This research report explores the link between the novels of Ingrid Winterbach / Lettie Viljoen, a third culture and the neo-Victorian novel. The study is therefore situated within the cultural-philosophical framework of a third culture, which implies that the two cultures of science and literature do not function as separate disciplines, but as an organic unit. Researchers in the interdiscipline of literature and science identify the Age of Science (1879–1914) – including the Victorian era (1837–1901) – as a historical period where the existence of such a third culture was observed. This period was characterised by numerous scientific discoveries, and Darwin’s theory of evolution generated heated debates in Victorian society. Nineteenth-century literature (and specifically the Victorian novel) therefore reflects the spirit of an age where the interaction between science and literature was particularly evident. In our information-driven society, the focus is once again on scientific discovery and dissemination of knowledge, prompting social critics to typify the current period as “neo-” or “retro-Victorian”. The contemporary imagination still problematises Darwin’s theory of evolution, and fiction such as Winterbach’s therefore not only renegotiates the fixed modernistic boundaries between science and literature, but also revisits the nineteenth- century genres simptomatic of a similar third culture. Winterbach’s novels (1984–2006) display a distinctive predisposition towards natural history and Darwinistic principles and are therefore postmodern adaptations of nineteenth-century conventions. Darwinistic concepts such as growth, metamorphosis,transformation, evolution and the origin, naming and extinction of species are therefore accentuated. Winterbach’s fictionalisation of a nineteenth-century worldview can be linked to the work of her ancestors in the Afrikaans literary tradition, Eugène Marais and C. Louis Leipoldt (both amateur scientists). Her popularisation of scientific knowledge and revisitation of Victorian codes also link her to a neo-Victorian novelistic movement (a contemporary permutation of the Victorian tradition). Her oeuvre therefore also displays similarities to that of her British contemporary, A.S. Byatt, a prominent neo-Victorian novelist. An exploration of the natural world in this tradition, however, also implies an exploration of supernatural spheres, a trend which is equally evident in texts by congeners such as (George) Eliot, Marais, Leipoldt, Winterbach and Byatt. / Afrikaans / D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans and Theory of Literature)

Este trabalho procura compreender a relação entre as culturas literárias do Novo Mundo e a tradição ocidental em termos de idiomas, espaços geográficos, unidades políticas, regiões culturais e centros de população. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas as abordagens históricas do australiano Henry Green, do estadunidense Harold Bloom, do brasileiro Antonio Candido e do argentino Jorge Luis Borges em relação aos seus respectivos contextos intelectuais: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Ao fim, se propõe um projeto para elaborar uma história da literatura no Novo Mundo a partir da comparação das perspectivas de várias regiões dos Novos Mundos latino e anglófono. / This study aims to comprehend the relationship between the literary cultures of the New World and the Western tradition in terms of languages, geographical spaces, political units, cultural regions and population centres. On the basis of this perspective, it compares the historical approaches of the Australian Henry Green, the US American Harold Bloom, the Brazilian Antonio Candido and the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges in relation to their respective intellectual contexts: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. Finally, it proposes the elaboration of a history of literature in the New World on the basis of the comparison of perspectives from different regions of the Latin and Anglophone New World.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T14:27:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3026287 bytes, checksum: 1629bccc42423e5fec21208370d9c0cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-20T14:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 3026287 bytes, checksum: 1629bccc42423e5fec21208370d9c0cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / This work aims to investigate the circumstances surrounding the practice and publication of literary translations in the periodical press of the Northeast of Brazil in the mid-nineteenth century, based on the magazines O Archivo (Maranhão, 1846) and Revista Americana (Bahia, 1847-1848). In both magazines, we identified 47 translations of literature. To present this panorama, we treat the corpus based on the theoretical and methodological concept, Cultural Transfer, by Michel Espagne (2012), and the economic and ideological view handled by Pierre Bourdieu through the work of Joseph Jurt (2007). Focusing on the support where these translations were propagated – the magazine – the works of Socorro de Fatima Pacífico Barbosa (2007), Katia Aily Franco de Camargo (2014), and Tania Regina de Luca (2008; 2014) about the periodical press guided us. Initially we present a quantitative corpus analysis based on the work of Lüsebrink and Reichardt (1994), aiming to approach the translation scenery in periodical press of the nineteenth century. Then, we present a descriptive analysis of each literary translations found, having as a starting point the schematic picture adapted from Lambert (2011). Therefore, we investigated the cultural mediation instances through contextual analysis of the translations identified in the two magazines, in association with their respective contexts and source texts, in order to present a mosaic of the foreign cultural memory present in the Northeast of Brazil in the nineteenth century. The work is divided into four chapters: in Chapter 1, we present an introductory look at literature and translation in the context of periodical press in the Northeast of Brazil in the nineteenth century; in Chapter 2 is a brief historical background of the periodical press in the nineteenth century, concerning O Archivo and Revista Americana; in Chapter 3, we present an overview of the translations of literature found in both magazines, exposing a quantitative map of what was translated regarding literature; finally, in Chapter 4, we present a descriptive analysis of the translations of literature found, characterizing the translation practices and strategies, demonstrating the importance of translating for the formation of the cultural and social context and for the formation of the national literature canon. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral a investigação das circunstâncias que envolvem a prática e a publicação de traduções de literatura na imprensa periódica do antigo Norte brasileiro de meados do século XIX, tendo como referência as revistas O Archivo (Maranhão, 1846) e Revista Americana (Bahia, 1847-1848). Nas duas revistas, identificamos 47 traduções de literatura ao todo. Para apresentar tal panorama, tratamos do corpus com base no conceito teórico-metodológico de Transferências Culturais de Michel Espagne (2012), e no viés econômico-ideológico tratado por Pierre Bourdieu através do trabalho de Joseph Jurt (2007). Sem perder de vista o suporte em que foram veiculadas essas traduções – revista –, nos pautaremos principalmente nos trabalhos de Socorro de Fátima Pacífico Barbosa (2007), Katia Aily Franco de Camargo (2014), e Tânia Regina de Luca (2008; 2014) acerca da imprensa periódica. Dessa maneira, apresentamos inicialmente uma análise quantitativa do corpus com base no trabalho de Lüsebrink e Reichardt (1994), visando nos aproximar do cenário de tradução e imprensa periódica do século XIX, cenário este que nos aprofundamos ao expor a análise descritiva de cada uma das traduções, cujo ponto inicial será o quadro esquemático adaptado de Lambert (2011). Sendo assim, procuramos investigar as instâncias de mediação cultural através da análise contextual das traduções identificadas nas revistas supracitadas, em relação aos seus respectivos contextos e textos de partida, visando identificar o caminho percorrido entre os espaços de partida e chegada para apresentar um mosaico da memória cultural estrangeira presente no antigo Norte brasileiro do século XIX. Isso posto, o presente trabalho encontra-se dividido em quatro capítulos: no Capítulo 1, apresentamos um olhar introdutório sobre literatura e tradução no contexto de periódicos do antigo Norte brasileiro no século XIX; no Capítulo 2, apresentamos um breve cenário histórico da imprensa periódica no século XIX, situando as revistas maranhense e baiana; no Capítulo 3, apresentamos um panorama geral das traduções de literatura encontradas em ambas, expondo um mapeamento quantitativo do que era traduzido nas duas revistas no tocante à literatura; por fim, no Capítulo 4, apresentamos uma análise descritiva das traduções de literatura encontradas, caracterizando práticas e estratégias tradutórias e demonstrando a importância de traduzir para a formação do contexto cultural e social e para a formação do próprio cânone de literatura nacional.

Este trabalho procura compreender a relação entre as culturas literárias do Novo Mundo e a tradição ocidental em termos de idiomas, espaços geográficos, unidades políticas, regiões culturais e centros de população. A partir dessa perspectiva, são analisadas as abordagens históricas do australiano Henry Green, do estadunidense Harold Bloom, do brasileiro Antonio Candido e do argentino Jorge Luis Borges em relação aos seus respectivos contextos intelectuais: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo e Buenos Aires. Ao fim, se propõe um projeto para elaborar uma história da literatura no Novo Mundo a partir da comparação das perspectivas de várias regiões dos Novos Mundos latino e anglófono. / This study aims to comprehend the relationship between the literary cultures of the New World and the Western tradition in terms of languages, geographical spaces, political units, cultural regions and population centres. On the basis of this perspective, it compares the historical approaches of the Australian Henry Green, the US American Harold Bloom, the Brazilian Antonio Candido and the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges in relation to their respective intellectual contexts: Sydney, Nova York, São Paulo and Buenos Aires. Finally, it proposes the elaboration of a history of literature in the New World on the basis of the comparison of perspectives from different regions of the Latin and Anglophone New World.

Les vers latins ne furent pas un pensum pour tous les collégiens du XIXe siècle. Ils eurent un rôle récréatif dans l’enseignement des humanités, au sein duquel ils favorisaient l’étude des poètes de langue française, parfois contemporains, par le biais de traductions. Ils furent une introduction aux belles-lettres pour quelques-uns, dont Sainte-Beuve, Musset, Baudelaire, Bourget et Rimbaud. Des périodiques et des recueils de poésie néo-latine, qui n’étaient pas tous scolaires, poursuivaient une tradition humaniste privilégiant l’épigramme et les jeux versifiés. Ces publications reflétaient également l’évolution des formes poétiques : essoufflement de l’épopée et de la fable, fortune de l’ode civique et des genres didactiques et descriptifs, recherche d’une synthèse entre esthétique des belles-lettres et philosophie sensualiste, succès du romantisme lamartinien. Dans cette tradition, le poème de Baudelaire « Franciscae meae laudes », dont la fortune se confondit avec celle du latin décadent dans la littérature française, constituait un cas à part. Durant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle, la période 1750-1830 fut considérée comme l’âge d’or des humanités. Elle fut l’apogée de l’institution Sainte-Barbe et du concours général et correspondit à une génération d’élèves et de professeurs arrivés aux responsabilités à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et revenus au pouvoir après la Révolution. La poésie de cette période eut une inspiration commune, en latin ou en français. / Latin verses were not an extra duty for all students in the nineteenth century. They had a recreational role in teaching humanities, as they favoured the study of French poets, sometimes the contemporary ones, through translations. They were in deed an introduction to the belles-lettres for some students like Sainte-Beuve, Musset, Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Bourget. Periodicals and neo-Latin publications, which were not all bound to school, followed a humanist tradition favouring epigrams and versified games. These publications also reflected the evolution of poetic forms : the slowing of epic and fable, the health of civic ode and didactic and descriptive poems, search for a synthesis between aesthetics of belles-lettres and philosophy sensualist, fame of Lamartine’s romanticism. In this tradition, Baudelaire's poem "Franciscae meae laudes", whose success was bound to that of the decadent Latin in French literature, was a special case. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the 1750-1830’s period was considered as the golden age of the humanities. It was the apogee of the Sainte-Barbe’s institution and the concours général and corresponded to a generation of students and teachers who arrived to political responsibilities in the late eighteenth century and returned to power after the Revolution. The poetry of this period had a common inspiration, in Latin or in French.

Abstract Globalization, immigration and the multiculturalization of society have had a deep impact on Finland in the last few decades. But what effect did these altered cultural-societal circumstances have on literary life in Finland in the early 2000s? The object of research in this article-based dissertation is the transnationalization of literary life in Finland. This is investigated through what is called ’new transnational literature’ in this study by means of analyzing literature published by writers with migrant backgrounds during the first decade of the 20th century in Finland. The study analyzes the reception of debut novels by Ranya ElRamly, Umayya Abu-Hanna, Zinaida Linden and Alexandra Salmela. Furthermore, it considers how this reception has implicitly defined and canonized Finnish literature, and how transnational and cross-border writers are situated in the literary field in Finland. By problematizing how to approach the transnational in literary studies, this dissertation contributes to current debates on methodological nationalism. The research material consists of works of fiction as well as texts published on internet and print media that deal with the reception of the novels. These sources are examined within the framework of cultural studies, mainly from the perspectives of close reading and sociological criticism, media studies-oriented reception theory, and the history of literature, as well as transnational approach that goes beyond national framework. This research demonstrates that approximately 90 writers with migrant backgrounds, often writing in languages other than Finnish, Swedish or Sami, have published texts in Finland in the 2000s. Although many of them have been successful, most of them have continued working without due recognition hampered by prevailing monolingualism. New transnational literary works have been placed in rigid categories, and the reception has emphasized authors’ backgrounds and national borders, thus concealing the literary dimensions and qualities of their works. New transnational literature questions the understanding of literature as nation-bound. According to this study, Finnish literary life appears to be a transnational and multi-lingual space, in which writers simultaneously belong to both transnational and national literary cultures. The significance of gender is also evident, in that women writers and their books have had a pivotal role in the transnationalization of Finnish literature. / Tiivistelmä Globalisaatio, maahanmuutto ja yhteiskunnan monikulttuuristuminen ovat viime vuosikymmeninä luonnehtineet Suomea. Miten muuttunut kulttuuris-yhteiskunnallinen tilanne on vaikuttanut kirjalliseen elämään 2000-luvun alun Suomessa? Artikkeliväitöskirjassa tutkitaan suomalaisen kirjallisen elämän ylirajaistumista. Tätä hahmotellaan tarkastelemalla maahanmuuttajataustaisten kirjailijoiden julkaisemia tekstejä, joita kutsutaan tässä uudeksi ylirajaiseksi kirjallisuudeksi. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan myös teosten vastaanottoa, vastaanoton sisältämää suomalaisen kirjallisuuden määrittelyä ja kanonisointia sekä ylirajaisten kirjailijoiden sijoittumista kirjalliselle kentälle Suomessa. Pohtimalla sitä, miten tutkia kirjallisuuden ylirajaisuutta, tutkimus osallistuu kansainväliseen keskusteluun metodologisesta nationalismista. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kaunokirjallisuudesta, erityisesti Ranya ElRamlyn, Umayya Abu-Hannan, Zinaida Lindénin ja Alexandra Salmelan esikoisteoksista, sekä internetissä ja printtimediassa julkaistusta, kirjallisuutta käsittelevästä tekstimateriaalista. Aineistoa lähestytään tekstilähtöisen ja yhteiskunnallisen kirjallisuudentutkimuksen, mediatutkimuksellisesti painottuneen vastaanottotutkimuksen, kirjallisuushistoriallisen tutkimuksen sekä kansallisesta kehyksestä irtaantuvan ylirajaisen lähestymistavan suunnista. Tutkimus tuo esille sen, miten Suomessa on 2000-luvun mittaan julkaissut erilaisia tekstejä noin 90 maahanmuuttajataustaista ja usein muulla kuin suomen-, ruotsin- tai saamen kielellä työskentelevää kirjailijaa. Vaikka moni on menestynyt hyvin, edelleen suurin osa työskentelee näkymättömissä erityisesti kieleen liittyvien esteiden keskellä. Vastaanotossa aineiston kirjallisuutta on aseteltu jähmeisiin kategorioihin ja kirjailijoiden maahanmuuttajuutta on tuotu esille, mikä on korostanut kansallisia rajoja ja häivyttänyt teosten kaunokirjallisia ulottuvuuksia. Uusi ylirajainen kirjallisuus on horjuttanut käsitystä kansallisesta kirjallisuudesta. Suomalainen kirjallinen elämä näyttäytyy tutkimuksessa transnationaalisena ja monikielisenä tilana, jossa kirjailijat kuuluvat sekä ylirajaisiin kirjallisiin yhteisöihin että kansallisiin kirjallisuuksiin. Tutkimusaineisto havainnollistaa myös sukupuolen merkitystä. Kirjailijanaisilla ja heidän teoksillaan on keskeinen rooli kirjallisuuden ylirajaistumisessa ja neuvotteluissa suomalaisesta kirjallisuudesta.

This thesis is primarily concerned with the literary aspects of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Its immediate focus rests on the evolution of the Islamic republican poetic trend, encompassing both the disillusioned and conformist voices that rose to prominence in the course of the 1979 Revolution and their on-going engagement with the ruling political power. In this vein, this thesis investigates the various cultural policies of the state, as well as select political transformations of the past three decades, all of which played a pivotal role in this literary evolution. The thesis shows how the official poets that emerged during the 1979 Revolution, and which proved significantly active throughout the immediate history subsequent to that event (war with Iraq, the death of Ayatollah Khomeini and the rise and fall of the reform movement), evolved over time and thereby either received political support for their commitment to the state ideology or became gradually excluded from official cultural institutions. Finally, this thesis reviews the manner in which state strategies have shaped an institutionalised form of poetry that is monitored and reinforced by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic and official cultural authorities. It demonstrates how an innate linking of the project of Islamic republican literature to underlying ideologically defined notions such as 'religious verse', 'legitimate poetry' and 'commitment' was and continues to be an intrinsic part of the literary foundations of the ideological apparatus of the Islamic Republic.

This thesis argues that a prominent concern among contemporary writers of fiction is the recuperation of lost or occluded histories. Increasingly, contemporary writers, especially postcolonial writers, are using the medium of fiction to explore those areas of political and cultural history that have been written over or unwritten by the dominant narrative of “official” History. The act of excavating these past histories is simultaneously both traumatic and liberating – which is not to suggest that liberation itself is without pain and trauma. The retelling of traumatic pasts can lead, as is portrayed in The God of Small Things (1997), to further trauma and pain. Postcolonial writers (and much of the world today can be construed as postcolonial in one way or another) are seeking to bring to the fore stories of the past which break down the rigid binaries upon which colonialism built its various empires, literal and ideological. Such writing has in a sense been enabled by the collapse, in postcolonial and postmodernist discourse, of the Grand Narrative of History, and its fragmentation into a plurality of competing discourses and histories. The associated collapse of the boundary between history and fiction is recognized in the useful generic marker “historiographic metafiction,” coined by Linda Hutcheon. The texts examined in this study are all variants of this emerging contemporary genre. What they also have in common is a concern with the consequences of exile or diaspora. This study thus explores some of the representations of how the exilic experience impinges on the development of identity in the postcolonial world. The identities of “displaced” people must undergo constant change in order to adjust to the new spaces into which they move, both literal and metaphorical, and yet critical to this adjustment is the cultural continuity provided by psychologically satisfying stories about the past. The study shows that what the chosen texts share at bottom is their mutual need to retell the lost pasts of their characters, the trauma that such retelling evokes and the new histories to which they give birth. These texts generate new histories which subvert, enrich, and pre-empt formal closure for the narratives of history which determine the identities of nations.

A large number of recent scholarship in (American) literary and cultural studies is devoted to describing the contemporary moment as a monumental break from the previous (or current) period, postmodernism, by hailing our contemporary times as the era of post-postmodernism, late postmodernism, metamodernism, cosmodernism, or of a similarly termed construction. In these different proclamations, we recognize a pervasive tendency to periodize, an attempt to separate phases of human existence and cultural creation into neat stages that ‘logically’ follow after one another to form a supposedly coherent narrative. This practice of periodizing comes with a number of pitfalls that many of these studies seem not fully aware of, and it in turn speaks to (and characterizes) the contemporary moment as one marked by a desire for the boundedness of such clear divisions. In the following pages, we chronicle the quandaries that follow from such implicit and explicit efforts of periodization by focalizing them through three different ‘creation myths’ of the contemporary that such efforts at periodization typically subscribe to. As a way of sidestepping these, we accentuate the strengths of more ‘local’ critical lenses, approaches that historicize without periodizing. As one such lens, we suggest to engage the contemporary moment through the ‘poetics of politics,’ a historical discursive formation in which literary and popular texts’ desire for political relevance is matched by a recognition, in politics, of the (meta)textual quality of political action.

The aim of the thesis is to think over the possibilities of the history of literature and some other literature theories in the field of interpretation. The history of literature describes literary texts as historical objects. Although it's a human science, it disregards a human beings and their life-world. It rather categorize technically literary texts into different groups. This approach is purely scientific. The history of literature as many other branches of literary science solves their own abstract problems through the abstract theories which has no aim to interpret the literary text as a specific experience for a reader. The article points out how the scientific approach to the literary text disable to interpret a conrete literary text in the sense for human being. I use phenomenological philosophy as a proposal of another type of approach to the interpretation. Interpretation in the phenomenological sence means that through literary text the interpret seeks to understand our living world. In the other parts I follow the trail of phenomenological philosophy in tradition of Prague structuralism. Especially I focus on specifics of Russian phenomenology, particularly in philosophies of these Russian philosophers which dealed with interpretation of art (namely J. Golosovker, B. Engelgardt, G....