Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) has become increasingly popular since the early 1990s. CCF utilises several silvicultural techniques in order to promote and enhance forest structural diversity and favours natural regeneration. As CCF is relatively new to the UK there are still areas of knowledge regarding management interventions that need to be improved upon. This study utilises simple models, seedling physiology and a hybrid gap model and applies them to the Glentress Trial Area which has been under transformation from even-aged forestry since 1952. These efforts have led to an improved understanding of thinning interventions and the effects they may have on future stand structure. Since the formation of the Forestry Commission in 1919, clearfell-replant forestry has been the main form of management practiced in the UK. CCF management differs in several respects and is commonly practiced using expert knowledge in Continental Europe. In the UK the knowledge-base is still growing and therefore simple models can prove useful for guiding management. This study investigated the use of the idealised reverse-J and the Equilibrium Growing Stock (EGS). This study found that the reverse-J shaped diameter distribution is maintained at the Trial, Block and sub- Block scale indicating that an irregular structure is being approached. In addition, the diminution coefficient, a parameter of the reverse-J distribution, falls within values typical of continental Europe. Comparison of the actual diameter-frequency distribution against an ideal reverse-J distribution can inform both thinning intensity and which diameter classes to target. The EGS, which is a volume–diameter distribution, examines standing volume and how that volume is distributed across three broad diameter classes. Typical distributions from the Swiss Jura indicate that percentage volume should be split 20:30:50 across diameter classes. The EGS analysis showed that standing volume in the Trial Area is much lower than European values at just 174 m3 ha-1. In addition, the classic 20:30:50 percent split was not observed. The 1990 data set showed a 49:43:8 distribution but by 2008 it was 40:41:19. As natural regeneration is favoured in CCF a better understanding of seedling physiology is essential. This study established open (15-35 m2 ha-1) and closed canopy plots (>35 m2 ha-1). Plot characteristics were recorded and then seedlings were selected for physical measurements, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas-exchange measurements. There were clear differences between the physical characteristics with a mean Apical Dominance Ratio (APR) of 1.41 for the open plots and 0.9 for the closed plots which is consistent with previous studies suggesting an APR of 1 is needed for successful regeneration. The chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed a linear relationship with PAR. However, although the results of the gas-exchange measurements showed an increase in photosynthetic rates with PAR for open plots, there was no obvious relationship in the closed plots. As a result, the study did not find a linear relationship between photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence. Finally a complex, hybrid gap model was used to investigate the effects of management on predicted future stand structure. The hybrid gap model, PICUS v1.41, was parameterised for Sitka spruce. The model was used to explore different management scenarios on stand structure over two time periods; 1954-2008 and 1952- 2075. The output from the group selection with underplanting scenario, which resembled the actual management, produced realistic output that was comparable to the stand characteristics measured during the 2008 assessment. The output from the 1952-2075 runs suggested that thinning to a residual basal area suitable to allow natural regeneration (<30 m2 ha-1) or a group selection with underplanting were the best management options for maintaining structural diversity.

The primary objective of this study is to identify the perspectives of the stakeholders on the business curriculum, and the curriculum gaps between them. While the perspectives can be captured on a few continuum, such as the ‘critical’-‘managerialist’ continuum (Macfarlane and Perkins, 1995), this study chose to measure the perspectives of the stakeholders on the ‘about business’-‘for business’ continuum (Tolley, 1983). The study collected primary data from the business lecturers, the business alumni, and the business students of the case institution. The data were collected from the target respondents via a constructed, pilot-tested and reliable questionnaire. The questionnaire made it possible to measure the perspectives of the stakeholders in terms of ‘about business’ and ‘for business’. The results confirmed that the lecturers have a high ‘about business’ orientation (mean = 4.25 out of 5). The ‘about business’ mean score of the alumni is 3.70 and the mean score for the students is 3.71. It is surprising that the lecturers scored high in ‘for business’ (mean = 3.88 out of 5), even higher than for the alumni (mean = 3.35) and the students (mean = 3.38). The t-test procedures confirmed the curriculum gap in terms of ‘about business’ between the lecturer and the alumni is significant (t=4.47, p=0.001); and between the lecturers and the students is also significant (t=4.45, p=0.001). The curriculum gap in terms of ‘for business’ between the lecturers and the alumni is significant (t=3.80, p=0.001); and between the lecturers and the students is significant (t=4.06, p=0.001). Both the ‘about business’ score and the ‘for business’ score of the lecturers are higher than those for the alumni and the students, indicating that the lecturers intend to provide a business curriculum to educate the students for life and at the same time preparing the students for employment. Although there is no cause for concern in this respect, the lecturers are recommended to collaborate with the stakeholders in order to satisfy the expectations of all stakeholders concerned.

L’élaboration d’expérience permettant de sonder la symétrie du gap supraconducteur à l’aide d’une mesure de la phase de ce gap supraconducteur est l’une des techniques les plus directes pour observer la symétrie ”d” des cuprates dopés au trous. Malheureusement, il existe très peu d’expériences de ce type qui ont été réussies pour sonder la symétrie du gap supraconducteur dans les cuprates dopés aux électrons. Effectivement, les expériences sondant la phase du gap supraconducteur demandent d’utiliser généralement des jonctions Josephson entre un cuprate et un supraconducteur conventionnel (Exemple : SQUID et jonctions Josephson en coin). Cependant, il est extrêmement difficile d’obtenir de telles jonctions Josephson avec les cuprates dopés aux électrons, car la croissance de ce matériau est extrêmement difficile et les propriétés physiques de ceux-ci sont très sensibles aux différentes étapes de fabrication que l’on doit effectuer pour obtenir une jonction Josephson. Cependant, de récents travaux effectués par notre groupe sur la purification des phases dans les couches minces de Pr[indice inférieur 2−x]Ce[indice inférieur x]CuO[indice inférieur 4], un cuprate dopé aux électrons, ainsi que sur la production de jonctions Josephson de qualité entre deux électrodes supraconductrices de Pr[indice inférieur 2−x]Ce[indice inférieur x]CuO[indice inférieur 4] ont revigoré l’intérêt de fabriquer une jonction Josephson de qualité entre Pr[indice inférieur 2−x]Ce[indice inférieur x]CuO[indice inférieur 4] et un supraconducteur conventionnel. Dans ce mémoire, on propose une méthode de fabrication de jonctions Josephson en rampe entre un cuprate dopé aux électrons (Pr[indice inférieur 1.85]Ce[indice inférieur 0.15]CuO[indice inférieur 4]) et un supraconducteur conventionnel (PbIn). Cette méthode de fabrication nous a permis de fabriquer des jonctions Josephson possédant une densité de courant critique de 44 A/cm[indice supérieur 2] et un produit I[indice inférieur c]R[indice inférieur n] valant 40 μV . On retrouve aussi, tel qu’attendu par la théorie, les oscillations du courant critique de ces jonctions en fonction du champ magnétique appliqué perpendiculairement sur celles-ci. Ces caractéristiques nous permettent de conclure que nous avons réussi à produire les meilleures jonctions Josephson de ce type (Re[indice inférieur 2−x]Ce[indice inférieur x]CuO[indice inférieur 4] / Au /supraconducteur métallique) répertoriées dans la littérature. Ainsi, d’après ces résultats il est maintenant possible de tenter l’expérience sondant la symétrie du gap supraconducteur dans le Pr[indice inférieur 1.85]Ce[indice inférieur 0.15]CuO[indice inférieur 4] à l’aide d’une jonction Josephson en coin.

High turnover among auditor assistants is a problem in the auditor profession. 61,7 % of young graduates economists have changed profession at least once during their first three years as employees (Hiltebeitel &amp; Leauby, 2001), heavy workload in the auditing profession is considered to be a contributing factor (Axelsson, 2015). The main purpose of the study is to explain how students' views on the workload affects staff turnover among auditor assistants. In addition, the aim is to describe the expectations of a corresponding expectation gap between students and auditor assistants. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, behavioural theories such as Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory have been adopted. Further, the Expectation Theory, Identity Theory, Theory of Professions and previous studies of the expectation gap and workload, stress and time pressure are used. The study is based on a combination method based on three interviews with auditor assistants, to develop an understanding of auditor assistants experience of the workload. Subsequently a questionnaire was sent to students with a total of 134 received answers. A short questionnaire with three questions similar to those sent out to students has also been sent to the auditor assistants, with a total of 43 received answers. The results shows that there is an expectation gap considering workload between students and auditor assistants. Further aspects have emerged as contributing factors to high staff turnover in the auditor profession, such as expectations for salary and work content.

This thesis acts as an initial attempt to investigate how the relationship between one’s generational belonging, educational level, gender and membership in a variety of organizations on the matter of vertical and horizontal trust vary with one’s primary country of origin. Building on data from Riks-SOM 2014, it is shown that one’s primary country of origin not seem to have a unique effect on several of our selected variables on trust. Despite some variation amongst the variables, the results provide a picture of what in previous literature has been described as prosperous traits for the accumulation of trust amongst individuals still are of relevance within in the contemporary Swedish society. The primary focus is thus to be found at a micro-level. Also, the results show that the effect of one’s primary country of origin on our predictor variables is weaker than initially expected, leading to the rejection of some of our hypotheses. This does not indicate the absence of a trust-gap amongst Swedish citizens, as some results provide strength to such claims. However, the central point this thesis wishes to bring forth concerns that contemporary policy-makers should put its focus on promoting the importance of education post-high school level, and membership in certain organizations if the aim is to increase and promote trust for all within our contemporary Swedish society, as the logistic regression analyses here presented tells us a story of that such traits are beneficial for the accumulation of trust.

Le séléniure de fer, FeSe, est un matériau prometteur qui attire beaucoup d'attention depuis qu'il a décroché le record de la température critique la plus élevée chez les supraconducteurs à base fer. L'absence d'une phase magnétique à proximité de sa phase supraconductrice cause un questionnement sur la nature du mécanisme d'appariement des électrons dans ce supraconducteur. La symétrie avec laquelle ce mécanisme opère peut être déterminée en identifiant la structure et la symétrie du gap supraconducteur du FeSe. Plusieurs études du gap ont été menées, mais elles n'ont pas permis d'arriver à un consensus. Certaines mesures détectent des noeuds dans le gap supraconducteur tandis que d'autres rapportent un gap non nodal. L'incapacité à réconcilier les données existantes est en partie due au manque de mesures effectuées sur des monocristaux propres étant capables de résoudre des excitations à très basse énergie. Ce mémoire présente une étude du gap supraconducteur du FeSe utilisant la mesure de la conductivité thermique dans la limite où la température tend vers zéro comme sonde. Dans ce régime de température, il a été possible d'examiner les excitations à très faible énergie de l'état supraconducteur à l'aide d'un champ magnétique finement ajusté. De cette manière, un portrait très détaillé de la dispersion en énergie des quasiparticules a été dressé. Nous ne détectons pas de quasiparticules à énergie nulle et excluons donc la présence de noeuds sur le gap supraconducteur. Nous observons un comportement de supraconducteur à deux bandes, suggérant que les deux poches de la surface de Fermi ont des gaps différents dont les amplitudes diffèrent par un facteur 10. De plus, la grandeur du plus petit de ces deux gaps varie lorsque le niveau de désordre du matériau change, ce qui suggère que le petit gap est anisotrope. Cette dernière observation permet de réconcilier les études antérieures puisqu'une anisotropie du gap peut engendrer des noeuds accidentels sur le gap si le niveau de désordre du matériau est suffisament bas. Quelques études très récentes, parues en même temps que les résultats présentés ici, corroborent le scénario proposé et sont présentées à la fin du mémoire.

Lymphatic valves (LVs) are cusped luminal structures that permit the movement of lymph in only one direction and are therefore critical for proper lymphatic vessel function. Congenital valve aplasia or agenesis can, in some cases, be a direct cause of lymphatic disease. Knowledge about the molecular mechanisms operating during the development and maintenance of LVs may thus aid in the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches to treat lymphatic disorders. In this study, we examined the role of Connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), during valve development. Mouse embryos with a null mutation in Cx43 (Gja1) were previously shown to completely lack mesenteric LVs at embryonic day 18. However, interpreting the phenotype of Cx43(-/-) mice was complicated by the fact that global deletion of Cx43 causes perinatal death due to heart defects during embryogenesis. We have now generated a mouse model (Cx43(∆LEC)) with a lymphatic-specific ablation of Cx43 and show that the absence of Cx43 in LECs causes a delay (rather than a complete block) in LV initiation, an increase in immature valves with incomplete leaflet elongation, a reduction in the total number of valves, and altered lymphatic capillary patterning. The physiological consequences of these lymphatic changes were leaky valves, insufficient lymph transport and reflux, and a high incidence of lethal chylothorax. These results demonstrate that the expression of Cx43 is specifically required in LECs for normal development of LVs.

Student achievement gaps between Black and White students, and socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students, have been observed and formally documented since the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) began in the 1970s. In particular, the mathematics achievement gap between these historically disadvantaged populations has been a phenomenon that, in spite of improvements, has nevertheless remained persistent for decades. This study sought to identify and derive additional information about the mathematics achievement gap between Black students and White students, and socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students, by elementary and middle school level in a Virginia school district over three consecutive school years. Overall student performance on the Virginia Mathematics Standards of Learning (SOL) assessment was examined and achievement gaps were reported. In addition to overall mathematics achievement, this study also sought to detect specific mathematic conceptual areas in which Black and White students, and socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students, were significantly disparate. Factorial Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Factorial Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) were used to identify statistically significant differences between the subgroups in assessment scores reflecting overall mathematics achievement, and student achievement in five conceptual “content strands.” Interactions between student race, socioeconomic status, and school level were also examined. Effect sizes were calculated to indicate any practical significance corresponding to statistical significance noted. For overall mathematics performance, results indicated the continued presence of an achievement gap between Black and White students, and socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students, for each year examined. Interaction was noted between race and socioeconomic status, and race and school level. For mathematics performance along the content strands, results indicated the presence of an achievement gap between Black and White students, and socioeconomically disadvantaged and advantaged students, in every conceptual area for each year analyzed. Interaction was indicated between race and socioeconomic status in all but one content strand during one school year. Consistent interaction was also observed between race and school level in two content strands. No significant effect size was indicated for overall or strand-based mathematics achievement differences, demonstrating limited practical significance. Implications for practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

In the present work I study temperature dependence of magnetic penetration depth in superconductors which allows us to determine the symetry of the order parameter, important for theoretical models. In conventional superconductors we talk about s-symetry. Energy gap is isotropic and as a consequence of this fact penetration depth grows exponencialy with the temperature. On the other hand, in unconventional superconductors with d-symetry we find the power dependence on the temperature. Anyway the exponent depends on impurities and structure of the material and the influence of these parametrs is not completely clear at the moment.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Thu Annelise Nguyen / Preclinical animal models of mammary carcinoma formation are vital for the advancement of cancer research, specifically in drug development. Two different types of animal models were utilized to determine the efficacy of combinational treatment of common antineoplastic drugs and the new class of primaquines that act as gap junction enhancers (PQs) at attenuating mammary tumor growth. The classic xenograft mouse model was used to show that PQs could increase the efficacy of cisplatin and paclitaxel. Combinational treatment induced an upregulation of connexin and caspase expression in the isolated tumor. Next the transgenic PyVT mouse model was characterized by multiple factors, including hormone receptor status, molecular markers for survival and proliferation, tissue histopathology, and secondary metastases during multiple stages of tumor development. This model showed limited therapeutic response to the antineoplastic drugs tested. PQ1 effectively attenuated tumor growth at all stages of tumorigenesis in the PyVT model, while PQ7 was determined to be an effective chemopreventive compound rather than chemotherapeutic. The PQs altered the expression profiles of connexins during tumorigenesis. Together the results indicate that PQs have an anticancer effect that is more efficient at attenuating tumor growth than the common antineoplastic compounds. Lastly the PyVT mouse model was used to determine the efficacy of antineoplastic compounds on male mammary carcinoma development. Interestingly, the antineoplastic compound that attenuated female mammary carcinoma growth did not produce a therapeutic response in the males and vice versa, suggesting a need for further studies into the male response to therapy.