos numéricos para a simulação de escoamentos incompressíveis viscoelásticos com superfície livre a baixos números de Reynolds, para o caso bidimensional. No contexto de problemas transientes, metodologias explícitas para solução numérica das equações governantes apresentam restrições de estabilidade muito severas para a definição do passo temporal, acarretando em um custo computacional relativamente alto. Sendo assim, utilizamos um método implícito para resolver a equação de conservação da quantidade de movimento, eliminando assim, a restrição de estabilidade parabólica e diminuindo significativamente o custo computacional. Mas tal estratégia acopla os campos de velocidade e pressão. Dessa forma, para desacoplar esses campos, foi utilizado uma abordagem que combina método de projeção com uma técnica implícita para o tratamento da pressão na superfície livre. A equação constitutiva foi resolvida pelo método de Runge-Kutta de segunda-ordem. A validação do método numérico foi realizada utilizando refinamento da malha no escoamento em um canal. Como aplicação, apresentamos resultados numéricos sobre o problema do jato oscilante e do inchamento do extrudado / In this work, we present a numerical method with a MAC type approach to simulate tridimensional incompressible viscoelastic free surface flows governed by a SXPP (Single eXtended Pom-Pom) model. The formulation presented in this work is an extension to the work of Oishi et al. (2011). They have studied numerical methods for solving incompressible viscoelastic free surface flows with low Reynolds number, for the bidimensional case. In the context of transient problems, explicitmethodologies for the numerical solution of the governing equations present severe stability constraints for defining the time step, what highly increases the computational cost. Due to this fact, an implicit method is used to solve the momentum equation, eliminating the parabolic stability constraint and decreasing significantly the computational cost. However, this strategy couples velocity and pressure fields. To decouples this fields, it was used an approach that combines a projection method and an implicit technique for the treatment of the pressure at the free surface. The constitutive equation is solved by a second-order Runge-Kutta method. The numerical method validation was achieved by a mesh refinement for a flow in a channel. As applications, numerical results of the die-swell problem and the jet buckling phenomenon are presented

The steady flow method (SFM), most commonly used for permeability measurement in the laboratory, is not applicable for tight rocks, higher rank coals and coals under highly stressed condition because of the difficulty in measuring steady-state gas flowrates resulting from the tight rock structure of. However, accurate estimation of permeability of highly stressed coals is pivotal in coalbed methane (CBM) operations in order to precisely and effectively model and project long-term gas production. A fast and accurate permeability measurement technique is, therefore, required to investigate gas flow behavior of CBM reservoirs. The pulse-decay method (PDM) of permeability measurement is believed to be better suited for low-permeability rocks. In this study, application of the currently used pulse-decay laboratory permeability measurement techniques for highly stressed coals were evaluated. Considering the limitations of these techniques in permeability measurement of unconventional gas reservoirs, such as coal and gas shales, the conventional PDM was optimized by adjusting the experimental apparatus and procedures. Furthermore, the applicability of an optimized PDM was verified numerically and experimentally. This dissertation is composed of five chapters. To complete the research objectives as discussed above, it is necessary to have a profound understanding of the basic theories, such as, gas storage mechanism, gas migration, and permeability evolution during gas depletion in coalbed reservoirs. In Chapter 1, a brief discussion regarding the basic knowledge of reservoir properties and transport mechanisms is presented. The chapter also provides the appropriate background and rationale for the theoretical and experimental work conducted in this study. Chapter 2 presents the transient pressure-decay technique in permeability measurement of highly stressed coals and verifies the validity of Brace et al.’s solution (1968) by comparing it with Dicker and Smits’s solution (1988) and Cui et al.’s solution. The differences between these three solutions are discussed in detail. Based on the established permeability trends from these different solutions, a persuasive suggestion is presented for selection of the best alternative when testing coal permeability. Furthermore, permeability is regarded as a coupled parameter, resulting from the combined effects of mechanical compression and “matrix shrinkage” caused by desorption of gas. To isolate the role of gas desorption from the coupled result, a series of experiments were carried out under constant effective stress condition and a stress-dependent permeability trend was established. Chapter 3 proposes an optimized experimental design in order to improve the accuracy of the calculated permeability for sorptive rocks. In order to verify the optimized design theoretically, a modified mathematical model is presented and describes the one-dimensional fluid flow in porous media by a partial differential equation. The numerical solutions of the model are presented graphically to evaluate the fluid flow behavior in porous media. Finally, the validity of Brace et al.’s solution when testing sorptive rocks, without the need of consideration on the compressive storage and sorption effect, is elucidated. Chapter 4 demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of the optimized PDM through its direct application to experimental work designed to establish the permeability trend under best replicated in situ conditions. In this chapter, CO2 was used as the test fluid to profile and characterize the pulse decay plots due to its higher affinity towards coal than methane, and then establish the stress-dependent-permeability trend for highly-stressed CBM reservoirs. In this chapter, Brace et al.’s solution was also verified by comparing the laboratory data and computer simulated results obtained from the optimized mathematical model proposed in Chapter 3. The experimental work demonstrates that the optimized technique can be used for permeability tests of sorptive rocks without the need to carry out additional experimental work required to measure rock porosities and sorption isotherms. Finally, a summary and future research perspectives are presented in Chapter 5.