My capstone project is a multimedia audio and photography project that creates a conversation about the Millennial Generation’s views of individual identity and masculinity, with the hopes of deconstructing the socially constructed and exclusive notions of masculinity by defining a generation’s common sense. My piece is inspired by the portraiture of Chad States in Masculinities (2011) as well as Loren Cameron’s work in Body Alchemy: Transsexual Portraits (1996). The theoretical basis of my project relies heavily on Antonio Gramsci’s concept of common sense as well as José Esteban Muñoz’s disidentification. Common sense refers to an instinctual, uncritical and largely unconscious way of perceiving and understanding. It is a collective noun, like religion yet it is not something rigid and immobile, but is continually transforming itself, enriching itself with scientific ideas and with philosophical opinions, which have entered ordinary life. Furthermore, disidentification is Muñoz’s third mode of dealing with a dominant ideology. This aspect neither opts to assimilate within such a structure nor strictly opposes it; rather, disidentification is a strategy that works on and against dominant ideology and hegemony. Disidentification works as the negotiating mechanism for common sense because it is against assimilation to mainstream masculinity as well as asks individuals to be their personal identity in spite of what hegemonic masculinity dictates. Thus, I hope to instill a new understanding of the common sense of the Millennial Generation, and how the notion of masculinity is personal, fluid, and disidentified.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how secondary school media educators might best meet the needs of students who prefer practical production work to ‘theory’ work in media studies classrooms. This is a significant problem for a curriculum area that claims to develop students’ media literacies by providing them with critical frameworks and a metalanguage for thinking about the media. It is a problem that seems to have become more urgent with the availability of new media technologies and forms like video games. The study is located in the field of media education, which tends to draw on structuralist understandings of the relationships between young people and media and suggests that students can be empowered to resist media’s persuasive discourses. Recent theoretical developments suggest too little emphasis has been placed on the participatory aspects of young people playing with, creating and gaining pleasure from media. This study contributes to this ‘participatory’ approach by bringing post structuralist perspectives to the field, which have been absent from studies of secondary school media education. I suggest theories of media learning must take account of the ongoing formation of students’ subjectivities as they negotiate social, cultural and educational norms. Michel Foucault’s theory of ‘technologies of the self’ and Judith Butler’s theories of performativity and recognition are used to develop an argument that media learning occurs in the context of students negotiating various ‘ethical systems’ as they establish their social viability through achieving recognition within communities of practice. The concept of ‘ethical systems’ has been developed for this study by drawing on Foucault’s theories of discourse and ‘truth regimes’ and Butler’s updating of Althusser’s theory of interpellation. This post structuralist approach makes it possible to investigate the ways in which students productively repeat and vary norms to creatively ‘do’ and ‘undo’ the various media learning activities with which they are required to engage. The study focuses on a group of year ten students in an all boys’ Catholic urban school in Australia who undertook learning about video games in a three-week intensive ‘immersion’ program. The analysis examines the ethical systems operating in the classroom, including formal systems of schooling, informal systems of popular cultural practice and systems of masculinity. It also examines the students’ use of semiotic resources to repeat and/or vary norms while reflecting on, discussing, designing and producing video games. The key findings of the study are that students are motivated to learn technology skills and production processes rather than ‘theory’ work. This motivation stems from the students’ desire to become recognisable in communities of technological and masculine practice. However, student agency is not only possible through critical responses to media, but through performative variation of norms through creative ethical practices as students participate with new media technologies. Therefore, the opportunities exist for media educators to create the conditions for variation of norms through production activities. The study offers several implications for media education theory and practice including: the productive possibilities of post structuralism for informing ways of doing media education; the importance of media teachers having the autonomy to creatively plan curriculum; the advantages of media and technology teachers collaborating to draw on a broad range of resources to develop curriculum; the benefits of placing more emphasis on students’ creative uses of media; and the advantages of blending formal classroom approaches to media education with less formal out of school experiences.

The dissertation addresses men and change, intergenerational transmission, historical change and agency, employing as a case a longitudinal follow-up study over two generations of men, where the fathers participated in an experimental research project, the Work-Sharing Couples Project, which aimed to promote egalitarian work–family adaptations in Norway in the early 1970s. The original project was based on both spouses working part-time and shift parenting. The summary presents a multidimensional analysis of the work–family adaptations of the two generations of men: the untraditional adaptation of fathers in the 1970s; and the neo-traditional adaptations of sons in the 2000s. Their different work–family adaptations are discussed as situated agency, taking into account different aspects of time and space, personal biography, discursive and material structures of opportunity, and intergenerational dynamics at the family level as well as at social level. The five articles present the empirical material: Bjørnholt (2009a) presents the impact on the couple relation and the family of the the parents’ work–sharing arrangement, concluding that the work-sharing arrangement was perceived by the participants to have been beneficial for their couple relationship as well as for the family as a whole. Bjørnholt (2011) explores the motivations of the work-sharing men to act as agents of change towards gender equality, concluding that personal biography, an authoritative way of being and new masculinity ideals, notably a partner- oriented masculinity, were important. Bjørnholt (2010b) analyses the consequences of the work-sharing arrangement on the work-sharing men’s careers, concluding that there were few negative career effects. They were rather successful, and their house-father experiences tended to be valued by employers as management skills. Bjørnholt (2009b) concludes that a father–son design is insufficient in explaining intergenerational transmission and Bjørnholt (2010c) finds that the untraditional work–family arrangement had not been passed on to sons.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo dessa dissertação é explorar a reformulação da antiga andropausa no diagnóstico de Deficiência Androgênica do Envelhecimento Masculino (DAEM) e seu tratamento farmacológico, que é a reposição de testosterona. Essa "nova" patologia se localiza dentro do escopo da Medicina Sexual, e faz parte, juntamente com a disfunção erétil e a ejaculação precoce, de um avanço da medicalização sobre corpos masculinos. Realizei entrevistas semi-estruturadas com alguns médicos envolvidos no estabelecimento do DAEM. Esses profissionais são urologistas ou endocrinologistas, ou ainda andrologistas, acadêmicos, mas que também mantêm um consultório. A entrevista pode ser dividida em dois grandes grupos, um relativo à definição e diagnóstico do DAEM, e a centralidade do sexo nas queixas do paciente. O outro analisa a terapia de reposição hormonal em si, e as conseqüências para a masculinidade da deficiência de testosterona. Elenquei ainda um terceiro tema, relativo às disputas entre as duas especialidades médicas, e as diferenças nas abordagens dos problemas colocados, que encobriam diferentes concepções de corpo e doença. Por fim, tentei manter gênero e envelhecimento como eixos transversais, que atravessassem toda a entrevista. O objetivo desse roteiro era perceber, sob a ótica desses médicos, como o DAEM é construído tanto na academia quanto na clínica médica, e quais as idéias subjacentes ao seu diagnóstico e tratamento. Portanto, nessa dissertação, pretendo analisar como o DAEM parece se localizar numa encruzilhada, unificando novos ideais de masculinidade e envelhecimento, sob a égide da medicina sexual e seus tratamentos farmacológicos. Porém, para isso, foi preciso antes investigar as mudanças na masculinidade e na velhice, o que as definia antes, e quais os novos desenhos que elas apresentam, para poder vislumbrar sua articulação com a medicalização e/ou farmacologização da sexualidade masculina.

Blandäktenskap inom islam definieras som att gifta sig utanför tron och skiljer mellan män samt kvinnor. Män är tillåtna att gifta sig med en kvinna från de Abrahamitiska religionerna (Judisk/Kristen). Kvinnor däremot får enbart ingå äktenskap med en muslimsk man.Denna kandidatuppsats i sociologi hade som syfte att via en kvalitativ ansats undersöka hur troende muslimska män i Sverige ser på muslimska kvinnors rätt att ingå äktenskap utanför islam.Undersökningen inriktar sig på vilka synsätt och attityder männen har angående blandäktenskap. Eftersom kvinnans position i val av äktenskap var ett återkommande tema under studien, valde vi att även att behandla frågan, hur påverkas muslimska kvinnor av dessa synsätt och attityder. Studiens primärdata samlades in genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex troende muslimska män i Sverige, utan någon relation till varandra. Behandling av empiriskt insamlade data utfördes genom tematisering som slutligen ledde till fyra teman.Syftet med studien är att använda R.W. Connells maskulinitetsteori (hegemonisk maskulinitet) och begreppet homosocialitet för att analysera muslimska mäns attityder samt synsätt ifråga om muslimska kvinnors rätt att ingå blandäktenskap.Resultaten visade att samtliga sex intervjuade muslimska män hade en negativ inställning till muslimska kvinnors rätt att gifta sig utanför islam. Männen var även negativa till förändringar i förhållande till kvinnor och ökade rättigheter ifråga om blandäktenskap. Somliga män fokuserade mer på tolkningar samt antaganden om religiösa texter, medan andra la emfas på kultur och tradition. Ett tydligt mönster bland de muslimska männen var åsikten att äktenskap är en kollektiv angelägenhet snarare än en individuell rättighet. Vi har dragit slutsatsen att det finns en skillnad mellan män och kvinnor ifråga om att ingå äktenskap inom islam. Detta i sin tur leder till att kvinnors beteenden, frihet och valmöjligheter påverkas av mäns åsikter och antaganden kring tolkningar av religiösa texter. / Mixed marriages within Islam are defined by marriage outside of the religion, and differs between men and women. Men are allowed to marry women from the Abrahamic religions (Jewish/Christian). Women on the other hand are only allowed to espouse a Muslim man. This Bachelor’s Thesis of Sociology had the purpose through qualitative measures, investigate how believing Muslim men in Sweden view Muslim women’s rights to engage in marriages outside of the Islamic faith. The study focuses on the views and attitudes of Muslim men. As women’s position in the choice of marriages was a recurring theme in the study, these were also accounted for in terms of how their views and attitudes affects Muslims. The study’s primary data has been collected through six semistructured interviews with six faithful Muslim men in Sweden, with no relationship to each other. Through the collection of empirical data, which, through thematizing, resulted in four distinct themes. The purpose of this study was to answer the analysis from a perspective that adheres to Connells theory of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity) and the term “homosocial”. The result from the study showed that all six interviewed Muslim men, generally, had a negative attitude towards Muslim women’s rights to marry outside the religion. The (Muslim) men were also negative to changes regarding (Muslim) women and the liberation of their rights around mixed marriages. Some men exhibited an increased focus on the interpretation of religious texts, as well as assumptions, whilst others emphasized culture and tradition. An articulate pattern amongst the Muslim men manifested through opinions that a marriage is a collective matter rather than an individual affair. The analysis concludes that there is a difference between men and women and their rights within the engagement of marriage. This leads to women’s behavior, freedom and choices are dictated by men’s opinions, assumptions and interpretations of religious texts. Although demonstrating a clear division between women and men’s rights within Islam’s approach to mixed marriages. The (Muslim) men considered the established religious interpretations to be legitimate and logically developed to protect the woman from precarious marriages. The interviewees considered the approach to be a conserving measure to protect Islam.

abstract: Many educators believe that the path to a better future is a college education. Initiatives that promote college-going cultures are quite commonplace in many public high schools with some offering elective college-prep support programs like Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID). Yet, certain groups of students are not taking advantage of these opportunities. In the initial AVID sections at a metropolitan high school in the American Southwest, the girls out-numbered the boys 2:1, and the Hispanic girls outnumbered the Hispanic boys by almost 3:1. The purpose of this study was to uncover some of the factors that influenced five Hispanic males' participation, or lack thereof, in AVID, and the ways in which those factors connected to their masculine identities. What the participants say about what influenced them to be involved, or not, in the program is reported. Some themes revealed in the interviews include how the participants' scholar identity is connected to their masculine identity, how they balance their "coolness" quotient with their desires to achieve academic success, how they depend on personal relationships and collaboration, and how their families and communities have influenced them. This information may lead to the development of strategies that will increase future representation of Hispanic males in similar programs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2011

Submitted by ZULEIKA DE ANDRADE CAMARA PINHEIRO (zuleikacamara@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-10-18T15:46:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL - Para Repositório.pdf: 9030020 bytes, checksum: c5c1efeb5f8d2617556259d2bdd56edb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-10-18T19:23:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_zac_dr_mar.pdf: 9030020 bytes, checksum: c5c1efeb5f8d2617556259d2bdd56edb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T19:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinheiro_zac_dr_mar.pdf: 9030020 bytes, checksum: c5c1efeb5f8d2617556259d2bdd56edb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta etnografia foi realizada a partir de cenários de circulação de homens em situação de rua; Praça do Ferreira no centro de Fortaleza/Ce e o Centro POP (política pública para a população em situação de rua). A tese trata de apreender um modo específico de “olhar fronteiriço” para a relação contemporânea entre às margens, os chamados moradores de rua e o centro chamadas de “pessoas de bem”. Tendo como pano de fundo essa relação, o objetivo central deste texto é etnografar os estilos de masculinidades forjadas pelos homens em situação de rua com suas identidades abjetas e performatizações de gênero com fins de sobrevivência. Os homens em situação de rua, como categoria plástica de rejeição, acusação e desvinculação social e econômica, evocam e questionam zonas de fronteiras simbólicas, espaciais, sociais, corporais, morais e políticas. Consequentemente, incitam nas “pessoas de bem” uma defesa de ações para a sua retirada dos espaços urbanos pelos quais circulam. Com expressões limites de degradação humana por estarem abaixo na escala social e por subverterem o espaço público, os homens que moram na Praça do Ferreira criam alteridades, gestam territorialidades, acionam o Estado e incitam políticas urbanísticas sanitárias e repressivas, além de provocarem saberes e classificações. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois registros empíricos distintos: i) convivência com os homens no Centro POP e participação nas oficinas socioeducativas; ii) convivência em suas sociabilidades no espaço da Praça do Ferreira e ruas do centro de Fortaleza. As descrições e análises das cenas do campo procuram circunscrever o funcionamento e a dinâmica das manobras e deslocamentos das masculinidades, no sentido de iluminar seus fluxos, violência, tensões mais frequentes, interesses em disputa e atores que as controlam. Do debate e das análises apresentadas no corpo da tese, destaco cinco argumentos centrais: i) o urbano produz diferenças sociais, e iluminar os cruzamentos entre as relações “nós”/“eles”, pessoas/cidade, vidas possíveis/rejeição, viver/sobreviver, vida/morte é evidenciar as conexões de força que atravessam as questões políticas e sociais que envolvem o fenômeno população em situação de rua; ii) os homens forjam uma masculinidade exacerbada tendo na virilidade seu atributo de engrenagem para a violência e a constituição de um macho exacerbado; iii) performatizam gênero em práticas de masculinidade negociada que são mais dependentes, indolentes e apáticas, pelas quais os homens lançam mão de acordos tácitos ou explícitos de cooperação e coadjuvação e atitudes subservientes e condescendentes, um estilo de masculinidade menos agressivo; iv) as formas de sobrevivência nas ruas instigam alguns hábitos distintos dos hábitos sociais aos quais estamos acostumados, ao que chamou-se de masculinidade animalesca, por entender que tais comportamentos observados mais se assemelhavam aos de um macho animal do que de um humano; v) os homens praticavam atos de violência sexual contra as mulheres, estuprando as que se encontravam solteiras; a estas práticas chamou-se de masculinidade desviante. No sentido de se livrarem dos atos de violência sexual, as mulheres performatizam gênero, incorporando atitudes, posturas, aparências e comportamentos masculinos, práticas essas que se chamou de masculinidades deslocadas. Por fim, as análises sugerem que as experiências das ruas estão norteadas não apenas por marcadores sociais de diferença, como raça, classe social e gênero, mas também pela ideia de masculinidades e performatizações de gênero como manobras de sobrevivência. Essas masculinidades produzem normas, gestões, tensões, violências e territorialidades, onde os corpos em suspensão são a última fronteira para sobrevivências nessa “terra de ninguém”, ou seja, as ruas. / This ethnography was made from scenarios of circulation of street men; the Ferreira Square in the center of Fortaleza/CE and the POP Center (public policy for the street population). The thesis is about apprehending a specific mode of "frontier look" for the contemporary relationship between the margins (street men) and the center ("good people"). Against this background, its central goal is to ethnograph the styles of masculinities forged by street men with their abject identities and their gender performations in order to survive. Street men, as a plastic category of rejection, prosecution and social and economic untying, evoke and enquire areas of symbolic, spatial, social, corporeal, moral, and political frontiers. Consequently, they incite in the "good people" an avid defense of actions for their withdrawal from the urban spaces through which they circulate. With bordering expressions of human degradation, as they are below in the social scale and because they subvert the public space, street people in Praça do Ferreira create alterities, generate territorialities, trigger the State and incite sanitary and repressive urban policies, besides to provoke knowledge and classifications. The research was conducted in two different empirical registers: i) coexistence with the men in the POP Center and participation in socio-educational workshops; ii) coexistence in their sociabilities in the space of the Square of Ferreira and streets of the Fortaleza’s center. The descriptions and analysis of the field’s scenes seek to circumscribe the functioning and dynamics of the ploy of masculinities, in order to clarify their flows, violence, most common tensions, the interests in dispute and the actors that control them. From the debate and analysis presented in the thesis, I highlight five central arguments: i) the urban areas produces social differences, and clarify the crossroads between "us"/"them", people/city, possible lives/rejection, live/survive and life/death relations is to emphasize the forces that pervades the political and social issues that involve the phenomenon of population in street situation; ii) the men forge an exacerbated masculinity, with virility as their violence device and constitution of an exacerbated male; (iii) they performatize gender in negotiated masculinity practices that are more reliant, indolent e apathetic, by which men resort to tacit or explicit agreements of cooperation and coadjuvation and subservient, and condescending attitudes; a less aggressive masculinity style; iv) the forms of survival in the streets instigate some habits different from the social habits to which we are accustomed, to what was called animalistic masculinity, appearing these behaviors more to those of an animal male than a human’s; v) men practiced acts of sexual violence against women, raping those who were single; to these practices I called deviant masculinity. In order to get rid of acts of sexual violence, women performatized gender by incorporating male attitudes, posture, appearance and behaviors, which I called displaced masculinities. Finally, the analyzes suggest that the experiences of the streets are guided not only by social markers of difference, as race, social status and gender, but also by the idea of masculinities and gender performations as survival device. These masculinities produce norms, managements, tensions, violence, territorialities and alterities, where the bodies are the last survival frontier in no man's land: the streets.

Esta tese tem como objetivo mostrar como a construção das masculinidades juvenis produzem armadilhas na intersecção da trajetória escolar dos meninos do ensino médio da escola pública e seus projetos de vida futuros. Para tanto, realizei pesquisa empírica em uma escola de um município da Grande Porto Alegre, a qual visitei durante um ano inteiro. Ali realizei observações, entrevistei alunos, conversei com professores e funcionários e formei grupos aos quais chamei de grupos de discussão para que pudéssemos conversar acerca de questões de gênero na escola. O foco de todo o trabalho se deu em torno do comportamento dos meninos, a construção de suas masculinidades e as implicações desta construção com o desempenho escolar e possíveis consequências na vida futura. Durante as visitas, registrei cenas e falas em um caderno, ao qual chamei de caderno de campo. Além disso, gravei, com o consentimento prévio de cada informante, suas contribuições. Tudo foi transcrito e registrado em um diário de campo, configurando-se, assim, no que chamei de bricolagem como método de pesquisa. A tese, portanto, discute e problematiza questões relacionadas à construção de masculinidades, mais especificamente, à construção de um tipo de masculinidade, considerada hegemônica e os privilégios que este tipo de masculinidade traz aos meninos que a exercem. Problematizou-se ainda, e principalmente, o fato de que tais privilégios podem trazer consigo armadilhas que, por sua vez, interferem no desempenho escolar dos meninos. Dados como o maior número de meninas pleiteando uma vaga nas universidades mostram que algo está acontecendo com os meninos, daí a armadilha que acompanha os prováveis privilégios das masculinidades. Já no mestrado, concluído em 2012, analisei um gap de gênero na educação brasileira, também à luz de pesquisa realizada em uma escola pública do mesmo município. Do gap ao trap, ou seja, do distanciamento à armadilha, aprofundei no doutorado as discussões trazidas no mestrado. O foco, desta vez, ficou nas armadilhas que se encontram na trajetória da construção do menino enquanto aluno e dono de uma masculinidade considerada hegemônica. Evidenciei tais armadilhas relacionando-as com tecnologias de gênero que formam um e outro gênero na escola, dando relevância a uma série de acontecimentos e atitudes cotidianas e que, na maioria das vezes, são consideradas sem importância, à luz do que nos diz Foucault quando nos fala que gestos aparentemente sem importância importam nas relações de poder às quais estamos todos submetidos. Esta tese nos convida a perceber a relevância de tais tecnologias, vistas muitas vezes como gestos aparentemente sem importância, e o que eles têm a nos dizer acerca da construção das masculinidades na escola e as implicações de tais construções no desempenho escolar dos meninos e no reflexo em suas vidas futuras. Esta tese convida, ainda, para além de problematizarmos tais questões, a estranhá-las, e assim, no desconforto da desacomodação, percebê-las como fundamentais na construção do menino enquanto aluno, com evidentes impactos em sua vida futura. / This doctoral thesis aims to show how the construction of juvenile masculinities produces traps in the intersection of boys’ trajectory during high school in the Brazilian public school and their future life projects. To this end, I made an empirical research in a public school in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, which I visited during an entire year. There, I made observations, interviewed students, talked with teachers and employees and also formed groups which I called discussion groups, in order to talk about gender issues at school. The focus of the entire work was about the boys’ behavior, the construction of their masculinities and the implications of such construction with their performance at school and probable consequences in their future lives. During the visits, I registered scenes and talks on a notebook, which I called field notebook. Besides, I recorded, with the previous consent of every informant, their contributions. All was written out and registered on a field diary, setting up as what I called a bricolage as a research method. This thesis, therefore, discusses and questions issues related to the construction of masculinities, more specifically, the construction of a kind of masculinity, considered hegemonic and the privileges that such masculinity brings to the boys who pursue it. It is also questioned, and mainly, the fact that, such privileges bring traps, which, in turn, interfere in the boys’ school performance. Data like a major number of girls trying a vacancy in the universities show that something is happening to the boys, given the trap which comes with these probable privileges of masculinities. During my master degree, concluded in 2012, I analyzed a gender gap in the Brazilian education, also in the light of a research made in a public school in the same town. From gap to trap, I deepened, during this doctor degree process, the discussions brought by the master degree. The focus, however, is the traps which can be found on the trajectory of the boy’s construction as a student and the owner of a kind of masculinity considered hegemonic. I put such traps in evidence relating them to gender technologies which form both genders at school, giving relevance to a series of facts and everyday attitudes which, most of times, are considered without importance, just like Foucault says when he tells us that apparently unimportant gestures matter in the power relations to which we all are subjected. This thesis invites us to perceive the relevance of such technologies, many times seen as apparently unimportant gestures, and what they can tell us about the construction of masculinities at school and its implications with the boys’ school performance as well as the reflex on their future lives. This thesis also invites us, beyond such issues, to make them strange, in order to, in the discomfort of the displacing, perceive them as fundamental in the construction of the boy as a student, with evident impacts on his future life.

Disordered eating in men is said to be uncommon with men forming less than ten per cent of reported cases. Yet it has been suggested that the number of males with eating disorders is beginning to increase, affecting more men than ever before. This presents problems for healthcare services that have created previous models of support around women. Current research offers pathological and epidemiological data, including information about testing men for eating disorders using male-centred instruments. However, understanding is aetiolated due to a focus on medical accounts of male disordered eating, rather than focusing on the stories that men themselves have to tell. This exploratory qualitative study addresses this problem by focusing on men’s stories of disordered eating. Four men share their accounts of living with an eating disorder and these are analysed using a hermeneutic approach, in order to glean insights into their experiences with food, body and self. These insights include an examination of the meaning of fat male bodies, analysis of the phenomenon of gender ambivalence that prevails in men with disordered eating and the fragmented and colonised nature of the male eating disordered self. These represent an original contribution to understanding as they have not been considered elsewhere in the literature to date. Additionally, an extensive analysis of the male eating disorder literature, use of a hermeneutic methodology and the positioning of male eating disorders within the context of masculinities studies further add to the novel value of this research.

The subject matter for this research is the representation of femininities and masculinities in Roman art with particular reference to that of Roman Britain. The study focuses on the visual presentation of gender for specific deities, personifications and figural images in funerary art; this includes concepts of sexuality that in some cases become entwined with the study of gender. I have endeavoured to demonstrate how socially constructed values add to the understandings of gender and Roman art. The first chapter concentrates on Roman concepts relating to masculinities and femininities, detailing how these are portrayed in visual culture. This entails the identification of gender markers in various forms including clothing (for example the toga and stola), jewellery (such as the bulla) and distinct objects (for instance, military paraphernalia, weaving combs and spinning equipment). Following this broad introduction to gender in Roman art, the study then centres on specific deities, commencing with Venus and Mars, then Diana and Apollo, and Minerva and Hercules - each one has a particular gender ascription. I examine these in terms of visual representation and how their specific femininities and masculinities were presented. Personifications and figural funerary art, respectively, are the following and final chapters of the research. The former deals with the use of personifications in Roman art and the latter with patronage and presentation of figural tombstones and inscriptions. Both chapters observe these issues with preference towards the demonstration of gender allocation and any undertones implicated.