1 Abstract: Regulation of international jurisdiction of courts in Brussels Ibis Regulation The master thesis deals with the regulation of international jurisdiction of courts regulated by Brussels Ibis Regulation. The main aim of the master thesis is to analyse the topic of prorogation, in particular the general definition of the prorogation agreement and the regulation of prorogation in the Brussels Ibis Regulation, including prorogation agreements concluded with weaker contracting party. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters, which are further divided into subchapters. The first chapter introduces the Brussels Ibis Regulation and defines its substantive, temporal, personal and territorial scope of application. The presence of an international element is also required for the application of Brussels Ibis Regulation. The thesis deals with the rules of general, alternative, special, exclusive, agreed international jurisdiction and of submission to international jurisdiction. It also describes the hierarchy of these rules. The second chapter focuses on the topic of prorogation, which is essential for the thesis. It clarifies the concept of the prorogation agreement, explains its importance and character. It deals with the effects of the prorogation agreement and divides prorogation agreements into exclusive...

Current issues in International Carriage by Air Abstract The thesis deals with selected topical issues that may arise in today's international civil air transport in the context of the global pandemic of the COVID-19 disease from the perspective of private international law. The first chapter deals with the history and relevant sources of legal regulation of international civil air transport and their interrelationship. The second chapter addresses the legal status of COVID-19 in the contractual relations of international carriage by air and mentions various past and present initiatives to combat the pandemic by selected states and the International Civil Aviation Organization. The third chapter deals with the theoretical concept of the issue of air carrier liability for damage resulting from the infection of a passenger with COVID-19. It seeks to do so by interpreting and analyzing the relevant terms and, at the same time, the applicable foreign case law and literature. The fourth chapter focuses on the jurisdictional rules in disputes over such damages and compares the current differences in the interpretation and application of these rules by the US and European judiciaries. Keywords: COVID-19, Air carrier's liability, Jurisdiction

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This study aimed to examine power among professionals in preschools who work with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Furthermore, the study examined divisions of labor between different professionals, as well as professionals’ experiences and competence in relation to working with children with ASD. According to previous research, there are different forms of power and division of labor between different professionals working with children with ASD suggesting that the professionals who have education, competence, and knowledge in the field of ASD have the ultimate responsibility and power over the design of the work. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used in the current study to investigate the perspectives of professionals. Eight professionals working in pre-schools were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed with interpretive phenomenological analysis to understand the participants’ individual thoughts and reflections. To interpret and discuss the results, theories of power and jurisdiction were used. The phenomenological analysis resulted in five themes: Diagnosis of ASD and professionals, Power over the identification of children with a diagnosis of ASD, Power over the design of work with children with ASD, Collaboration and division of labor, Challenges in working with children with ASD. Based on the results, the conclusions emerged that special knowledge about ASD was needed among professionals, for the children to receive a good education in preschool. Such knowledge was not acquired through preschool teacher or childcare training, but the participants gained it through courses that were specifically aimed at the area of ASD. All professionals in the present study described different positions of power in relation to working with children with ASD, and how power was manifested in preschool activities, in a way that was largely consistent with previous research. The majority of the participants in this study described that even though they had a lot of knowledge, different professionals had different amounts of power and, thus, the participants’ knowledge was not experienced as equally valuable. Especially professionals who did not have a preschool teacher diploma described that they had less power. Most believed that there were hierarchies of power based on knowledge and education; the person who was most competent and held a preschool teacher diploma was felt to be entitled to more power over the design of the work with children with ASD than other professionals were. The present study contributed with knowledge about how power is exercised by professionals, in relation to the work with children with ASD, and with knowledge about collaboration and division of labor between professionals in the work with the children.

Corruption, and in particular the bribery of public officials, causes great harm to society, especially in countries with economies in transition and in developing countries. Pervasive corruption affects both citizens and businesses. This phenomenon, unfortunately, has also affected the practice of international investment arbitration, where the arbitration tribunal, in the course of resolving disputes between an investor and the state, has to deal with facts of possible corruption (giving a bribe, bribing the public officials, and so on) on the part of investors during the entry into the state market, which, undoubtedly, does not correspond to the legal norms of almost any state. This fact is used by states (as a rule, respondents in investment arbitration) as a tool to exclude the jurisdiction of the investment arbitration tribunal. In this paper, an in-depth analysis of the legal mechanisms for excluding the jurisdiction of the arbitration tribunal in connection with investor corruption will be provided, as well as a number of high-profile investment arbitration cases in which the arbitration tribunal ruled that there was no jurisdiction due to corrupt actions of the investor during the investment process will be examined.

Recently many States have legalised the production and retail of recreational cannabis, which is already a big business worldwide, and therefore, thoroughly attractive to international investors who would – reasonably – seek to develop their business in cannabis-friendly jurisdictions but, more so than many investments, this one carries with it a certain risk: Many influential and capital-exporting states are reticent to legalise cannabis for themselves and many times even criminalise any and all cannabis-related activities.  This work uses this dilema to explore the influence of the home-State of the investment on the legality of an investment, and question the uniletarality of the obligations derived from "Free Movement of Liquid Assets" or "repatriation" clauses, arguing that there is a multilateral obligation to protect the movement of investments' returns and that home-States to the investor must fulfill it by not impeding or upseting the repatriation of liquid assets.

There is an understanding that the guidelines for school counselors in Swedish elementary schools lack the preciseness in what the school counselors should do to design and perform their work. Previous research shows that school counselors find it difficult to both establish their role but also to find their position in the school organization. Therefore, this interview study aims to present the perception of six school counselors in Sweden and discover how they feel about their work practice in elementary schools. We found that the main theme in the study was that the work was mainly affected by the management from the school board. Another surprising theme showed that the interviewees agreed that a better work description might help the counselor in general but wasn’t sure that it would help them in their current workplace. They asserted that a good relationship and cooperation with the school board and co-workers were much more important than a more detailed work description. Furthermore, the study also aims to compare their descriptions of the practical work that they perform, to the general guidelines for the work of school counselors. We found that their work in general was according to what is expected for the guidelines, but that in which way the work tasks were performed could differ from one another. Lastly, the study also contains the interviewees perceptions of their position in the school organization and which factors that simplifies or aggravates their practical work. The majority thought that they had established a clear role and position for themselves. However they agreed that many of the coworkers didn’t have the same perspective and understanding as themselves. Some of the interviewees also thought that the quantity of students they were dealing with, also made a difference on the quality of their work.

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This thesis will explore the relationship between war crimes trials and communication for development by utilising the Gibril Massaquoi trial as a case study. Mr Massaquoi, a Sierra Leonean national accused of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed during the Second Liberian Civil War, was residing in Finland, and therefore tried by Finnish authorities under universal jurisdiction. The growing importance of universal jurisdiction - the practice that allows States to prosecute individuals accused of international crimes independently from nationality and the location where the crimes were committed – raises important questions of process ownership, localisation, and social change.  Universal jurisdiction cases are often prosecuted in temporally and geographically distant countries from where the alleged crimes were committed. Whilst they are extensively debated in legal studies, this thesis will analyse the matter through a communication development lens.  With a focus on those few selected journalists that had the opportunity to witness the trial for its Liberian stretch, I will use their experiences to draw lessons learned and future avenues to explore for cases of this nature from a communication for development approach.

This thesis will explore the relationship between war crimes trials and communication for development by utilising the Gibril Massaquoi trial as a case study. Mr Massaquoi, a Sierra Leonean national accused of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed during the Second Liberian Civil War, was residing in Finland, and therefore tried by Finnish authorities under universal jurisdiction. The growing importance of universal jurisdiction - the practice that allows States to prosecute individuals accused of international crimes independently from nationality and the location where the crimes were committed –raises important questions of process ownership, localisation, and social change.Universal jurisdiction cases are often prosecuted in temporally and geographically distant countries from where the alleged crimes were committed. Whilst they are extensively debated in legal studies, this thesis will analyse the matter through a communication development lens.With a focus on those few selected journalists that had the opportunity to witness the trial for its Liberian stretch, I will use their experiences to draw lessons learned and future avenues to explore for cases of this nature from a communication for development approach.