<p>Pastoralists in Africa have developed complex mechanisms by which they can alleviate the threat of drought. They practice mobility as one of the strategies to avoid the worst effects of natural stress and disperse grazing pressure. In the past in South Africa, the indigenous Nama people occupied large areas of land and moved around extensively to exploit seasonal differences in the availability of forage and water. With the settlement of the Europeans in the Cape the indigenous people lost most of their land to the colonists. The Nama people were, therefore, restricted to smaller rangelands and their patterns of rangeland use had to adapt to the spatial constraints. Descendants now herd livestock from semi-permanent stockposts that are scattered throughout the commons. Herders use a range of practices to manage their livestock. The aims of this study was to assess the agro-ecological knowledge of livestock keepers / assess the condition of the rangeland during drought / determine the herding strategies of herders during drought.</p>

The overall objective of the thesis was to investigate aspects of mental health among Swedish Sami reindeer herders and to deepen the understanding of the experience of the living conditions of young Sami reindeer-herding men. Theories of intersectionality, organisational culture and acculturation were used. Methods A questionnaire covering different aspects of mental health was distributed to the Sami population, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, selected parts of the Attitudes Towards Suicide questionnaire (ATTS) and the Job Control Questionnaire (JCQ). 15 interviews with young male reindeer-herders were conducted and analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Results A higher load of anxiety and depression was found in the Sami population, most evident regarding anxiety and among middle aged reindeer-herding men. Regarding alcohol risk consumption reindeer-herding Sami do not in general drink more than a geographically matched reference population, but reindeer-herding men reported a higher proportion of hazardous drinkers, and of teetotallers and periodic drinkers. The reindeer-herding population reported significantly higher exposure to suicide and suicidal behaviour among significant others. Reindeer-herds also reported higher prevalence of different types of suicidal problems. The main theme that emerged in qualitative analysis was ‘Being a young reindeer herder means so many (impossible) dreams and conditions’, and the five subthemes were ‘Being inside or outside is a question of identity’, ‘There is a paradox between being free/unfree’, ‘An experience of different threats and a feeling of powerlessness’, ‘Specific norms for how a ‘real’ reindeer-herder should be’ and ‘The different impacts and meanings of relations’. Conclusions The thesis hypothesizes that the reindeer-herding right as an including, excluding and enclosing historically induced border plays an important part when trying to understand the mental health problems in the group. At present, the situation within reindeer-herding is strained because of practical obstacles and feelings of unfairness and uninfluencability. Furthermore, lack of social support, except from the closest part of the family, and experiences of multi-layered conflicts. This – together with norms of reindeer-herding and reindeer-herders that e.g. say that the reindeer herder is a man who doesn’t show weakness – plays a role in the present mental health problems of the Swedish reindeer-herding population. This applies especially to young and middle-aged reindeer-herding men. / Mental health among reindeer-herding Sami in Sweden

Submitted by TIAGO BINSFELD (tiago.binsfeld@gmail.com) on 2018-01-15T02:04:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Best Ideas_Tiago Binsfeld.pdf: 1338294 bytes, checksum: 499cc248b8a560a1935a28e70edd06ce (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Tiago, boa tarde! Para que possamos aprovar a sua Dissertação, é necessário que faça as seguintes alterações: - Retirar o "acento" do "Getulio"; - O "Resumo" deve estar antes do "Abstract". Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato. Att, Thais Oliveira. on 2018-01-15T15:38:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by TIAGO BINSFELD (tiago.binsfeld@gmail.com) on 2018-01-15T17:04:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Best Ideas_Tiago Binsfeld.pdf: 1288457 bytes, checksum: fd0b906738c3688529e702b594717853 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-01-15T21:02:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Best Ideas_Tiago Binsfeld.pdf: 1288457 bytes, checksum: fd0b906738c3688529e702b594717853 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-16T12:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Best Ideas_Tiago Binsfeld.pdf: 1288457 bytes, checksum: fd0b906738c3688529e702b594717853 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / This paper searches for evidences that equity portfolio managers hold in their portfolios a finite number of stocks able to generate alpha. Theoretical portfolios are built from the best ideas identified in 2.201 Brazilian equity funds in the period from 2009 to 2016. In order to explain the return determinants, we use the five-factor Fama and French model (2015), as well as an alternate six-factor model, with the inclusion of herding. Results indicate that best ideas portfolios presented returns over the IBX 100 portfolio ranging from 0.69% to 2.33% per quarter, while the aggregate of managers’ ideas yielded a return inferior to the benchmark by 0.20% per quarter. By controlling different specifications of the model, alpha was found to be positive and significant at 5% of level of significance. / O trabalho procura evidências de que gestores de fundos de ações possuem um número finito de ações capazes de gerar alfa em suas carteiras. São construídos portfólios teóricos formados pelas best ideas identificadas nos 2.201 fundos de ações brasileiros que compõem a amostra do período de 2009 a 2016. Para explicar o desempenho desses portfólios, utiliza-se o modelo de cinco fatores de Fama e French (2015) e um modelo alternativo com a inclusão do fator herding. Os resultados mostram que os portfólios de best ideas brasileiras apresentaram desempenho superior ao benchmark teórico IBX 100 em no mínimo 0,69% e no máximo 2,33% por trimestre, enquanto o agregado das ideias dos gestores apresenta um retorno inferior ao benchmark em 0,20% por trimestre. Controlando por diferentes fatores, identificou-se alfa positivo e significativo a no mínimo 5% de significância.

Este trabalho estuda o impacto do efeito manada do investidor institucional no preço futuro das ações no Brasil. Segundo a literatura internacional, ações compradas (vendidas) pela indústria de fundos de investimentos têm seus preços aumentados (diminuídos) no curto prazo, de 1 a 6 meses. Já no longo prazo, esse efeito se inverte, corroborando a hipótese desestabilizadora de preços do efeito manada dos fundos. Foram realizadas análises em painel com efeitos fixos dos dados mensais da carteira de todos os fundos de investimento brasileiros de 2009 a 2015 e os resultados corroboram parcialmente as expectativas, ações compradas pelos fundos, com persistência positiva, apresentam queda nos retornos futuros, e as ações vendidas pelos fundos, com persistência negativa, sofrem aumento de retornos futuros. Quando separada a variável persistência em persistência de compra e persistência de venda, os resultados são ainda mais surpreendentes, ocorre que as ações compradas pelos fundos apresentam um resultado futuro muito positivo, entretanto as ações vendidas pelos fundos apresentam um retorno futuro, tanto no curto quanto no longo prazo, superior ao das ações compradas. Fundos ativos e pequenos comprando e vendendo ações small caps apresentam um efeito ainda mais forte. / This paper studies the impact of institutional herding on stock prices in Brazil. According to international papers, stocks bought (sold) by the fund industry have their prices increased (decreased) in the short term, from 1 to 6 months. In the long term, this effect is reversed, corroborating the destabilizing hypothesis of the institutional herding on prices. Fixed effects panel analyses were performed with the monthly portfolio data of all stocks held by Brazilian investment funds from 2009 to 2015 and the results partially corroborate expectations, stocks purchased by the funds, with positive persistence, decline in future returns, and stocks sold by the funds, with negative persistence, suffer an increase of future returns. When we separate the persistence variable into persistence of purchase and persistence of sale, the results are even more surprising, it happens that the shares bought by the funds present a very positive result in the following months, however the shares sold by the funds present a future return, both in the short and in the long run, higher than the shares purchased. Small and active funds buying and selling small caps have an even stronger effect.

Abstract  In 1924 an investigation into the poor relief of the Saamis in Sweden was conducted. Thus, non-reindeer herding Saamis came into the lime-light for the first time. Previous research has focused on reindeer-herding Saamis in the sense that they were “the true Saamis”. Instead, the aim of this thesis, is to disclose how the non-reindeer herding Saamis were constructed by using a discourse analysis approach. It includes those called Parish Lapps, found in thirty replies to a questionnaire of the Nordic Museum in Sweden conducted in 1945. The bias presented there included the magic abilities of the Saamis. The findings illustrate that these notions, as well as the official discourse, influenced the communal discourse. Other bias exist in Swedish society today, and previous special rights of reindeer-herding is brought to the fore onto the political agenda, leaving the non-reindeer herding Saamis, and their history, on the margins. The non-reindeer herding Saamis were depicted as “the other”, not fully included in the “true Saami” way of living, always in exclusion to the Swedish residential manner.

In december 2019, the first cases of covid-19 were reported in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has spread rapidly around the world. In order to try to stop the spread of the virus, isolation has become actual. Except affecting the public health, the virus has caused deep traces in the global economy. A clear stock market fall on the Swedish stock exchange could be observed in February-March 2020. The financial crisis that has arisen is the first crisis many of the young investors, of the age 18–30 years old have to manage. Due to the economic crisis that has arisen, this study aimed to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during the period 1 January 2020 to 5 May 2020. The research question goes as follows: What factors influence young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis? The study was conducted on the basis of the Theory of Behavioral Finance. This theory assumes that the individual's decision-making in the financial market is largely influenced by emotions and other psychological factors. Furthermore, the theory is based on a number of different assumptions about human psychological and behavioral phenomena that influence investment decisions. The procedure for conducting the study was to make a descriptive quantitative study. This meant that a questionnaire was passed on to young investors and that the answers were then compiled in diagrams and tables. The results indicated that the factors overconfidence, representativeness bias and anchoring bias seemed most likely to describe young investors' decision-making in the financial market during an economic crisis. At the same time, a reasonable interpretation seemed to be that herding behavior and risk and loss aversion cannot describe the young investors' decision-making to a large extent. The importance of mental accounting could not be determined in this context, as the answers received provided an incomplete basis for deciding this. To be able to draw conclusions about the role of mental accounting in decision-making, several issues that dealt with this would have been useful. One suggestion for continued research is to study other factors that may underlie young investors' decision-making during an economic crisis.

La presente tesi si concentra sull’incertezza e sulla sua relazione con il rischio finanziario, due importanti concetti in economia e finanza. Il primo capitolo propone un approccio analitico in grado di separare gli shock connessi all’incertezza finanziaria dagli shock legati all’incertezze politiche, utilizzando un campione di paesi appartenti all’area Euro, dove la diffusione di shock da un paese all’altro (effetti di spillover) rendono l’identificazione più complessa. I risultati indicano che la BCE favorisce adottare una condotta proattiva verso gli shock di incertezza politica, e una più passiva verso gli shock di incertezza finanziaria. Il secondo capitolo discute il trade-off tra accuratezza della previsione e velocità di reazione che consente agli hedge fund di incrementare i profitti durante periodi caratterizzati da elevata incertezza. In questo capitolo si propone un metodo matematico per l’analisi di tale trade-off utilizzando un approccio Bayesiano. I risultati empirici e le simulazioni effettuate indicano che previsioni meno accurate sono associate ad aumenti di velocità. Infine, il terzo capitolo analizza alcune problematiche inerenti alla transizione ad un’economia a basso impatto ambientale, tenendo conto che la presenza di incertezza e asimmetrie informative potrebbero amplificare o limitare i pregiudizi comportamentali degli investitori. / This thesis focuses on broader or Knightian uncertainty and its relation with financial uncertainty or risk, given the overlaps existing between these two important concepts in the economics and finance literature. The first chapter adds to the existing stock of analytical methods able to disentangle financial from policy-related uncertainty shocks within a sample of Euro Area countries, where cross-border spill-overs can raise identification challenges. In terms of policy reactions, the results point to ECB having adopted a pro-active stance towards policy uncertainty shocks, but a more passive or accommodative stance towards financial uncertainty shocks. The second chapter discusses the trade-off between prediction accuracy and reaction speed that allows hedge funds to better time the market and profit during periods of turmoil and high uncertainty. It proposes a mathematical formulation of the trade-off that casts the decision-making process in a Bayesian framework. The empirical results, pointing to speed gains associated with less accurate predictions, are justified in a simulation exercise. The third chapter discusses some challenges arising from the ongoing transition to a low-carbon economy in a market context dominated by multiple uncertainty sources and information frictions that can either amplify or reduce investors’ own behavioural biases.

This project is based on questions about the significance of the acoustic space for kulning (herding calls). Swedish vocal folk music and in particular kulning, is at the center of my expressive, musical language. I was seduced by the tonality, variety, flexibility in Swedish folk singing as well as the individual freedom of expression. In this work I want to reflect past and present, based on the voice and singing style from my own perspective. The questions were: How can I kula if I don´t have a forest, the natural environment for kulning? Can I create a virtual forest indoors, for my voice to sound in a similar way as outdoors, that would feel like kulning outdoors? Can I find an analog or electronic backdoor to a perfect kulning sound in indoor spaces? Can I create new music with the idea that the room is an extension of the kulning sound? and in the end, how do I convey the artistic qualities of kulning to someone else? I have investigated those questions in the artistic project - The Dome - Part I, Part II and Part III by creating spatial music for voices, in two different dome-shaped indoor spaces. The insight that the room is an extension of the sound of kulning made me understand the importance of uncompromising acoustics. I revalue techniques, directions and positions. Try out tools to create - virtual SoundScapesusing digital technology. Experiment with exercises that can give my voice long durability. Try out composition models to get musical ideas to implement in new music. The artistic outcomes of this research are new concepts for kulning in electroacoustic and analog indoor spaces. The result of the project has become a number of methods for composition, improvisation, performing and teaching.    The project has been documented in a website: http://footprints.mariamisgeld.se

No description available.

Bakgrund: Investmentbolag hanterar kapital och investerar i huvudsak i andra aktiebolag. Ett vanligt tillvägagångssätt när det kommer till att värdera ett investmentbolag är att analysera substansvärdet. Trots att information om marknadsvärden på investmentbolagens innehav finns tillgängliga, avviker ofta börsens värdering av investmentbolagen från det så kallade substansvärdet och det uppkommer rabatter och premier. Genom den forskning som gjorts på området saknas det en genomgående uppfattning för vilka förklaringar som påverkar investmentbolagens substansrabatter och premier. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera och undersöka vad som orsakar att investmentbolagen noterade på Nasdaq Stockholm i perioder värderas till en substansvärdepremie/-rabatt. Metod: En kvantitativ forskningsmetod har använts för att besvara studiens syfte. För att besvara studiens syfte har fyra potentiella förklaringar till substansrabatterna/-premiernas uppkomst undersökts. Data har samlats in och kategorisats under respektive investmentbolag under den undersökta tidsperioden. Paneldataanalyser har utförts för att studera eventuella samband mellan potentiella förklaringar och värderingens avvikelse från substansvärdet. Slutsats: I sju av nio fall visade studien att avkastningen på OMXSPI kan förklara substansvärdesförändring med en positiv koefficient. Det vill säga att substansvärdepremie/-rabatten rör sig i en positiv riktning vid en en-procentig förändring i index. Utifrån det lir slutsatsen att det finns relativt starka underlag för att OMXSPI delvis kan förklara investmentbolagens avvikelser från substansvärdet. Studien visar att det inte går att med statistisk signifikans att härleda övriga förklaring till avvikelsen. Därför kan vi inte med säkerhet säga att några av förklaringarna förutom OMXSPI besitter statiska samband med substansvärdepremie/-rabatten i investmentbolagen. / Background: Closed-end funds manage capital and invest mainly in other listed companies. A common approach when it comes to valuate a closed-end fund is to analyse the net asset value. Although information about the closed-end fund holdings is available, the market valuation of the closed-end funds often deviates from the so-called net asset value and discount and premiums arise. Through the research done in this area, there is no comprehensive understanding of which explanations actually affect the closed-end funds NAV discount and premiums. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse and investigate what causes the closed-end funds listed on Nasdaq Stockholm to be valued at a NAV discount or premium during certain periods of time. Method: A quantitative research method has been used to answer this papers purpose. To answer the purpose of the paper, four potential explanations for emerge of NAV discount and premiums have been investigated. Data has been collected and categorized under respectively closed-end fund during the examined period. Panel data models were built to analyse the possible relationship between potential explanations and the valuation deviation to the net asset value. Conclusion: In seven out of nine cases, the study showed that the return on OMXSPI can explain net asset value change with a positive coefficient. That is, the NAV premium / discount moves in a positive direction in the event of a one percent change in the index. Based on this, it is concluded that there is relatively strong evidence that OMXSPI can partly explain the closed-end funds’ deviations from the net asset value. Furthermore, the study shows that it is not possible to derive other explanations for the deviation with statistical significance. Therefore, we cannot say with certainty that the explanations besides OMXSPI have a statistical relationship with the NAV premium / discount in the closed-end funds.