The aim of this thesis is to examine how wealth inequality alters when macroeconomic factors such as housing price index, inflation rate, and minimum wage change. In the theoretical part, the potential connection between some macroeconomic factors and wealth inequality is described through the link of the Lorenz Curve and Pareto distribution. In the empirical part, we analyze the development of wealth inequality in 21 countries from the European Union from 2004 to 2015. The study presents significant evidence that the housing price index is negatively correlated with wealth inequality while similar conclusions cannot be made regarding inflation rate and minimum wage. In this paper, the Gini index is used as a proxy for wealth inequality.

O entendimento da dinâmica do emprego é uma questão importante para a elaboração de políticas econômicas. Ao longo das décadas de 1990 e 2000 o Brasil e, mais precisamente, o Tocantins, passaram por grandes transformações. No cenário nacional, o Brasil experimentou um grande processo de liberalização comercial na década de 1990. Durante o período, o emprego diminuiu significativamente. Enquanto isso, o estado do Tocantins passava por um momento peculiar: o início de sua trajetória, marcada pela criação da capital, Palmas, que atraiu milhares de migrantes de diferentes estados. Tais fatores fazem com que o mercado de trabalho fique em permanente movimento. Daí surge a necessidade de traçar um mapa do mercado de trabalho, a fim de facilitar a compreensão da dinâmica do emprego no estado. Para mensurar e qualificar o grau de mobilidade do mercado de trabalho, estatísticas de fluxo como realocação de emprego são calculadas. A análise do grau de concentração de estabelecimento ou vínculos empregatícios de um determinado setor é elaborada a partir do cálculo dos Índices de Gini locacionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a evolução das ocupações no mercado de trabalho formal tocantinense e o processo de concentração das atividades produtivas entre 2001-2009, através de uma abordagem de fluxo de trabalho. Os dados utilizados para a análise do mercado de trabalho formal no Tocantins foram retirados de dados disponíveis no Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego (MTE), através da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). Os resultados mostram que a realocação do emprego no Tocantins não é elevada, mas heterogênea. Setores como comércio e serviços não apresentam realocação de emprego em excesso, isto é, não houve rotatividade de emprego nestes dois setores. O setor extrativista mineral é o maior encarregado pela realocação de trabalhadores e rotatividade de emprego no estado. Por fim, tem-se que há concentração das atividades produtivas entre 2001 e 2009 no Tocantins em quase todos os setores e essa concentração ocorre no entorno da BR 153, onde estão os municípios de maior importância do estado. / Understanding the dynamics of employment is an important matter in economic policy-making. Through the decades 1990 and 2000, Brazil and, more precisely, Tocantins, have undergone major transformations. On the national scene Brazil experienced a substantial process of trade liberalization in the 1990s. During the period, employment decreased significantly. Meanwhile, the state of Tocantins was going through a peculiar time: the beginning of its path, marked by the creation of the capital, Palmas, which attracted thousands of migrants from different states. These factors make the labor market stand in constant moving. Hence the need to draw a map of the labor market in order to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of the state. To measure and qualify the degree of mobility of the labor market, flow statistics such as reallocation of employment are calculated. The analysis of the concentration's degree of establishment or employment ties to a particular sector is drawn from the calculation of locational Gini Coefficients. This paper has as objective to analyze the evolution of occupations in the formal labor market of Tocantins and the concentration's process of production activities between years 2001 and 2009 through an approach workflow. The data used for analysis of the formal labor market in Tocantins were taken from data from the Ministério do Trabalho e do Emprego (MTE), through Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). The results indicate that the reallocation of employment in Tocantins is not high, but heterogeneous. Sectors such as commerce and services do not present relocating employment in excess, ie., there was not job turnover in these two sectors. The mining sector is the highest responsible for the relocation of employees and turnover of jobs in the state. Lastly, we have that there is a concentration of productive activities, between 2001 and 2009 in Tocantins in almost all sectors and this concentration occurs around the highway, BR 153, where are the most important cities of the state.

Poverty is currently wide spread in Georgia. This paper is dedicated to an analysis of the causes, the extent and the intensity of poverty in Georgia. With a strong focus on the period after Shevardnadze’s presidency, the paper shows how poverty has grown in the past 15 years. In spite of a rising per capita income, the variance within the distribution of income is also increasing. The widening gap between high and low incomes represents a danger for the Georgian society and is associated with high unemployment rates, a lack of education for entire societal strata and rising criminality. In addition, high inflation rates affect mainly low income groups. Apparently, the Rose Revolution of 2003 did not lead to an attenuation of poverty but rather intensified it.

This dissertation comprises two essays that attempt to determine, empirically, the relationship between personal income taxation and income inequality. The first essay examines whether income inequality is affected by the structural progressivity of national income tax systems. Using detailed personal income tax schedules for a large panel of countries, we develop and estimate comprehensive, time-varying measures of structural progressivity of national income tax systems over the 1981–2005 period. Our findings suggest that progressivity has a strong negative effect on inequality in reported gross and net income and that this negative effect is strongest in countries whose institutional framework supports pro-poor redistribution. However, the effect of progressivity on true inequality, which is approximated by consumption-based measures of the GINI coefficient, is significantly smaller. The second essay relies on household level data and complements the first in its empirical approach. We simulate the distributional impact of the Russian personal income tax (PIT) following the flat tax reform of 2001 using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. We use a series of counterfactuals to decompose the change in the distribution of net income into a direct (tax) effect and an indirect behavioral effect. As expected, the direct tax effect increased net income inequality. Changes in the pre-tax distribution, on the other hand, had a large negative impact on inequality thus leading to an overall decline in net income inequality. We also find that the tax-induced evasion response increased reported net income inequality while reducing consumption based measures of net income inequality.

The purpose of this paper is to study China’s income inequality under rapid economic growth.Does the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in China follow theKuznets hypothesis? What is the main cause and trend of China’s income inequality? We usedata which covers the period 1980-2005 to analyze the overall inequality, and data coveringthe period 1980-2002 to analyze the inequality inside rural and urban areas. The derivedresults doubt the validity of Kuznets hypothesis on explaining the relationship betweeneconomic growth and income inequality in China. Also we derive the trend of China’sincreased income inequality and find that the urban-rural income disparity is the main causeof China’s income inequality.

From establishing government in 1949, Communist Party of China had pursuing a socialist system. However, over-emphasis on equal distribution lead to the individual income and the individual performance are not proportional, so that the mainland China was under the circumstances of "usually used in negative two half kilogram," and was near to the border of collapse. After Deng Xiaoping came back to power, threw away the past ideology of equal distribution, and he changed the economic system. China's economy began to advance by leaps and bounds. Nowadays, the mainland China¡¦s eco-nomic potentiality has surpassed Japan and it becomes the second economy which is only inferior to the U.S. economy. However, in so dazzling economic performance of mainland China's, the achievement of economic growth is not generally reflected in the labor standards on wages, The wages of workers in China still ranked among the last level of the world's wage classes. However, the average wage in the low social workers, the Gini coefficient is close to the bottom line of social tolerance. That is, how to set up wage growth mechanism, straighten out the relationship between income distribution has became a top priority of mainland authorities. This pay for performance system for the mainland legal system are based on the mainland of the State Council "pay for per-formance on the compulsory school system guidance," analysis to explore the subject, to be addressed. This paper is divided into seven chapters around: Chapter 1 Introduction, describes the study of this motivation, purpose, scope, methods, limits, and proposed research framework. Chapter 2 is to explore the mainland of the basic principles of pay for per-formance system, Chapter 3 of the mainland of the administrative organization of pay for performance system. Chapter 4 is to explore the mainland China of pay for perfor-mance system administrative privileges. Chapter 5and Chapter 6,are respectively to ex-plore the mainland China of performance pay system and monitoring of relief, and in Chapter 7 are conclusions and recommendations of pay for performance system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the correlation between income inequality and economic growth in a cross-section of 90 countries from 2002 to 2006. The controversial Kuznets Hypothesis, the economic model that hypothesizes the relationship between inequality and per capita income is an inverted U-shaped curve, is scrutinized and investigated to consider its viability and accuracy. A multiple linear regression model is estimated and the viability of the regression model is supported by several statistical tests. Based on the estimated model, a negative correlation between growth and inequality has been found.

Numerous and countless factors have been theorized to be causes of inequality. This paper started with identifying the most important determinants of income inequality through theoretical research. Among the various theories of causes of inequality, I hypothesized creating a level playing for children at the very start of their career as students as an important determinant. In order to test the hypothesis that a level playing field is important to help fight inequality, a regression tailored for this question is created. I develop a regression model using the variable public expenditure on primary education as the variable to be tested while controlling for other important determinants of inequality including public expenditure per student on all stages of education, unemployment rate, GDP per capita, GDP growth, and governance indicator. The empirical model confirms theory that quality of primary education is highly beneficial for students. I conduct further theoretical research concerning ways to improve the quality of primary education and included them in policy recommendation section.

I forskningsdiskursen rörande inomstatliga konflikter finns en diskrepans mellan kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier huruvida variabeln ekonomisk ojämlikhet har en signifikant effekt på risken för konflikt eller inte. Genom att förflytta tanken från generell ojämlikhet till exploatering argumenterar uppsatsen för att rätt typ av ekonomisk ojämlikhet inte blivit operationaliserat på rätt sätt tidigare. Därefter följer en jämförelse mellan Gini och ett mått från ekonomisk historia med namnet Ineqaulity Extraction Ratio (IER) som enligt uppsatsen är ett mer dynamiskt mått för att mäta exploatering. Undersökningens dataset har två varianter av den beroende variabel för konflikt och uppsatsen finner då att IER har en signifikant effekt i båda variabelvarianter, samt ett klart övertag i en utav dom.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-21T11:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1295494 bytes, checksum: d6f4e70a15d21b84d79891cbdbc0ed66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T11:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1295494 bytes, checksum: d6f4e70a15d21b84d79891cbdbc0ed66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma caracterização socioambiental dos moradores da zona ripária na bacia hidrográfica do Riozinho do Rôla, Rio Branco, Acre. Depois de dois momentos de aproximação, com o espaço e a população, utilizou-se de formulários aplicados às famílias ribeirinhas residentes ao longo do curso d água principal e de entrevistas parcialmente estruturadas com famílias de agricultores extrativistas residentes na porção ocidental dessa bacia hidrográfica. Foram realizadas análises dessa população, utilizando-se o Índice de Sustentabilidade (IS) e o Índice de Gini. Pôde-se identificar a existência de três atores sociais: o fazendeiro (categoria social um), o colono (categoria social dois) e o ribeirinho extrativista (categoria social três). Cada um deles usa os recursos naturais de forma diferenciada. Os índices de Gini encontrados apontaram para a existência de uma concentração de terra e de fontes de água. Existe uma preferência de uso das águas de nascentes, o que evidencia a existência de uma escassez relativa de água de qualidade para as famílias. Verificou-se um decréscimo nos valores dos ISs econômico e social, e um acréscimo do IS ambiental ao longo desse rio. As propriedades da categoria social dois apresentaram maiores valores médios de IS econômico e social, 3,283 e 3,180, respectivamente. Estabelecimentos da classe social um apresentaram valor médio de IS econômico de 2,44. Propriedades dentro da categoria três obtiveram o maior valor médio de IS ambiental (3,6325), enquanto propriedades da categoria dois tiveram o menor valor médio (0,8736). Verificou-se, ainda, que com a decadência dos seringais existentes nessa região, a partir do final da década de 60, os moradores do Riozinho se viram em uma situação difícil, pois tiveram que encontrar alternativas de produção e de inserção em um novo sistema produtivo. A antiga extração de látex quase já não acontece em razão do baixo preço pago pelo quilo da borracha. A coleta da Castanha do Brasil se apresenta como uma alternativa lucrativa para estas populações. Entretanto, é preciso que haja alternativas produtivas conservacionistas já que muitos estão se voltando para pecuária, deixando o extrativismo. A partir das observações realizadas e da análise dos dados coletados, pode-se concluir que a adoção de estratégias de conservação para esta região e para este público deve ser distinta. A metodologia utilizada para a obtenção dos Índices de Sustentabilidade foi eficaz para diferenciar as propriedades e sua distribuição ao longo do rio. Este estudo possibilitou aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as populações residentes na zona ripária do Riozinho do Rôla no que diz respeito ao número de residentes nesta região, sua produção e suas formas tradicionais de uso dos recursos naturais. Entretanto, há muito a ser feito, e a participação destes atores sociais é de fundamental importância para as formulação e aplicação de várias estratégias de desenvolvimento local em nível de bacia hidrográfica. / This study was carried out to develop a socioenvironmental characterization of the residents in the riparian zone at the hydrographic basin of the Riozinho do Rôla, Rio Branco - Acre. After two moments for approaching the space and population, some formularies were applied to the riverine families residing along the main watercourse, as well as partially structured interviews were accomplished with the extractivist farmers families residing on western this hydrographic basin. Analyses concerning to this population were accomplished, by using both the Sustainability Index (IS) and Gini Index. Three social actors were identified: the farmer (social category 1), the settler (social category 2) and the riverine extractivist (social category 3). Each one differentially uses the natural resources. The Gini indexes pointed out the occurrence of earth concentration and natural water sources. There is a preference for using waters from spring waters, which evidences a relative shortage of qualified water for families. A decrease was verified in the values of both economical and social ISs, but an increment in the environmental IS along this river. The properties of the social category 2 presented higher average values for the economical and social IS (3.283 and 3.180 respectively). Establishments of the social class 1 presented an average value of 2.44 for economical IS. Properties within category 3 obtained the highest average value of the environmental IS (3.6325), whereas properties of the category 2 obtained the lowest average value (0.8736). In this area, it was also verified that with the decadence of the rubber plantations from the end of the 60-ies, the residents in the Riozinho region saw themselves in a difficult situation, since they should find alternatives for production and insertion into new productive system. The old latex extraction is almost no longer accomplished due to low price paid for kilo of rubber. The collect of the castanha do Brazil” appears as a lucrative alternative for those populations. However, there is a need for the availability of conservational productive alternatives, since many people have been attracted to livestock and giving up the rubber extraction. Based on the observations and data analysis, it is concluded that the adoption of conservation strategies for this region and this public should be different. The methodology used for obtaining the Sustainability Indexes was effective to differentiate the properties and their distribution along the river. This study made possible to deepening into knowledge about the resident populations in the riparian area of the Riozinho do Rôla, concerning to the number of residents in this region, their production and their traditional ways to use the natural resources. However, much more has to be done and those social actors' participation is fundamentally important for the formulation and application of several local development strategies at level of the hydrographic basin. / Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.