Within the first decade of the ICC‟s existence, its case docket was composed of cases originating from Africa only. Relations between the African governments represented by the AU quickly deteriorated. The AU accuses the ICC of bias and unfair targeting of Africa. After the indictment of heads of states that include Omar Al Bashir of Sudan, Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya and the late Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, the AU passed several resolutions where it reiterated its commitment to the rule of law and to combating impunity. The AU, however, instructed member states to cease all cooperation with the ICC. African states that are ICC members are now faced with conflicting obligations as a result of the AU resolutions. Moreover, the AU resolutions raise the spectre of a legitimacy crisis for the AU and a conflict between articles 27(2) and 98(1) of the Rome Statute. Based mostly on desk research coupled with my experience working on human rights and access to justice programmes in Sudan, South Sudan, Somaliland, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe, this thesis considers the possibility that the ICC is suffering from a legitimacy crisis as a result of the fall out and the issues of unfair selectivity that are raised by the AU. Employing the Third World Approaches to International Law as an analytical framework, the study attempts to reconcile the apparent contradictions in the new outlook and rhetoric of the AU pursuant to its Constitutive Act and the instruction to member states to withdraw cooperation with the ICC. The thesis also proposes practical ways to resolve the conflicting obligations caused by the AU resolutions and by operation of customary international law immunity of high ranking state officials referred to the ICC by way of a Security Council resolution. The current situation gives the ICC the appearance of a weak institution that is only good for low hanging fruit, which has a negative effect on the legitimacy of the ICC.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo, demonstrar a evolução e a expansão do conceito de acesso à justiça, ocorrida principalmente a partir da metade do século XX, além de elucidar os impactos gerados na sociedade e no Poder Judiciário. Ademais, propõe soluções alternativas a fim de alcançar a pacificação social e de contribuir para o fim da atual crise Judiciária. Para isso, analisa minuciosamente, o conceito universal de acesso à justiça, bem como todos os aspectos que originaram a sua expansão, tais como: os movimentos políticos, sociais, o crescimento da ideologia de cidadania, a introdução de inúmeros mecanismos e instrumentos legais (questões ambientais, consumeristas, eletrônicas) a ideologia do Estado como principal provedor do bem estar social. Buscou-se contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma inovadora visão sobre o acesso à justiça, demonstrando que a autonomia privada deve ser respeitada e incentivada pelo Estado-Juiz. Sabe-se que os cidadãos têm o livre arbítrio de renunciar ao tradicional exercício de ação, optando por um acesso à justiça por via alternativa para solucionar seus conflitos, e é essa ideologia que se quer disseminar. O presente tema é de suma importância para o aperfeiçoamento do direito brasileiro, pois, se o conceito de acesso à justiça for devidamente interpretado, pode-se evitar grande parte dos problemas enfrentados hoje pelo Poder judiciário pátrio. Serão propostas novas formas de operacionalização dos métodos alternativos de resolução de conflitos. Demonstrando que a via judicial deverá ser tratada como mais uma opção de alcance da pacificação social e não como a única forma de atingi-la. / The objective of the current study is to demonstrate the expansion of the access to justice concept and its relevant impacts on society and the judiciary branch, especially around the second half period of century XX. Although the concept of access to justice encourages the access to the legal system it still keeps the alternative methods to reach social peace and contribute to the end of the current legal system crises. Therefore, this paper will analize the universe concept of access to justice, as well as all the aspects that contributed to its creation and expansion such as: political and social movements, the meaning of the citizenship ideology, the introduction to a number of mechanisms and legal tools (environmental, consumer and electronic legal issues) and the theory of the State as the main provider of the social well-being. The present paper will reveal how the access to justice has been considered, especially by the judiciary branch, as well as the solutions that have been applied internationally in order to avoid or minimize the regular crises of the legal power. Therefore, this research will help make it possible to suggest adjustments in the Brazilians legal system in order to try to achieve the desired level of efficient in the legal services of Brazil. This research will try to contribute to develop an innovative perspective regarding the access to justice, demonstrating that the initiative and pro activeness of the private individuals shall be respected and motivated by the State. It is well known that every citizen has the right of free choice either to file a lawsuit or to reject the traditional path of the legal public system. Since the matter is related to an assets or property rights the citizen has the choice to use the assistance of private entities to solve the existing conflict and it is this option that this paper seeks to disseminate. The chosen subject is extremely important to the improvement of Brazilian legal system, due to the fact that if the access to justice concept be interpreted as it should be a significant part of the current issues that Brazil is currently dealing with will be solved, and consequently the burden of the judiciary branch will be greatly minimized.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

O Estado Democrático de Direito pressupõe uma relação harmoniosa e contínua entre Ética, Política e Direito. É com base nessa premissa que devem ser identificadas as funções estatais, as quais estão relacionadas a determinados planos de fins específicos e convergentes: o nível dos fins últimos (consenso), o nível dos fins intermediários (deliberação) e nível dos fins imediatos (execução). A estrutura da ordem jurídica também observa esses níveis, que podem ser ligados, respectivamente, à função jurisdicional constitucional, à função legislativa e à função jurisdicional ordinária. Essa última função tem o objetivo de aplicar o Direito, de modo imparcial, mediando a generalidade das leis com as particularidades dos casos concretos. O alcance de tal objetivo depende da organização institucional do Estado, pois são as instituições que permitem a adequação de cada função à sua finalidade precípua. No Brasil, o arranjo institucional tem prejudicado a atuação da justiça ordinária, com prejuízo também para o Estado Democrático de Direito. / The Rule of law assumes a harmonious and continuous relationship amongst the Ethics, the Politics and the Law. It is based on this premise that the state functions must be identified, functions which are related to certain levels of specific and convergent ends: the level of final ends (consensus), the level of intermediary ends (deliberation) and the level of immediate ends (execution). The structure of legal order also observes these levels, which may be connected, respectively, to the function of constitutional jurisdiction, to the legislative function and to the function of ordinary jurisdiction. This last function aims to apply the Law, impartially, mediating the generality of the statutes with the particularities of concrete cases. The reach of such objective depends on the institutional organization of the state, because it is the institutions that allow the adequacy of each function to its main purpose. In Brazil, the institutional arrangement has undermined the performance of the ordinary Courts, with loss also to the Rule of Law.

O presente trabalho busca analisar os diferentes tratamentos dispensados à marca no âmbito do controle preventivo e no controle repressivo de condutas. A análise da função social das marcas demonstrou que esta é uma propriedade que se realiza na concorrência e pela concorrência. Nesse sentido, não há dúvidas de que está sujeita aos princípios do Direito Concorrencial. Todavia, a maneira como esses princípios balizam a marca no controle de atos de concentração, de um lado, e no controle repressivo de condutas, de outro, difere. No âmbito do controle de atos de concentração, a atuação da autoridade concorrencial é orientada por uma variante do princípio da precaução, o que a autoriza a tomar decisões e impor restrições aos direitos marcários mesmo em um contexto de incerteza. No âmbito do controle repressivo de condutas, todavia, a intervenção do CADE está sujeita aos princípios do Processo Administrativo Sancionador. Neste contexto, as condutas que envolvem o uso de direitos de propriedade intelectual, incluindo as marcas, devem ser analisadas à luz do princípio da estrita legalidade. Um critério jurídico objetivo é necessário para distinguir o lícito do ilícito, sobretudo em um cenário no qual estão em jogo duas políticas públicas distintas: a de proteção à concorrência e a de proteção à direitos de propriedade industrial. Sendo essas duas políticas instrumentais e parciais, voltadas a um fim maior de política econômica, devem harmonizar-se, e não sobrepor-se uma a outra. Ademais, o escopo de atuação da autoridade concorrencial em processos que investiguem o uso abusivo de direitos marcários e atos de concorrência desleal deve ser esclarecido. O direito concorrencial, enquanto ramo autônomo do direito, com princípios e métodos interpretativos próprios, pode analisar institutos e figuras de outros ramos que com ele guardem relação sem ter de ficar adstrito ao posicionamento de outras instâncias. / This work has the purposes of analyzing the different treatments trademarks are subject in the fields of merger control and antitrust infringement proceedings. The analysis of the social function of trademark showed that it is a property that becomes effective in and by means of competition. In this sense, there is no doubt that it is subject to the principles of Antitrust Law. However, the way these principles limits trademark rights in the context of merger control, on one side, and, antitrust infringement proceedings, on the other, varies. In the field of merger control, the antitrust authority is guided by a variant of the precautionary principle, which empowers it to make decisions and impose restrictions to trademark rights even in a context of uncertainty. However, under antitrust infringement proceedings, CADEs intervention is subject to the principles of the Sanctioning Administrative Procedure. As a result, the conducts that involve intellectual property rights, including trademark rights, must be analyzed in view of the principle of strict legality. An objective legal criterion is necessary to distinguish licit from illicit behaviors especially under a scenario where two different public policies are at stake: the one relating to competition defense and the other concerning the protection to intellectual property rights. Since these two policies are instrumental, partial and targeted to a higher objective connected with economic policy, they should be harmonized and not overlap each other. In addition, the scope of the competition authoritys jurisdiction in antitrust infringement proceedings which investigate the abuse of trademark laws and acts of unfair competition should be clarified. Antitrust law, as an independent legal field, which contains its own principles and interpretation methods, can analyze institutes from other legal fields to which it is related without being bound by the positioning of other instances.

Le terme compétence est couramment utilisé en droit administratif. Cependant, si les questions de répartition font couler beaucoup d'encre, la compétence est peu traitée en tant que telle. Cette thèse propose de mettre en lumière les interactions entre compétence et droit administratif. La première partie analyse son influence originelle sur le droit administratif en définissant la compétence et les liens qu'elle entretient avec le pouvoir, l'attribution, la capacité, le savoir-faire, la souveraineté, l'institutionnalisation, la propriété, les prérogatives de puissance publique, l'objectivité et l'habilitation. En tant que « pouvoir de vouloir encadré par le droit», la compétence comporte deux facettes indissociables que sont l'habilitation à agir et la détermination du champ matériel de celle-ci, construisant ainsi les contours du droit administratif. La seconde partie est consacrée à l'influence réciproque du droit administratif sur la compétence par l'analyse de la compétence dans les mutations de cette branche du droit. Les évolutions de la relation entre l'État et les collectivités territoriales, le débat opposant la clause générale de compétence et la spécialisation, le développement de la contractualisation, l'apparition de techniques dynamiques de répartition des compétences telles que la délégation, l'expérimentation ou la subsidiarité, les débats sur l'efficacité et la flexibilité, permettent d'avoir un regard renouvelé sur la compétence. L'étroite relation entre le droit administratif et la compétence se trouve ainsi mise sur le devant de la scène afin de conclure à l'imbrication majeure qui les lie et fait du droit administratif le droit de la compétence. / The term « jurisdiction » is commonly used in administrative law. However, even though we may find several records on the jurisdiction allocation matter, the competence issue itself is not often treated. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the interaction between jurisdiction and administrative Jaw. The first part analyzes its original influence over administrative law, by defining jurisdiction and how it's related to power, jurisdiction allocation, capacity, know­how, sovereignty, institutionalization, ownership, public authority prerogatives, objectivity and empowerment. As a « will power framed by the law », the jurisdiction has two inseparable facets, which are the power to act and the determination of the material scope, thus building the outline of administrative law. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the interplay of administrative law and jurisdiction, analyzing jurisdiction within the mutations of this branch of law. Changes in the relationship between the State and local governments, the debate opposing the general competence clause and specialization, the development of contracting, the emergence of dynamic jurisdiction allocation techniques such as delegation, experimentation or subsidiarity, as well as the debate on effectiveness and flexibility allow to renew the jurisdiction approach. The close relationship between administrative law and jurisdiction is thus put into the spotligh.t, showing the major interlocking that binds them and allows the conclusion that administrative law is the law of jurisdiction.

This master thesis is dealing with Czech Grandpriory of the Sovereign Order of Malta in the Time of Prior Michael Ferdinand Althann. It tries to describe the administrative development of the Order from the Middle Ages till the 18th century. The first part of Master thesis is mentioned the history of the order on the world either to the territory of the Czech crown and the closer position, structure and functioning of the various departements of the order. The second part is interested in about Frá Michael Althann, Maltase Grandprior (1767 - 1789), his is military career and spiritual. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM / The coming into force of the Rome Statute on the 1st July 2002 signified the birth of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC came into existence as a permanent criminal court for the prosecution of Genocide, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes and Crime of Aggression. There are 121 states-parties to the Rome Statute. This means there are many states that have not ratified the Rome Statute. The ICC would ordinarily not have jurisdiction over the nationals of these states if they committed offences within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of the non-states parties. This paper intends to analyse whether the ICC has jurisdiction over nationals of non-state parties who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC on the territories of non-states parties to the Rome Statute. There are situations and cases that are before the ICC involving nationals of non-state parties that committed crimes on territories of non-states parties. These cases have come before the ICC by way of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) referrals. This paper will therefore examine the legality of UNSC referrals under international law in respect of nationals of non-states parties, who commit crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, on territories of non-states parties.