Les juges et consuls : que sont-ils ? Qui représentent-ils ? Qui sont-ils ? L’analyse d’une affaire survenue à Angers, au-delà d’une querelle de préséance, pose en réalité cette question d’état relative à leur définition et donc à leur importance dans la ville. Si l’arrêt intervenu en 1736 les reconnaît comme députés de la juridiction consulaire, le débat est sans cesse relancé, notamment lors de l’application de la réforme Laverdy. Car, élus par leurs pairs, pour une charge initialement annuelle, pour rendre la justice de l’ordre des marchands au nom du roi, ils sont concomitamment les mandataires d’une compagnie coutumière des anciens, qui se prétend de justice, d’un corps des marchands, sorte de fédération des différents ‘corps des marchands de’ dont les membres sont éligibles au consulat, et dans les grandes villes d’une « corporation des négociants libres ». En effet, les « ayant passé par les charges » s’instituent membres de droit du conseil d’administration de ce corps des marchands, tout en s’en estimant distincts car encore revêtus de la dignité de la judicature, et ce rôle ne leur est contesté que par les gardes de certaines communautés unies dont ils sont par ailleurs également issus en grande partie. Cette représentation multiple est clairement assumée dans un jeu de pouvoir avec la ville, notamment en raison d’une compétence partagée du service public économique. Ils évoquent l’édit de Cremieu pour s’imposer de droit dans les assemblées générales de la cité et pour s’autonomiser de liens originels ; par ailleurs, ils sont souvent membres de droit des chambres particulières de commerce et jouent un rôle non négligeable dans la désignation des députés du commerce. Défenseurs naturels du commerce, ils veillent à ce que les marchands, le plus souvent des membres de leur compagnie, soient élus au sein des différentes institutions de la ville. Issus d’une sanior pars différente selon les villes et évoluant selon un mouvement de pas chassé, ils veillent à ce que la survivance de la dignité de la judicature efface les qualités personnelles selon le principe intangible de l’ordre de la matricule. La désignation des membres de leur compagnie suit une logique’ d’oligarchisation’, parfois subie, maintenue par une parfaite maîtrise du processus électoral. Un noyau dur est formé par certains anciens bénéficiant d’un cumul des charges à la fois en interne et de manière essaimée, posant la question de la multi-appartenance et des conflits d’intérêts. / Judges of the “juridictions consulaires”: what are they? Who do they represent? Who are they? A case occurred in Angers, beyond a quarrel over precedence, pose actually the question of their state and social and legal importance in the city. If the judgment reached in 1736 recognizes them as members of a jurisdiction, the debate is constantly revived, especially during the Laverdy reform. In fact, elected by their peers, initially for annual responsibility to render justice, they are simultaneously representatives of a customary former company that aspires to be of justice, of a united corporation of various “merchants of… communities” whose members are eligible for the Court, and in major cities of a “free trading community”. Indeed, “having passed through the charges” are established ex officio members of the board of these institutions, while considering themselves different because still dressed in the dignity of the judicature. This role is disputed to them by some unified communities guards. This multiple representation is clearly assumed in a power game with local authorities, mainly because of a shared competence of public economic service. They evoke the edit of Cremieu to impose themselves in the general assemblies of the city and to empower original links; moreover, they are often ex officio members in the “chambers of commerce” and they play a significant role in the appointment of the “députés du commerce”. Natural defenders of the business, they ensure that the merchants, most often members of their company, are elected in the various local institutions. Stemming from a different sanior pars according to cities and evolving to a movement of “pas chassés”, they ensure that their survival dignity of judicature erases the personal qualities according to the inviolable principle of the order of the roll. The elections of the members of their companies follow a logic of “oligarchisation”, sometimes suffered, maintained by a perfect control of the electoral process. A core is formed by some formers enjoying simultaneously loads, both internally and in a spray-out way, raising the question of multi-membership and conflicts of interests.

Le rôle de la femme dans le procès peut être ramené à trois domaines : le témoignage, la défense judiciaire et la condition de défendeur.Selon l’opinion commune, la femme ne pouvait être témoin. Toutefois, cela ne coïncide pas avec la lettre des Digesta (22.5.18 ; 22.5.3.5). Ils attestent une capacité testimoniale générale de la femme, à moins qu’elle n’ait pas été condamnée en tant qu’adultère.En dépit du fait que la femme était exclue moribus des officia dits virilia (D. 50.17.2 pr.-1), il y a des témoignages de mulieres qui ont discuté des causes pro se aut pro aliis. Celles-ci sont considérées avec dédain par les auteurs anciens car l’in iudicis tacere était le seul comportement approprié à la condicio naturae de la femme.Évidemment, il n’y avait pas de place dans le monde romain pour des femmes juges. Et il est intéressant que Cassius Dion (h. R. 50.5.4) emploie cette exclusion pour démontrer à quel point la reine Cléopâtre était lointaine des mœurs romaines.La casuistique la plus large est celle des femmes défendeurs. Le modèle féminin idéal dans l’imaginaire romain est celui de la bonne épouse et mère, sobre dans les mœurs, modérée dans la parole, affable, pudique, obéissante. Sur un arrière-plan social ainsi esquissé, les crimes féminins les plus courants sont alors l’empoisonnement, l’adultère et les relations sexuelles avant le mariage. Il faut par ailleurs remarquer le crime résultant de la consommation de vin, à savoir une infraction qui est considérée comme telle seulement si son auteur est une femme. Puisque la mulier pouvait être jugée avec le système en vigueur au moment du procès / The woman’s role in the trial can substantially be brought back to three areas: the evidence, the legal aid and the guilt.It is generally accepted that the woman could not be a witness. However this does not what come out from the Digest, where is deduced a general witness ability unless the woman has not been condemned for adultery.Even though the woman was excluded moribus from the officia virilia (D. 50.17.2 pr.-1), in addition to the position of witness, there are testimonies of mulieres that discussed cases pro se aut pro aliis. This women are judged by the ancient authors with indignation (because the in iudicis tacere was the only appropriate behavior for the female condicio naturae). They are extraordinary exempla, that must be handed down as negative examples.Of course, there was no place in the Roman world for women judges. It is interesting how Cassius Dio (h. R. 50.5.4) uses this foreclosure, to demonstrate how much Queen Cleopatra was far from the Roman customs.The largest range of cases is the one of mulieres reae. The Idealtypus of the woman for the Romans is the one of a good wife and a good mother, sober, reliable, silent. In this social background, the female crimes more perpetrated are therefore veneficium, adulterium, stuprum and probum. It is particular also the crime of wine drinking, a hypothesis of crime that is punished only if it is made by a woman. The mulier was – within the limits of her status – cives and she could be tried with every trial system. But, some characteristics have distinguished the trial against men from the trial against women.

O presente estudo, partindo da premissa de que o processo, assim, como o próprio direito, sofre intensa influência dos valores sociais e das determinantes históricas, políticas e culturais da sociedade em que se insere, tem por escopo analisar a influência das concepções instrumentalista e publicista, do robustecimento de seu conteúdo ético e das demais premissas metodológicas do processo civil atual, na denominada divisão de trabalho entre juiz e das partes em todo o iter procedimental, e, notadamente, na atividade probatória, de sorte a reconhecer, com fundamento no modelo constitucional do processo civil brasileiro, a existência de autênticos deveres das partes e do juiz em matéria de prova e analisar as consequências jurídicas de sua inobservância. / This study, working on the premise that procedural law, as well as law itself, suffers intense influence of social values and societys historical, political and cultural determinants in which it operates, has the scope of analyzing the influence of the instrumentalist and publicist conceptions, the toughening of its ethical content and other methodological premises of the current civil procedure in the denominated division of labor between judge and parties throughout the procedural path, and notably in the evidentiary activity, so as to recognize, based on the constitutional model of the Brazilian civil procedure, the existence of genuine obligations of the parties and the judge regarding evidentiary matter and analyze the legal consequences of their noncompliance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Capelari.pdf: 1708370 bytes, checksum: 411091ff7c544a49a443c2e76b17ba0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-16 / This work aims the analysis of eventual political influence exercised in the deliberations of constitutional Courts in common and civil law systems due to the form of investiture of its members and especially the majority share of political bodies in this procedure which is assigned the function of raising to power the members who compose it, justifying such research due to the own e. Supremo Tribunal Federal - STF , the highest Court of the Brazilian Judiciary, be the subject of reflections on the theme, especially given the form of investiture of its members, in addition to treating the subject of relevant theme from an academic point of view. For the development of work towards your outcome readings were performed, research and reflections on the relevant legal provisions inserted in the Brazilian Federal Constitution and the Fundamental Laws of sovereign States here invoked and linked to the common and civil law systems, having being also performed research in the national and foreign doctrine in order to enrich the work and give a personal touch to each of the analyzed States by evocation of scholars that they are linked by bonds of nationality / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a análise de eventual influência política exercida em as deliberações das Cortes constitucionais em sistemas do common e civil law decorrente da forma de investidura de seus membros e, principalmente, da participação majoritária de órgãos políticos em tal procedimento aos quais é atribuída a função de alçar ao poder os membros que as integram, justificando-se a referida investigação em razão de o próprio Supremo Tribunal Federal STF, a mais alta Corte do Judiciário brasileiro, estar sendo alvo de reflexões em torno do tema especialmente em razão da forma de investidura de seus membros, além de tratar-se de tema relevante do ponto de vista acadêmico. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho em direção ao seu desfecho, foram realizadas leituras, pesquisas e reflexões em torno das pertinentes disposições normativas inseridas em a Constituição Federal brasileira e em as Leis Fundamentais dos soberanos Estados aqui invocados e vinculados aos sistemas do common e civil law, tendo sido também realizadas pesquisas em a doutrina nacional e estrangeira, a fim de enriquecer o trabalho e dar um toque pessoal a cada um dos analisados Estados mediante evocação de doutrinadores que se lhes encontram ligados por vínculos de nacionalidade

The United States Constitution had been in existence for almost two hundred years before the Supreme Court decided that some violations of constitutional rights may be too insignificant to warrant remedial action. Known as "harmless error," this statutory doctrine allows a court to affirm a conviction when a mere technicality or minor defect did not affect the defendant's substantial rights. The doctrine aims to promote judicial efficiency and judgment finality. The Court first applied harmless error to constitutional violations by shifting the statutory test away from the error's effect on substantial rights to its impact on the jury's verdict. Over time, the test evolved even further, now allowing a court to disregard the constitutional error when a majority of justices believe that the untainted record evidence shows that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. This sacrifice of individual and institutional constitutional protections at the altar of judicial efficiency and judgment finality subverts the harmless error doctrine's purposes and strikes at the core of America's founding ideals. In particular, it allows appellate courts to invade the jury's role as the finder of fact and guilt, to sidestep their constitutional role to review and correct errors and protect the Constitution, and to incentivize government actors to commit constitutional violations with little-to-no ramifications. After conducting a comprehensive review of the harmless error doctrine and its development, this thesis traces through many substantive, theoretical, and practical problems with the doctrine's current application. It then proposes that the Constitution and the values that it protects should once again be elevated above the harmless error doctrine's pragmatic concerns of judicial efficiency and judgment finality.

La Ruah YHWH joue un rôle important dans la transformation créative de l’univers et des entités actuelles; cependant, une réflexion concernant les modalités de ce rôle reste à développer. La théologie processuelle offre une plateforme à partir de laquelle sont examinées diverses facettes des rôles que peut jouer la Ruah YHWH dans un monde où le chaos semble dominer. L’objectif de ce mémoire est justement d’explorer la Ruah YHWH dans son rôle de transformation créative au service, ultimement de l’ordre, de la paix et de l’harmonie dans le monde, les communautés, la vie des entités actuelles, etc. Le Chapitre 1 passe en revue des notions clés de la théologie processuelle. Le concept des “entités actuelles” est d’abord défini. Sont ensuite examinées les différentes phases du devenir d’une entité actuelle. Finalement, les concepts de “créativité” et de “transformation”, dans une perspective de la Ruah YHWH font l’objet d’observations attentives avant d’aborder « trois natures » de Dieu, à savoir primordiale, conséquente, et superjective. Le Chapitre 2 s’intéresse à la péricope centrale de ce mémoire : Juges 13:24-14:20. Le découpage de la structure de cette péricope est basé sur des critères de critique textuelle et d’analyse syntaxique. La première analyse s’attarde aux difficultés que le texte hébreu présente, alors que la deuxième met l’accent sur l’organisation structurelle des propositions grammaticales des versets. Les deux analyses me permettent ensuite de proposer une traduction du péricope. Le Chapitre 3 se veut une application de ce qui a été élaboré au Chapitre 1 sur la péricope analysée au Chapitre 2. Ce troisième chapitre permet de mettre en pratique une approche processuelle originale développée par Robert David dans son livre Déli_l’ ÉCRITURE. Dans la foulée des chapitres qui le précèdent, le Chapitre 4 propose quelques principes herméneutiques contemporains pouvant éclairer le rôle de la Ruah YHWH dans l’avancée créative du monde : vie, amour, et paix. / The Ruah YHWH plays a key role in the creative transformation of both the universe and actual entities; however, that role has still to be developed. Process theology, of which I shall endeavour to define some important notions in Chapter 1, offers a platform I shall attempt to build upon in order to examine such an important role in a chaotic world. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the Ruah YHWH in Her role of creative transformation, which I argue to ultimately be that of bringing order, peace, and harmony in the world, communities, the life of actual entities, etc. Chapter 1 is an overview of some key notions of process theology: first, the concept of “actual entities” is defined. Secondly, I examine the phases of concrescence in the becoming of an actual entity. And finally, I look at the concepts of creativity and transformation in the perspective of the Ruah YHWH prior to examining the “three natures” of God, primordial, consequent, and superjective. Chapter 2 defines the pericope of this dissertation: Judges 13:24-14:20. The structure of the pericope is based upon the methods of textual criticism and syntactical analysis. While the first examination deals with some difficulties the original Hebrew text presents, the second deals with the structural organization of the verses grammatical propositions. The two examinations allow me to propose a translation of the pericope. Chapter 3 is an application of what was laid out in Chapter 1 on the pericope established in Chapter 2. In the course of the third chapter, I employ an innovative (original) processual approach developed by Robert David in his recent book Déli_ l’ÉCRITURE. Then, Chapter 4 proposes, out of the preceding chapters, some contemporary hermeneutical principles which enlighten the role of the Ruah YHWH in the creative transformation of the world: life, love, and peace.

[pt] A tese busca demonstrar que a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça criou um novo equilíbrio interno entre os órgãos do Poder Judiciário nacional. Para isso estabelece os padrões gerais dos institutos da Democracia, da Separação de Poderes, da Jurisdição e dos institutos da independência dos juizes, dos poderes processuais, da conduta individual externa e interna. A partir desses parâmetros estabelece um exame da estrutura atual do Poder Judiciário, com incursão na formação histórica, o que explica algumas das características atuais dos problemas que são enfrentados, como a demora na prestação jurisdicional e a conduta dos juizes. Focalizam-se os Princípios de Conduta Judicial discutidos e formalizados em Bangalore, Índia e que constituem um marco fundamental para a atividade dos juizes em todo o mundo. Como um documento de natureza diplomática, busca conciliar as diversas tradições jurídicas, quer européias ou americanas ou de outra influência, como Índia, Malásia e paises africanos. Também ocorre a análise dos princípios éticos aplicados no Brasil. No capitulo final adentra pela análise da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, fincando suas raízes históricas, inclusive como fruto do processo de globalização, capitaneado pelo Banco Mundial, examinando os diversos casos enfrentados pelo Conselho e enfatizando aqueles de maior repercussão para o equilíbrio interno dos órgãos do Poder Judiciário. Conclui-se que o CNJ é o guardião da administração do Poder Judiciário nacional e que o controle dos seus atos, realizado somente pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, tem redundado em sua legitimação, o que é resultado da análise dos diversos precedentes examinados no curso da pesquisa. / [en] The thesis seeks to demonstrate that the performance of the National Council of Justice has created a new balance between the internal organs of the national judiciary. For that establishes the general standards of the institutes of democracy, the Separation of Powers, Jurisdiction and the institutes of independent judges, procedural powers, the conduct of individual external and internal. From these parameters provides an examination of the current structure of the Judiciary, to foray into the historical background, which explains some of the current characteristics of the problems that are faced, as the delay in the court and the conduct of judges. They focus the Principles of Judicial Conduct discussed and formalized in Bangalore, India and constitute a milestone for the activity of judges around the world. As a document of a diplomatic nature, seeks to reconcile the different legal traditions, whether European or American or other influence, such as India, Malaysia and African countries. It also occurs to analyze the ethical principles applied in Brazil. In the final chapter enters by analyzing the activity of the National Council of Justice, deeply rooted historical, including as a result of globalization, led by the World Bank, examining the different situations faced by the Council and those emphasizing the greater impact to the internal balance of bodies of the Judiciary. We conclude that the CNJ is the guardian of the administration of the judiciary and the national control of their actions, carried out only by the Supreme Court, has resulted in his legitimation, which is a result of the analysis of several previous research examined the course of.

Globally, the justice system has set up courts to respond to complaints of a criminal and civil nature. Courts also respond to complaints which require swift relief by way of shortened procedures, in the form of motion proceedings. In all these complaints, courts have to respond in a manner that leaves litigants with a feeling of satisfaction that justice has been done. To the end of ensuring that there is legal certainty, justice systems in all jurisdictions have established a hierarchy of courts, with lower courts being bound by the decisions of higher courts in their jurisdiction. There has been no problem in the application of this principle called stare decisis, or judicial precedent, in disputes of law. However, in disputes of constitutional interpretation, courts have demonstrated a marked shift from observing the rule of judicial precedent. The disregard for this rule manifests itself particularly in the adjudication of cases surrounded by controversy. It is argued herein that constitutional interpretation is no different from legal interpretation, in that the rule of judicial precedent which characterises court decisions in legal disputes, should characterise court decisions in constitutional interpretation disputes. The Constitutional Court of South Africa itself, though it is the highest arbiter in constitutional matters, is bound by its own previous decisions, unless its previous decisions have become manifestly wrong. Three constitutional rights are analysed. The right to life in its three manifestations, namely, the right to life of the unborn child, the right to life of the convicted criminal not to be hanged, and the right of the terminally ill to continue living by receiving medical care at state expense. The other two rights are the right to privacy, and the right to culture. The right to privacy is the right that has been claimed in political controversies. In isolated instances, specifically mentioned herein, the Constitutional Assembly and the drafters of the Constitution have also contributed to the resultant inconsistency in constitutional interpretation. This is especially so with regard to the right to practise one‘s culture. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die beginsel van die onafhanklikheid van die regbank word verskans in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika van 1996. 'n Onafhanklike regbank is noodsaaklik ten einde te voldoen aan die primere funksie van die regbank, naamlik die bewerkstelliging van geregtigheid. Openbare vertroue in die onafhanklikheid van die regbank verhoog die legitimiteit van hierdie instelling, wat noodsaaklik is vir nakoming en eerbiediging van die howe se beslissings deur die gemeenskap. In die verlede het kritici beweer dat die regbank 'n legitimiteitskrisis beleef op grond daarvan dat polilieke oorwegings 'n rol gespeel het by die aanstelling van regsprekende amptenare, dat die regbank nie verteenwoordigend genoeg is van die bevolking wat betref ras en geslag nie en dat die howe in die verlede in sommige gevalle te owerheidsgesind was en soms diskriminerende wetgewing sonder veel skroom of teenspraak aanvaar en toegepas het. Kritici het daarop gewys dat die opbloei in die volkshowe as alternatief tot die formele howe, as voorbeeld dien van die algehele miskenning van en wantroue in die reg bank. 'n Kritiese evaluering van hierdie aangeleenthede is gedoen aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die Regterlike Dienskommissie en die Landdrostekommissie 'n belangrike hervorming teweeg gebring het op die gebied van aanstelling van regterlike amptenare. Verder is bevind dat die juriestelsel nie 'n realistiese oplossing bied om die regbank meer verteenwoordigend van die gemeenskap te maak nie, maar dat die assessorestelsel blyk 'n meer praktiese en geskikte alternatief te wees. Dit het verder geblyk dat daar van regterlike beamptes verwag word om, in die lig van die Grondwet van 1996 en 'n stelsel van grondwetlike oppermagtigheid, 'n aktivistiese waarde-ge6rienteerde of waarde-aktiverende benadering by wets- en grondwetuitleg te volg. Daar is verder bevind dat die informele howe behoue moet bly, maar aangepas behoort te word by veranderende omstandighede, in die lig van die Grondwet en die handves van fundamentele regte. Ten slotte is voorstelle gemaak as moontlike oplossing vir bepaalde probleme wat geidentifiseer is. / The principle of the independence of the judiciary is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996. An independent judiciary is essential in order to fulfill the primary function of a judiciary, namely the realisation of justice. Public confidence in the independence of the judiciary increases the legitimacy of this institution, which is essential for respect for and compliance with the decisions of the court by the community. In the past critics maintained that the judiciary is experiencing a legitimacy crisis, due to the fact that political considerations have played a role in the appointment of judicial officials, that the judiciary is not representative of the community in respect of race and sex and that the courts have been too executive-minded in the past and have at times accepted and applied discriminatory legislation without much hesitation or contradiction. Critics alleged that the proliferation of people's courts as an alternative to the formal courts, was an indication of the general denial of and loss of confidence in the judiciary. A critical evaluation of these aspects was undertaken by way of a comparative study. It lead to the conclusion that the Judicial Service Commission and the Magistrates Commission brought about an important reform regarding the appointment of judicial officials. It was found that the jury system does not constitute a realistic solution to make the judiciary more representative of the community, but that the assessor system seems to be a more practical alternative. It became apparant that in view of the Constitution of 1996 and our system of constitutional supremacy, it is expected of judicial officals to follow an activistic value-orientated or value-activated approach during legislative and constitutional interpretation. It is furthermore concluded that the informal courts should be retained, but that they should be adapted to the changing circumstances in view of the Constitution and the bill of rights. Finally, suggestions are made in order to address certain problems which have been identified. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

Text in Afrikaans / Die penologiese perspektief rakende die ontwikkeling/ doel en funksionering van leke-assessore is die onderwerp van hierdie verhandeling. Leke-deelname in die regsplegingstelsel kan terug­ gevoer word na 1657. Deur die latere oorname van Engelse regsbeginsels1 word die juriestelsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geinkorporeer. Na die afskaffing van die juriestelsel in 1969 berus die beantwoording van sowel feite- as regsvrae slegs by die voorsittende beampte. Hierdie situasie is as onaan­ vaarbaar beskou en grater leke-deelname word bepleit. Dit is egter eers in 1991 dat die aanwending van leke-assessore in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel 'n realiteit word. Een van die voorvereistes vir die aanstel van assessore is dat die aanstelling dienstig vir die regspleging moet wees. Die vraag waarmee penoloe en juriste worstel, is of die aanwending van assessore tans wel bevorderlik vir gesonde regspleging is. Uit empiriese navorsing het dit geblyk nie die geval te wees nie. Derhalwe word 'n opleidingsprogram vir assessore voorgestel / The subject of perspective on tioning of lay justice. this dissertation is a penological the development/ purpose and tunc­ assessors in the administration of The use of lay assessors can be traced back as far as 1657. As a result of the adoption of the British law principles/ the jury system was incorporated in South African law. After the abolition of the jury in 1969/ the answering of factual and judicial questions resides in the presiding officer. This situation was unacceptable and lay participation was advocated. The use of lay assessors became a reality in 1991. The prerequisite for the appointment of an assessor is that it should be expedient for the administration of justice. But are the use of lay assessors beneficial at this stage? From the empirical research it is evident that it is not beneficial at all and therefore the researcher recommends a training programme for lay assessors. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)