Orientadores: Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos, Anete Pereira de Souza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:51:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baldauf_Cristina_D.pdf: 5411904 bytes, checksum: 0b452c576f0ddde99b1c88164de1b175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutora em Biologia Vegetal

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-29T20:22:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emília Cristina de Aguiar Vargas.pdf: 1241185 bytes, checksum: daa4046fbe218b714ebf5129d4419835 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T20:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emília Cristina de Aguiar Vargas.pdf: 1241185 bytes, checksum: daa4046fbe218b714ebf5129d4419835 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / O estudo enfoca o saber e o uso de plantas medicinais em um grupo de usuários de uma unidade de saúde, considerando a autonomia do cuidado na perspectiva da enfermagem assistencial. Objetivo: conhecer os saberes dos clientes quanto ao uso de plantas medicinais para lançar mão de uma tecnologia educacional, para autonomia do cuidado em saúde no uso de práticas populares. Método: realizada pesquisa qualitativa de caráter descritivo e exploratório, em unidade pré-hospitalar do Município de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. O instrumento utilizado foi um formulário semiestruturado, aplicado a dez usuários da referida unidade e em paralelo foram realizadas três dinâmicas de grupo com a participação de oito pessoas. Resultados: foram construídas as seguintes categorias: Patrimônio cultural; A importância dada à terapia com plantas medicinais; e o Acesso às terapias com plantas medicinais nos serviços de saúde. A maioria dos entrevistados tem descendência étnica negra, indígena e branca o que reforça a herança genética cultural. Todos os entrevistados conhecem algum tipo de planta medicinal e já fazem uso; a maioria aprendeu sobre as plantas medicinais com familiares, principalmente com a mãe e a avó. As indicações mais frequentes são para alívio de transtornos digestivos, do sistema nervoso e do climatério. As mais citadas foram Erva-cidreira, Tanchagem, Arnica, Amoreira, Saião e Babosa. A maioria dos participantes valoriza esse conhecimento e essa forma de tratamento, considerando importante a inserção dela como uma opção de cuidado nos serviços de saúde pública, já que se trata de uma herança cultural; todos informaram nunca terem tido acesso a esse cuidado de saúde nas unidades públicas municipais. Conclusão: o uso de plantas medicinais é consequente de um conhecimento natural, passado através de gerações no núcleo familiar. O fato dessas práticas complementares já estarem inseridas no cotidiano faz desse conhecimento algo importante para o enfermeiro e demais profissionais de saúde, pois assim podem prestar uma assistência mais adequada às características e necessidades da clientela, gerando o enlace entre o conhecimento popular e o científico. Produto: formação de um grupo de estudos e práticas complementares com plantas medicinais voltados para autonomia do cuidado em saúde / The study focuses on the knowledge and use of medicinal plants in a group of users of a health unit, considering the autonomy of care from the perspective of nursing care. Objective: to know the clients' knowledge about the use of medicinal plants to use an educational technology, for autonomy of health care in the use of popular practices. Method: qualitative research of descriptive and exploratory character, in a pre-hospital unit of the Municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. The instrument used was a semi-structured form, applied to ten users of this unit and in parallel three group dynamics were performed with the participation of eight people. Results: the following categories were built: Cultural heritage; The importance given to therapy with medicinal plants; And Access to medicinal plant therapies in health services. Most of the interviewees have black, indigenous and white ethnic backgrounds, which reinforces the cultural genetic heritage. All the interviewees know some kind of medicinal plant and they already use; Most of them learned about medicinal plants with relatives, especially with their mother and grandmother. The most frequent indications are for relief of digestive disorders, the nervous system and the climacteric. The most cited were Erva-cidreira, Tanchagem, Arnica, Amoreira, Saião and Babosa. Most of the participants value this knowledge and this form of treatment, considering it important to insert it as an option of care in the public health services, since it is a cultural heritage; all reported having never had access to such health care in municipal public facilities. Conclusion: the use of medicinal plants is the result of a natural knowledge, passed through generations in the family nucleus. The fact that these complementary practices are already part of daily life makes this knowledge important for nurses and other health professionals, since they can provide a more adequate assistance to the characteristics and needs of the clientele, generating the link between popular and scientific knowledge. Product: formation of a group of studies and complementary practices with medicinal plants focused on health care autonomy

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_claudia_giordani.pdf: 2276944 bytes, checksum: 55ee4444fa59202346411910205995d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / The rescue and use of medicinal plants have been gaining space in human and veterinary medicine, as treatment and prophylaxis of diseases. In the treatment of mycosis, there is still issues regarding the limited amount of drugs and the occurrence of resistance, adverse reactions and relapses. Thus, the objective was to conduct a survey of medicinal plants and toxic found in the region of the Veterinary Clinic-Federal University of Pelotas, organize an instructional manual of the studied plants and uses in animal health, and to determine the antifungal effect of plant extracts on clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. In the survey, animal owners in the Veterinary Ambulatory were interviewed and visited. There were 111 interviews, which 74 species cited for medical use but the minority used them in animals. With respect to toxic plants 20 species were observed, but only six were reported by the population, and from the results in the survey was made a manual on plants. To evaluate the antifungal activity were tested six hydroalcoholic extracts of Aroeira, Carqueja, Erva-de-bicho, Lanceta, Pitangueira e Rabo-de-lagarto, the techniques microdilution and disk diffusion against M. pachydermatis isolated from dogs (dermatitis=38, otitis=10). The extracts that resulted in higher activity were Aroeira, Erva-de-Bicho and Pitangueira. From these results, we can see the importance of further studies of the activities of plants to determine more precisely its action and toxicity. With this study concludes that there are many medicinal and toxic species distributed in the region of the Veterinary Clinic-UFPel, but is still scarce use of medicinal plants in animal, and that the hydroalcoholic extracts of Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho and Pitangueira had action on M. pachydermatis, opening the possibility of numerous studies in veterinary medicine. / O resgate e uso das plantas medicinais vêm ganhando espaço na medicina e veterinária, como tratamento e profilaxia de doenças. No tratamento das micoses, ainda observa-se uma quantidade limitada de medicamentos e a ocorrência de resistência, reações adversas e recidivas. Assim, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais e tóxicas encontradas na região do Ambulatório Veterinário-Universidade Federal de Pelotas, organizar um manual didático das plantas estudadas e usos na saúde animal, e determinar a ação antifúngica de extratos vegetais sobre isolados clínicos de Malassezia pachydermatis. No levantamento, foram entrevistados e visitados proprietários de animais atendidos no Ambulatório Veterinário. Foram 111 entrevistas, citando 74 espécies medicinais, porém a minoria usava-as em animais. Com relação às plantas tóxicas foram observadas 20 espécies, porém apenas seis eram relatadas pela população; e por fim, confeccionado um manual informativo das plantas. Para avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram testados extratos hidroalcoólicos de Aroeira, Carqueja, Erva-de-bicho, Lanceta, Pitangueira e Rabo-de-lagarto, pelas técnicas de microdiluição em caldo e difusão em disco frente a M. pachydermatis isolada de cães (dermatite=38; otite=10). Os extratos com maior atividade foram Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho e Pitangueira. Assim, percebe-se a importância de aprofundar os estudos sobre as plantas, determinando mais precisamente sua ação e toxicidade. Com o estudo conclui-se que existem muitas espécies medicinais e tóxicas na região do Ambulatório Veterinário-UFPel, porém ainda é escasso o uso das plantas medicinais em animais; e que os extratos hidroalcoólicos de Aroeira, Erva-de-bicho e Pitangueira apresentaram ação sobre M. pachydermatis, abrindo a possibilidade de inúmeras pesquisas em veterinária.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T12:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_lissane_borges.pdf: 1146847 bytes, checksum: 6947ccbd8d36a0111f6e61eaf64bd703 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-01T15:42:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_lissane_borges.pdf: 1146847 bytes, checksum: 6947ccbd8d36a0111f6e61eaf64bd703 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T15:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_lissane_borges.pdf: 1146847 bytes, checksum: 6947ccbd8d36a0111f6e61eaf64bd703 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / As plantas medicinais têm sido utilizadas para o tratamento paliativo ou curativo de diversas doenças desde os primórdios da humanidade. Portanto, selecionar métodos para propagar e conservar essas espécies é imprescindível. Neste contexto, se insere a espécie medicinal e nativa do Brasil, Varronia curassavica Jacq. conhecida popularmente como erva-baleeira, utilizada na medicina popular como anti-inflamatória, antiartrítica e analgésica, sendo também utilizada como fonte de princípio ativo para o medicamento Acheflan. Esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a propagação por estaquia na presença de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e o crescimento e parâmetros fisiológicos de plantas de Varronia curassavica Jacq. cultivadas sob duas condições de luminosidade (pleno sol e 75% de sombreamento com tela de coloração azul) por um período de 45 dias. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a propagação vegetativa de Varronia curassavica Jacq. a partir de estacas caulinares retiradas de ramos apicais jovens é otimizada com o uso de AIB, aumentando o número de estacas enraizadas e melhorando o desenvolvimento radicular. As diferentes condições de luminosidade influenciaram as plantas tanto em relação ao crescimento quanto em relação às variáveis bioquímicas analisadas. Nas plantas mantidas sob sombreamento foram observados menor acúmulo de massa seca de raiz e parte aérea e maior área foliar. Foram observados ainda maiores teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos, clorofilas e carotenoides, maior assimilação líquida de CO2 e condutância estomática, porém as taxas de transpiração foram maiores causando uma menor eficiência do uso da água. O sombreamento causou também menores teores de açúcares solúveis, nitrato, aminoácidos e atividade da redutase do nitrato em folhas e raízes. Esses efeitos nos metabólitos primários levaram a uma redução nos teores de compostos fenólicos em folhas e raízes e no rendimento do óleo essencial obtido das folhas. Os resultados apresentados permitem concluir que a espécie em questão apresenta alta plasticidade em relação às condições de luminosidade a que foi submetida. / Medicinal plants have been used for the palliative or curative treatment of various diseases since the earliest days of mankind. Therefore, selecting methods to propagate and conserve these species is imperative. In this context, the medicinal and Brazilian native species Varronia curassavica Jacq., popularly known as erva-baleeira, used in popular medicine as anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and analgesic, and also used as source of active principle for the drug Acheflan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the propagation using cuttings treated with indolbutyric acid (IBA) and the physiological parameters of Varronia curassavica Jacq. plants, cultivated during 45 days under two conditions of light (full sun and 75% shading with blue net). The results obtained allow to conclude that the vegetative propagation of Varronia curassavica Jacq. from stem cuttings taken from young apical branches is optimized with IBA, increasing the number of rooted cuttings and improving root development. The different luminosity conditions influenced the plants both in relation to the growth and in relation to the analyzed biochemical variables. In the shaded plants, reductions in the dry mass accumulation of root and shoot were observed and an increase in the leaf area. Also, increases in photosynthetic pigments contents, chlorophyll and carotenoid, and a higher net CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were observed. Transpiration rates were higher in shaded plants causing a lower efficiency of water use. Shading reduced soluble sugars, nitrate, amino acids and nitrate reductase activity in leaves and roots. These effects on the primary metabolites led to a reduction in the phenolic compounds content in leaves and roots and in the yield of the essential oil obtained from the leaves. Results demonstrate that the species presents high plasticity in relation to the conditions of luminosity that it was submitted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_andressa_reis.pdf: 1497210 bytes, checksum: 3cf7185be01a988c5b3fa63e14d8a302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / A characteristic of plants and other sessile organisms is their ability to synthesize a wide variety of low molecular weight compounds, called secondary metabolites. Among these compounds are the betalains, hydrophilic molecules of two types: red-violet betalains and yellow betaxanthins. These phytochemicals have been widely used because of their high antioxidant activity and free radicals scavenging. The light intensity and quality are important factors in plant growth and development and specific changes in light quality severely affect physiological, morphological and biochemical plant parameters. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of light quality on growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites from callus and plant species of the genus Alternanthera, as well as a protocol establishment for callus induction of these plants. The species A. brasiliana, A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis had their explants placed on MS medium with different combinations of growth regulators. In the experiment of callus induction only plants of A. brasiliana were used, which were maintained for 45 days of culture under white light and in the second experiment, with the induction protocol already established, were used the three species of Alternanthera and the callus maintained in culture for 40 days under different light qualities (blue , white and red). The analysis to quantify betacyanin in HPLC-MS on experiment in A. brasiliana callus confirmed that they have expressive content of amaranthin and on calluses of different species experiment, the best response was observed in A. brasiliana plants and the internodes were considered the best explants. Studies of callus in different light qualities demonstrated that blue light induces the production of glycosylated betacyanin and betaxanthins. Thus, it is concluded that the quality of light significantly affects the biosynthesis of betacyanin, betaxanthins and flavonoids, as well as the growth patterns of Altemanthera plants. / Uma característica de plantas e outros organismos sésseis é a sua capacidade de sintetizar uma enorme variedade de compostos de baixo peso molecular, chamados de metabólitos secundários. Dentre estes compostos, encontram-se as betalaínas, moléculas hidrofílicas de dois tipos: betalaínas vermelho-rosáceas e betaxantinas amarelas. Esses fitoquímicos têm sido amplamente utilizados devido as suas elevadas atividades antioxidantes e eliminadora de radicais livres. A intensidade e qualidade de luz são fatores importantes no crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal e mudanças específicas na qualidade de luz afetam severamente os parâmetros fisiológicos, morfológicos e bioquímicos das plantas. Dessa maneira o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da qualidade de luz no crescimento e acúmulo de metabólitos secundários de calos e plantas de espécies do gênero Alternanthera, assim como o estabelecimento de um protocolo para indução de calogênese destas plantas. As espécies A. brasiliana, A. philoxeroides e A. sessilis tiveram seus explantes, colocadas em meio MS, com diferentes combinações de reguladores de crescimento. No experimento de indução de calogênese foram utilizadas somente plantas de A. brasiliana, as quais foram mantidas por 45 dias de cultivo sob luz branca e no segundo experimento, já com o protocolo de indução estabelecido, foram utilizadas as três espécies de Alternanthera e os calos mantidos por 40 dias em cultivo sob diferentes qualidades de luz (azul, branco e vermelho). As análises de quantificação das betacianinas em HPLC-MS no experimento com calos de A. brasiliana confirmaram que estes apresentam conteúdo expressivo de amarantina e no ensaio com calos de diferentes espécies, a melhor resposta foi observada em plantas de A. brasiliana e os entrenós foram considerados os melhores explantes. Os estudos de calos em diferentes qualidades de luz demonstraram que a luz azul induz a produção de betaxantinas e betacianinas glicosiladas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a qualidade de luz afeta sensivelmente a biossíntese de betacianinas, betaxantinas e flavonoides, assim como os padrões de crescimento em plantas de Alternanthera.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fatima_rosane_klein.pdf: 1108729 bytes, checksum: f7f58ac213a22aa01320b606d8028f60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / The knowledge about ultraviolet (UV) effects in medicinal plants is still limited when compared with what is already known about other environmental factors. To investigate this issue we carried out two experiments: the first aimed to study the production of betalains, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity in plants of Alternanthera sessilis, Alternanthera brasiliana, Alternanthera tenella, and Alternanthera philoxeroides, which were exposed to UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) for different periods; the second performed the same analyses, adding the investigation of the antioxidant enzymes in A. sessilis, A. brasiliana, and A. philoxeroides, submitted to UV-C (100-280 nm) for different periods of exposure. In the first experiment, the plants grown for 50 days in greenhouse were exposed to different UV-B irradiation periods (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours). The collections were conducted in two periods, immediately after each exposure time (0h) and after 24 hours, to view a possible recovery. During the period inside the greenhouse, the plants remained under natural light. The experimental design was completely randomized, in 4 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme with five replicates by treatment, each one represented by a plant. Among the species studied, A. sessilis showed higher levels of total betacyanins, betaxanthin, flavonoids, and greater antioxidant capacity compared to other species throughout the period of exposure to radiation. We observed that in the species A. sessilis and A. brasiliana the recovery time favored an increase in the production of these compounds. The species A. tenella and A. philoxeroides showed no increase in the production of their metabolites, after UV-B radiation exposure. A randomized experiment in factorial design 3 x 5 was conducted to analyze the effects of UV-C radiation with three species A. sessilis, A. brasiliana, and A. philoxeroides for times intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, with five replicates for treatment. A. sessilis showed a higher increase in metabolites under UV-C radiation between 10 and 12 minutes of exposure; in A. brasiliana it was observed after 16 minutes of exposure. The species A. philoxeroides showed no increase in its content after irradiation, remaining equal to control. For the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), the species showed no significantly differences, but for catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed greater activity. An increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content under UV-C radiation was viewed in A. philoxeroides and A. sessilis. In this experiment it was observed that both radiations caused changes in the content of total betacyanins, betaxanthin, and flavonoids in the species A. sessilis and A. brasiliana, and UV-C radiation changed enzymatic activity only in the species A. philoxeroides. These changes depend on the time exposure to radiation and the defense mechanisms triggered. / Ainda é limitado o conhecimento dos efeitos da radiação ultravioleta (UV) em plantas medicinais quando comparados com o que já se conhece sobre outros fatores ambientais. Para investigar essas foram realizados dois experimentos: o primeiro com o objetivo de estudar a produção de betalaínas, flavonoides totais e atividade antioxidante em plantas de Alternanthera sessilis, Alternanthera brasiliana, Alternanthera tenella e Alternanthera philoxeroides expostas por diferentes períodos à radiação UV-B (280-315 nm) e, no segundo foram realizadas as mesmas análises, sendo, nesse caso investigada também a resposta de enzimas antioxidantes em A. sessilis, A. brasiliana e A. philoxeroides submetidas a diferentes tempos de exposição à UV-C (100-280 nm). No primeiro experimento, plantas cultivadas há 50 dias em casa de vegetação foram expostas a diferentes tempos de radiação UV-B (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas). As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos, imediatamente após cada tempo de exposição (0h) e após 24h dos mesmos, para visualizar uma possível recuperação. Até a realização da segunda coleta as plantas permaneceram sob iluminação natural, em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 x 2 com 5 repetições por tratamento, sendo cada uma representada por uma planta. Dentre as espécies em estudo, A. sessilis foi a que apresentou maior teor de betacianinas totais, betaxantina, flavonoides e maior poder antioxidante quando comparada com as demais espécies em todos os tempos de exposição à radiação. Nas espécies A. sessilis e A. brasiliana foi observado que o tempo de recuperação favoreceu o aumento da produção desses compostos. As espécies A. tenella e A. philoxeroides não apresentaram incremento nos seus metabólitos após exposição à radiação UV-B. Para analisar os efeitos da radiação UV-C foi delineado um experimento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, com três espécies (A. sessilis, A. brasiliana e A. philoxeroides) em cinco tempos de radiação (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 min), com cinco repetições por tratamento. Os resultados dos metabólitos estudados diante da radiação UV-C demonstraram que houve maior incremento destes compostos em A. sessilis, entre 10 e 12 minutos de exposição e em A. brasiliana após 16 minutos de exposição. A espécie A. philoxeroides não apresentou incremento do seu conteúdo depois de irradiadas mantendo-se iguais ao controle. Para a atividade da enzima SOD (Superóxido dismutase), as espécies não apresentaram diferenças significativas enquanto para CAT (Catalase) e APX (Ascorbato peroxidase), A. philoxeroides mostrou maior atividade. Aumento do conteúdo de MDA (malondialdeído) foi verificado em A. philoxeroides e A. sessilis diante da radiação UV-C. Nas condições deste experimento observou-se que ambas as radiações promovem mudanças no conteúdo de betacianinas totais, betaxantinas, e flavonoides nas espécies A. sessilis e A. brasiliana e que a radiação UV-C altera a atividade enzimática somente na espécie A. philoxeroides.Estas mudanças dependem do tempo de exposição e dos mecanismos de defesa acionados diante das radiações.

La notion d’ancrage est au cœur de cette thèse. Nous l’abordons dans sa dimension temporelle et spatiale. Nous partons de l’hypothèse que l’ancrage d’une activité est un construit permanent qui mobilise des ressources variables dans le temps pour répondre à un marché labile. D’un point de vue spatial, l’ancrage dépendrait de la capacité des acteurs à être mobiles. Nous travaillons cette hypothèse à partir du cas des entreprises de la filière des plantes à parfum, aromatiques et médicinales installées dans la vallée de la Drôme. Cette petite filière est riche de son originalité : multiplicité des avals, fonctionnement mondialisé faiblement soutenu par les institutions, politique de gamme, produits de qualité générique ou spécifique, pilotage par l’aval. Notre cadre théorique est celui de l’approche territoriale mobilisant les concepts d’acteurs et de ressources. Au-delà de la volonté d’ancrage personnel des entrepreneurs, les résultats soulignent d’abord une construction de l’ancrage dans une dynamique collective. Mais celle-ci a du mal à se structurer en raison de la compétition entre les entreprises. Avec le temps, les partages deviennent plus informels. Toutefois, l’agglomération de ces entreprises, l’offre variée qu’elles proposent autour des différents avals, contribuent à forger une réputation collective au sein de la filière. L’ancrage tient donc à ce construit collectif mais également à une capacité à renouveler des ressources en réponse au marché, qui réclame des gammes allant du produit générique au produit très spécifique, avec une part d’intrants symboliques de plus en plus forte. À cette fin, les entrepreneurs construisent des stratégies multilocales pour répondre au marché et assurer la pérennisation de l’entreprise. Au centre de l’agencement spatial émerge un territoire dans ses multiples dimensions, dont chacune fait ressource : réseau localisé d’entreprises, territoire identitaire (hérité et construit) auquel vient aujourd'hui se superposer un territoire de projet institutionnel, le projet Biovallée®. Au-delà de ce lieu d’ancrage, non balisé, s’organise une forme en réseau qui court-circuite l’emboitement traditionnel des échelles. Les ressources de cet Ailleurs sont multiples et sont sollicitées de façon flexible : marché, connaissances, financement et surtout production. Ainsi, l’ancrage s’inscrit dans un agencement spatial fluctuant qui permet l’adaptation à un marché de plus en plus labile. / This research is about the territorial anchoring of economic activities in less favored rural areas. We approach it in its temporal and spatial dimension. We start from the assumption that anchoring is a permanent movement which mobilizes variable resources meeting the needs of a labile market. From a spatial perspective, anchoring could depend on the ability of actors to be mobile. We have tested this hypothesis using the case study of companies working in the sector of perfume, aromatic and medicinal plants and geographically located in a rural area in Drôme valley. This small industry is indeed very original/off beat - multiple downstream markets, a range of products of generic or specific quality, buyers driven dynamic. This industry is very global and not protected by the common market organizations. The territorial approach is our theoretical framework mobilizing the concepts of actors and resources. Beyond the anchoring will of entrepreneurs, our results underline fist the impact of a collective dynamic on anchoring. But this collective resource is difficult to structure due partly to a competition between companies. Indeed, the dynamic tends to evolve towards a coopetition in which the shares are becoming more and more informal. However, agglomeration of these companies and the varied selection they offer around different targets contribute to the building of a collective reputation within the sector. The collective action is thus an important part of anchoring as much as the ability to renew resources to meet the demands of market calling for product lines going from generic product to very specific product with more symbolic input. In this context, entrepreneurs have multi-local strategies to meet demands and ensure the success of their business. In the heart of this spatial arrangement a territory in its many dimensions emerges -localized network of companies, identity place (inherited and built) and today an institutional project, on which the Biovallée project® is superimposed. Beyond this place of anchorage with fluid boundaries lies a network relation which shortcuts the traditional fitting of scales. The resources of this “elsewhere” are multiple and support the local system bringing market, knowledge, funding and raw material. Thus, the anchoring of these activities fits in a fluctuating spatial arrangement that enables adaptation to a labile context.

African Potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea), (AP) is an African traditional medicine (TM) that is commonly used for various nutritional/medicinal purposes and also by people infected with the human immuno deficiency virus HIV and AIDS patients as an immune booster. The use of AP has also been recommended by the former Minister of Health of South Africa for use by HIV positive people. The main phytochemical component of AP is a norlignan glucoside, hypoxoside, and other relatively minor components have also been reported. A recent in vitro study reported the effects of AP extracts, hypoxoside and rooperol (the metabolite of hypoxoside) on human metabolic enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) group of enzymes and also on the transporter protein, p-glycoprotein (P-gp). This research focussed on investigating the clinical significance of those in vitro effects on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz (EFV) in humans. EFV was chosen as the substrate drug because it is in first-line regimen of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, and also has been reported to be a substrate for the specific CYP isozymes, 3A4 and 2B6, in common with APs metabolic involvement with 3A4. A high performance liquid chromatography method with ultra-violet detection (HPLC-UV) for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma was developed and successfully validated according to international standards with good reproducibility, accuracy, recovery, linear response and requisite sensitivity. The preparation of the plasma samples for analysis was effected by using a simple and rapid precipitation method, and the mobile phase consisted of readily available solvents. EFV in plasma samples was found to be stable under the relevant storage conditions studied. The oral dose of AP, administered as a freshly prepared traditional decoction, was standardised based on the hypoxoside content, and the quality of all the AP decoctions was analysed immediately prior to administration, using a validated HPLC-UV method. A single dose, two-phase sequential study was conducted over a period of 31 days in 10 healthy volunteers. The clinical study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee, and all the participants agreed to the conditions of the study by giving their informed consent. On day 1 of the study, human subjects were administered a 600 mg EFV tablet and blood samples were collected before dosing and at various intervals over a period of 48 hr post dosing. From day 16, a traditionally prepared AP decoction was administered daily at a standardized dose of 15 mg/kg/day per subject until day 30. On day 29, volunteers were administered a single 600 mg dose of EFV as was done on day 1. Plasma samples were harvested immediately after blood sample collection and frozen at -80 ºC until assayed. Geometric mean ratios of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax (maximum plasma concentration achieved following dosing) and AUC0-48 (area under the curve of a plot of drug plasma concentrations versus time representing the extent of absorption) of EFV before and after co-administration of 14 successive daily doses of AP were compared and evaluated to determine whether an interaction had occurred. All subjects completed the study and the geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUC0-48 were 97.30 and 102.82 with corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of 78.81-120.14% and 89.04-118.80%, respectively. Whereas the acceptance criteria for the ratios of the AUCs fell within the preset 90% CIs indicating no interaction, the Cmax ratios fell outside the limits. Although the protocol was developed in accordance with the United States of America Food & Drug Administration’s Guidance for Drug Interactions, a priori stating that both criteria need to fall within the acceptance limits to indicate no interaction, an argument is presented to waive the Cmax requirement for the declaration of an interaction. As a result, the pharmacokinetic data generated during this study indicated that the effect of AP on the pharmacokinetics of EFV is not clinically significant. Hence, co-administration of AP is unlikely to affect the clinical use of EFV. In summary the objectives of this project were: 1. To develop and validate a suitable HPLC-UV method for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma. 2. To perform a mini-validation of the determination of hypoxoside for use as a marker in the quality control and standardisation of AP decoctions. 3. To conduct a clinical interaction study in order to determine whether AP affects the pharmacokinetics of EFV following concurrent administration. 4. To apply the validated HPLC-UV method to determine plasma concentrations of EFV in plasma of human subjects. 5. To use appropriate statistical methods and treatments such as a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis to determine the occurrence of an interaction.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Pithecoctenium echinatum belongs to the family Bignoniaceae, popularly known as comb monkey used in folk medicine for inflammations, rheumatism, skin infections, headaches, cleanses the blood and calming. The objective of this study was to characterize morphological and anatomical fruit of P. echinatum; to determine the physico-chemical quality of the plant drug, isolating chemical compounds of secondary metabolism, as well as to investigate antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, and analyzing biochemical parameters of liver and kidney toxicity in the crude extract (CE) of seeds of P. echinatum. This species has bicarpelar ovary with the presence of trichomes, crystals and emergencies. It has parietal placentation. The rudiment seminal anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate. The ring nectary has stomatal complexes and trichomes. The epicarp has cutin with the presence of lenticels, estomatíferos and complex emergencies. The outer mesocarp has parenchyma cells, stone cells, sclerified cells and crystals. The endocarp is represented by a single cell layer is not sclerified. The seed is winged and exotestal. The endothelium and the endosperm are the membranaceous embryo. The mesophyll has chemical compounds such as alkaloids, fixed oils, volatile oils, scarce presence of starch and consists of pectic walls. In physico-chemical characterization, using pharmacopoeia tests was used dried vegetable drug, noting that no significant variation of the samples collected in different locations. The hydroethanolic extract 70% seeds of P. echinatum presented secondary metabolic compounds such as steroids and/or triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, catechin, phenolic hydroxyl heterosides cardiotonic and volatile oils. Assay polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were determined by spectroscopic in the CE and fractions. P. echinatum showed antioxidant potential (IC50 131.84 mg/ml) in acetate fraction by the DPPH method and antimicrobial activity to P. aeruginosa, P. zophii and C. albicans by the microdilution method (MIC). From the CE the seeds of P. echinatum we performed the isolation and identification of hesperetin and diometin. These flavonoids were isolated from P. echinatum first. The compounds were determined and analyzed by HPLC / MS and NMR and their spectra compared with the literature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the CE was assayed by the induction of inflammation for cotton rolls and serum taken from rats submitted to the bioassay, in which were administered orally by 300mg/kg/day of CE for 6 consecutive days and compared to nimesulide (5mg/kg/day) and negative control (propylene glycol 20% v/v). The results showed that the CE of P. echinatum showed significant inhibition of inflammation of 24.7%, similar to the inhibition obtained by the group of animals treated with nimesulide 21.4% compared to controls. The hematological parameters showed an increase in the number of leukocytes and decreased of corpuscular medium volume, while AST, ALT and creatinine showed no significant difference in the use of CE compared with the control group propylene glycol. Therefore, the physico-chemical parameters established for P. echinatum enable quality control of drugs of this kind, and this presented antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, no evidence of a hepatotocidade and nephrotoxicity in the experimental conditions tested. / Pithecoctenium echinatum pertence à família Bignoniaceae, conhecida popularmente como pente-de-macaco e é utilizada na medicina popular para inflamações, reumatismo, infecções cutâneas, dor de cabeça, depurativo do sangue e calmante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização morfo-anatômica do fruto de P. echinatum; determinar parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade da droga vegetal; isolar compostos químicos do metabolismo secundário, bem como investigar atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e anti-inflamatória, além de analisar parâmetros bioquímicos de toxicidade hepática e renal no extrato bruto das sementes de P. echinatum. Esta espécie possui ovário bicarpelar com presença de tricomas, emergências e cristais. Possui placentação parietal. O rudimento seminal é anátropo, unitegumentado e tenuinucelado. O anel nectarífero possui complexos estomáticos e tricomas. O epicarpo é cutinizado com presença de lenticelas, emergências e complexos estomatíferos. O mesocarpo externo possui células parenquimáticas, células pétreas, células esclerificadas e cristais. A semente é alada e exotestal. O endotélio e o endosperma constituem o envoltório membranáceo do embrião. O mesofilo cotiledonar possui compostos químicos como alcaloides, óleos fixos e voláteis, presença escassa de amido e é constituído de paredes pécticas. Na caracterização físico-química, por meio de testes farmacopeicos foi utilizado droga vegetal seca, constatando que não houve variação significativa das amostras coletadas em locais diferentes. O extrato hidroetanólico 70% (EB) das sementes de P. echinatum apresentou compostos do metabolismo secundário como esteróides e/ou triterpenos, flavonoides, alcaloides, antraquinonas, taninos catéquicos, oxidrila fenólica e heterosídeos cardiotônicos e óleos voláteis. Por doseamento espectroscópico foram determinados polifenóis, flavonoides e taninos no EB e frações. P. echinatum apresentou potencial antioxidante (CE50 131,84 μg/ml) na fração acetato pelo método do DPPH e atividade antimicrobiana à P. aeruginosa, P. zophii e C. albicans pelo método de microdiluição em caldo (CIM). A partir do EB das sementes de P. echinatum foi realizado o isolamento e a identificação de dois flavonoides diometina e hesperitina, agliconas flavona e flavanona, respectivamente. Estes flavonoides foram isolados de P. echinatum pela primeira vez. Os compostos foram determinados e analisados por CLAE/MS e RMN e seus espectros comparados com a literatura. A atividade anti-inflamatória do EB foi avaliada pelo método da indução da inflamação por cilindros de algodão, e realizadas dosagens séricas dos ratos submetidos ao bioensaio, nos quais foram administrados a três grupos de ratos, por via oral, 300mg/kg/dia do extrato bruto, 5mg/kg/dia de nimesulida e propilenoglicol 20% v/v, por 6 dias. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato bruto de P. echinatum apresentou inibição da inflamação significativa de 24,7%, semelhante à inibição obtida pelo grupo de animais tratados com nimesulida de 21,4%, em relação ao grupo controle. Os parâmetros hematológicos mostraram que houve aumento no número de leucócitos e diminuição no volume corpuscular médio (VCM), enquanto que AST, ALT e creatinina não apresentaram diferença significativa no uso do extrato de P. echinatum, quando comparados com o grupo controle propilenoglicol. Portanto, os parâmetros físico-químicos estabelecidos para P. echinatum possibilitam controle de qualidade da droga dessa espécie, e esta, apresentou atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e antiinflamatória. Além disso, não foram observados sinais de hepatotocidade e nefrotoxicidade nas condições experimentais testadas.

Accès limité / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished