Terrorism is not a new threat to the international order but it is a threat that has grown more urgent in the last few years. Terrorism has become a tragic circumstance of everyday live and has caused a remarkable loss of lives. It was only after the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11 2001, that the international community realised it needed to co-operate and take actions against terrorism on an international level. One response has been the adoption of international rules for the suppression and eradication of terrorism and terrorist activities and making accountable the perpetrators of such acts. In fact, the contingent character of ad hoc tribunals encourages states to carry out their idea of establishing a permanent penal jurisdiction. The establishment of the International Criminal Court is considered a crowning achievement for preventing and prosecuting abominable crimes. The jurisdiction of the court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole; this includes crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and eventually crime of aggression. However disagreement over a definition of what constitutes terrorist activity made it impossible to include within the jurisdiction of the Court such serious crime named terrorism. There have been multiple approaches to the issue, but despite all efforts to pursue individuals who committed human rights violations, the ICC’s subject matter jurisdiction is limited since the international community could not reach to a consensual definition on what should be understood as terrorism. Consequently the Court does not have jurisdiction over international terrorism. There is therefore no standing, permanent international body with criminal jurisdiction over individuals accused of terrorist acts, although such acts may in extreme case fall within the rubric of crime against humanity. The various instruments and international directives dedicated to the eradication and suppression of terrorism have not resolved the impasse of its definition; nor is there any ‘unified’ international law approach to combating terrorism. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted

Universal Jurisdiction (UJ) emerged as a norm in international post-conflict justice after the Nuremberg Trials and is based on the principle that the nature of certain crimes is of greater importance than the nationality of the perpetrator, the location of the crime or any direct connection to the prosecuting state. This paper discusses the spread of UJ, which has been wide-ranging and consistent since the 1950s, and seeks answers to the question – why do some states adopt universal jurisdiction legislation while others do not? Through the novel use of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and application of diffusion theory (specifically emulation), the study tests the hypothesis that liberalist network ties influence a state’s willingness to adopt UJ legislation. This bivariate relationship is tested with a medium-n population of OECD states and the empirical results of the SNA reveal strong support for the hypothesis, findings that are determined to be statistically significant by the Pearson’s Chi-Square test. This study embodies an innovative methodological and theoretical approach to an important international post-conflict justice issue, and draws attention to the obstacles that often stand between victims and survivors of genocide and their day in court.  N.B The design of the Social Network Analysis maps and details in some tables mean that this paper is most optimally viewed in colour.

Alors que la littérature fait état du manque de reconnaissance de la fonction achat, de sa difficulté à établir des relations collaboratives et de son incapacité à se légitimer autrement que par la réduction des coûts, les associations professionnelles exhortent les acheteurs à se professionnaliser en renouvelant leurs rôles, leurs pratiques et leurs liens avec les membres de l’organisation. En mobilisant la sociologie interactionniste des professions et le cadre d’analyse d’Abbott (1988, 2003) sur les juridictions professionnelles, cette recherche vise à améliorer la compréhension de la dynamique professionnelle des acheteurs et la manière dont ils se saisissent des dispositifs de contrôle intra et inter-organisationnels pour améliorer leur position dans la gouvernance des partenariats client-fournisseur. A travers une étude qualitative préliminaire et deux études de cas approfondies nous distinguons deux logiques dominantes de gestion des partenariats dans lesquelles la performance financière est soit légitime, soit en quête de légitimité. Dans chacun des contextes, nous décrivons les projets professionnels qui façonnent les solutions juridictionnelles et reflètent les univers cognitifs des acheteurs ; puis nous analysons la rhétorique et les compromis juridictionnels établis entre les acheteurs et les autres groupes professionnels. / Literature points out a lack of recognition of the purchasing function, its difficuties to establish collaborative relationships with operationnal managers, and its inability to legitimize itself otherwise than by reducing costs. At the same time, professional associations urge buyers to professionalize by renewing their roles, their practices and their links with members of the organization. Building on this observation, we refer to the interactionist sociology of the professions’ research and Abbott’s framework on professional jurisdictions (1988, 2003) to enhance the understanding of buyers’ professional dynamics and how they take advantage of intra and inter-organizational control systems to improve their position in the governance of buyer-supplier partnerships. Through a preliminary qualitative study and two case studies, we first identify two dominant logics of partnership management in which financial performance is either legitimate or seeking legitimacy. Then, in each context, we describe the professional projects that shape the jurisdictional solutions and reflect the cognitive universes of buyers. Finaly, we analyze the rhetoric used by buyers and highlight the jurisdictional arrangements they established with other professional groups.

La présente recherche porte sur l'analyse des voies de recours disponibles au niveau constitutionnel italien et français, en accordant une attention particulière à la voie incidente, élément commun aux deux pays ayant cependant des particularités constitutionnelles spécifiques dans chacun des ordre juridiques. Si, en droit italien, le contrôle incident constitue une voie de recours classique permettant une action au fond, il représente une nouveauté en droit français. Introduit en 2008, il se décline selon des règles procédurales diverses de celles présentes dans l'ordre constitutionnel italien. Pourquoi donc chercher à associer deux formes d'accès à la justice constitutionnelle? Si nous ouvrons le sujet, notons tout d'abord que ladite voie de recours représente un élément essentiel, primaire, du contrôle de constitutionnalité, à propos duquel la science juridique s'est beaucoup interrogée. En outre, un certain nombre d'arrêts récents en lien avec les voies de recours à la justice constitutionnelle, tant italienne que française, illustrent les nouvelles réflexions se faisant jour quant au potentiel et à la critique de la procédure par voie d'exception, soulignant à la fois les similarité des voies de recours des deux systèmes. Enfin, il est intéressant de s'interroger sur la possibilité de transmettre un modèle ou une règle même d'offrir des solutions efficaces, remédiant ainsi aux problèmes déjà rencontrés par l'un ou l'autre des systèmes juridiques. / The research focuses on the analysis of the access to the Italian and the French constitutional jurisdiction, with particular regard to the incidental model which is a communal and distinctive feature of both constitutional realities. ln the Italian law, the abovementioned model represents the classical structure of the judgment on laws, while in the French system the “question prioritaire de constitulionnalité” represents a novelty introduced in 2008 which is regulated by different procedural rules. ln particular, we believed that some recent events related to the Italian and French constitutional jurisdiction, allow some considerations on the potential and critical issues of the incidental proceeding. To make sure that the comparison is not limited to a theoretical study but has also a "practical" utility, we will analyze some of the areas that are hardly reachable by the model at hand, also trying to verify if, based on the results of already tested experiences of comparative law, we can "export" useful solutions.

Le système répressif français comporte des juridictions ordinaires et des juridictions spécialisées. Dans cette catégorie, on trouve les juridictions spécialisées de droit commun et les juridictions d’attribution. Les juridictions spécialisées de droit commun, créées à partir 1975 sont compétentes en matière d’infractions complexes. Les juridictions d’attribution rassemblent les anciennes formations d’exception et sont dédiées au jugement de délinquants particuliers, les mineurs, les militaires et les membres du gouvernement. La première partie de notre étude est destinée à rechercher comment le législateur procède à l’intégration des formations spécialisées dans le système de droit commun en les soumettant au respect des règles du procès pénal. La seconde partie présente leur mode de fonctionnement et les moyens qui sont mis à leur disposition pour lutter contre les infractions les plus complexes. / The French repressive system comprises ordinary courts and specialized jurisdictions. In this category, one can find the specialized courts of common law and the courts of attribution. The specialized ordinary courts established since 1975 have jurisdiction over complex offenses. The courts of attribution bring together former formations of exception and are dedicated to the judgment of particular offenders, minors, soldiers and members of the government. The first part of our study is intended to as certain how the legislator integrates specialized training in the common law system by subjecting them to respect for the rules of criminal trial. The second part presents their mode of operation and the means that are made available to these formations to combat the most complex infringements.

Doctor Legum - LLD / International standards recognise the basic right of all women and girls to make free choices about reproduction including the number if any, spacing and timing of their children without being subjected to discrimination, coercion, or violence. The enjoyment of this right by many women in the world has overtime been interfered with through forced sterilisation which has a salient history beginning with the eugenics movement in the 20th century indicating a disproportionate impact on the poor, ethnic minorities, women with disabilities, transgender group, as well as women living with HIV.

More-opened hours is a fast-growing service at public libraries in Sweden. The aim of this thesis is to examine how this new operations impacts the profession. How are the attitudes of the emplyoees affected? What are the consequences for the daily work of librarians? How may more-opened hours transform the future of the profession? These questions will be adressed by examining public libraries and combined public- and school libraries in the north of Sweden. The theoretical point of departure consists of profession theory, in particular Andrew Abbott’s theories and the notion of ”jurisdiction”. The theoretical framework is supplemented by Anders Ørom’s ideal librarian identities. A mixed method of survey and interview is applied. The data from each approach is analyzed separately and subsequently pooled, by means of applied thematic analysis. The result of the study shows that a vast majority of the librarians hold a positive attitude toward more-opened hours. This is found to be closely related to a user-perspective. Overall, librarians’ work is not dramatically changed, but certain routine tasks like book handling and tidying have increased. A new librarian identity, the Attendant (Funktionären), is suggested for maintanance tasks surrounding the more-opened service. Such a developement risks limiting the librarian’s professional jurisdiction and lead to deprofessionalization. However, the more-opened service may also support professionalization by relocating resources and competence from self-service tasks to more visible and qualified work. Additionally, more-opened hours may generate new areas for professional expansion, such as Library on demand and the field of statistics. Lastly, the results tentatively suggest that more-opened hours might play a part in interprofessional competition and a strenghtening of borders to the school. In conclusion, the impacts are complex but they offer much potential. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

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Magister Legum - LLM / The Rome Statute established the International Criminal Court (the ICC) in July 2002 and South Africa was one of the first signatories. South Africa incorporated this statute into its domestic law by enacting the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002 (the Implementation Act). The preamble and article 1 of the Rome Statute, provides that the jurisdiction of the ICC is ‘complementary’ to national courts and that, therefore, States Parties retain the primary responsibility for the repression of international crimes.

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