Esta Tese de Doutorado tem por objetivo discutir a questão da mimesis da interioridade no Mercador de Veneza, de William Shakespeare. A pesquisa está embasada na obra Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance, de Maus (1995), e na obra Shakespeare Philosophy, de McGinn (2007), na crítica literária da peça. Maus apresenta a interioridade como um constructo social e cultural da Renascença Inglesa. Ela analisa a interioridade tomando como base a oposição entre aparências, consideradas falsas e enganosas na época, e interioridade, que era tida como manifestações sinceras e verdadeiras das dimensões interiores do indivíduo. Contudo, McGinn vai além da discussão de Maus sobre interioridade, ao perceber que Shakespeare representou as dimensões obscuras incontroláveis do indivíduo. Ele apresenta as forças misteriosas que controlam os pendores interiores das personagens. Além disso, a tese busca analisar a constelação de motivos e a retórica da interioridade que representam sentimentos interiores na peça de Shakespeare. Parte da hipótese de que a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é representada em sinais, sutis tais como os silêncios, os não-ditos, as rupturas de linguagem, gestos corporais, pathos, contradições de ideias e pensamentos, a consciência, vergonha e atos falhos. Ademais, a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é construída através do artifício do espelhamento que é a representação das dimensões interiores e os pendores da mente nos sentimentos, ideias, gestos, pensamentos, comportamento e atitude de outras personagens. Na verdade, Shakespeare não inventou a interioridade, mas aprofundou a representação da interioridade introduzindo traços inovadores na linguagem do drama. Este trabalho também discute o estranho desenvolvimento da crítica sobre a peça, apresentando que a crítica dos séculos XVIII e XIX lia Shylock como um herói trágico, ao passo que a crítica do século XX lia Shylock como um vilão cômico, provavelmente influenciada pelo antissemitismo da primeira metade do século. Essa pesquisa foca sobre a estranha relação entre Antonio e Bassanio, assim como sua relação com Shylock. Sua relação é representada como homoerótica e o desejo de um frívolo sacrifício de Antonio por Bassanio sugere a interioridade de Antonio. Shylock é também representado como o pai primordial da peça e esse detalhe sugere a causa da tristeza de Antonio no começo da peça. Analisa também o teste dos escrínios de Portia e demonstra seu desejo de defraudar o testamento de seu pai, tão logo ela pede que se toque uma canção que sugere em suas rimas o verdadeiro escrínio. Discute os problemas da consciência de Launcelot e da interioridade de Jessica. Analisa também a relação distante entre Jessica e Shylock, como também sua partida da casa de seu pai e roubo de seu dinheiro, como uma forma de afrontar o poder patriarcal. Centra-se também na cegueira de Shylock para com as intenções reais de sua filha. Interpreta a cena do julgamento de Shylock e como Portia forja um julgamento fraudulento, anulando o contrato de Shylock a tomando sua propriedade. Apresenta uma discussão sobre a mimesis shakespeariana de interioridade, com base nas considerações de Auerbach e Dubois, assim como discute o problema do gênero da peça, sugerindo que a peça não é uma mera comédia, mas uma tragicomédia. / This Doctorate thesis aims at discussing the issue of mimesis of inwardness in The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare. This survey is based on Maus‘ Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance (1995), McGinn‘s work Shakespeare Philosophy (2007) and the literary criticism on the play. Maus presents inwardness as social and cultural construct of the English Renaissance. She analyses inwardness based on the opposition between appearances, considered false and deceitful in the age, and inwardness, which was taken as true and sincere manifestations of the inward dimensions of the self. However, McGinn goes beyond Maus‘ discussion on inwardness, perceiving that Shakespeare represented the uncontrolled obscure inward dimensions of the self. He presents the mysterious forces which control the characters‘ inward dispositions. Moreover, the thesis aims at analysing the constellation of motifs and the rhetoric of inwardness which represent inward feelings in Shakespeare‘s play. It parts from the hypothesis that Shakespearean mimesis of inwardness is represented in subtle signs such as silences, non-said, breaks in language, bodily gestures, pathos, contradictions in ideas and thoughts, conscience, shame, and verbal slips. Furthermore, Shakespeare‘s mimesis of inwardness is contructed through the mirroring device which is the representation of a character‘s inward dimensions and dispositions of the mind in other character‘s feelings, ideas, thoughts, gestures, behaviour and attitude. Actually, Shakespeare did not invent inwardness, but he deepened the representation of inwardness introducing innovating traits in language in the drama. This work also discusses the awkward development of the criticism on the play, presenting that the 18th and 19th century criticism read Shylock as a tragic hero, whereas 20th century criticism read Shylock as a comic villain probably influenced by anti-Semitism of the first half of the century. This research focuses on the awkward relationship between Antonio and Bassanio, as well as their relationship with Shylock. Their relation is depicted as homoerotic and Antonio‘s desire of a frivolous sacrifice for Bassanio suggests Antonio‘s inwardness. Shylock is also depicted as the primordial father of the play and such detail hints at the cause of Antonio‘s sadness in the beginning of the play. It analyses Portia‘s casket trial and demonstrates her desire of outwitting her father‘s will, as soon as she demands to play a song which suggests in its rhyme the true casket. It discusses the problems of conscience in Launcelot‘s and Jessica‘s inwardness. It also analyses the distant relationship between Jessica and Shylock, as well as her leaving her father‘s house and taking his wealth, as a way of affronting the patriarchal power. It focuses on Shylock‘s blindness towards his daughter‘s real intentions. It analyses the trial scene and how Portia forges a fraudulent trial, undoing Shylock‘s bond and taking his property. It presents a discussion on Shakespeare‘s mimesis of inwardness, based on Auerbach‘s and Dubois‘ assumptions, as well as discusses the problem of the genre of the play, suggesting that the play is not a mere comedy, but a tragicomedy.

Pendant de nombreuses années, Aharon Appelfeld, Philip Roth et Primo Levi entretiennent une sorte de « dialogue à distance », interrompu en 1987 par la mort de ce dernier. Notre travail vise à analyser les modalités à travers lesquelles la production de ces trois écrivains – marqués de manière plus ou moins « directe » par l’histoire de la deuxième guerre mondiale et la mémoire de la Shoah – complexifie, avant tout sur le plan fictionnel, une certaine conception du témoignage, dont les enjeux esthétiques sont loin d’être anodins. Certes, dans un premier temps il a été important de reconstituer la correspondance triangulaire entre Levi, Appelfeld et Roth ; bien que fondamentale, ce n’est pas la composante philologique de notre recherche que nous avons souhaité mettre en avant, mais plutôt la pertinence d’un rapprochement de corpus en apparence distants, et pourtant liés par des questionnements analogues. Il est évident que si la possibilité de consulter, donc de disposer de documents d’archive pour la plupart inédits et d’accéder à des échanges parfois publics – quoique destinés à un auditoire en quelque sorte « communautaire » – a été précieuse afin d’alimenter la réflexion, le fait de lier de manière trop manifeste les considérations au sujet des démarches (poétiques ou politiques) de nos trois auteurs à leur complicité intellectuelle et, le cas échéant, à leur amitié aurait pu minimiser la portée de certaines observations – et suggérer de faux rapports de cause à effet. / My doctoral thesis explores the relationship between literature and historical witnessing. By focusing on the works of Primo Levi, Aharon Appelfeld, and Philip Roth (authors who relate in very different ways the trauma of the Holocaust), my research aims at investigating the enmeshment of aesthetic and epistemological issues. My comparative exploration of these authors is motivated by and allows for a conceptual layering of the problem along three distinct research axes : (1) each author maintains a different degree of autobiographical involvement with the genocidal facts he evokes, ranging from maximum directness (Levi) to an oblique post hoc distance (Roth) ; (2) each author thematizes the problem by framing fictional situations in which characters have to cope with the plastic tension of narrative recollection ; (3) there is a twofold factual link between the three authors consisting in (a) explicit or covert intertextual quotations (e.g. Levi and Appelfeld become characters in Roth’s "Operation Shylock") and, more significantly, (b) an under-investigated circular correspondence in which each of them discusses at length the gains and losses of (literary) historical witnessing. The core of my project, therefore, is grounded in the long-distance conversation on the reworking of memories between Aharon Appelfeld, Philip Roth and Primo Levi – a three-way conversation that perforce ceased with Levi’s death in 1987.

Cette thèse est une recherche pluridisciplinaire sur le concept du pardon interpersonnel. Elle cherche à circonscrire la portée et la dynamique du pardon, entre autres en répondant à la question Pourquoi pardonner ? Jusqu’à récemment on trouvait peu d’écrits sur le pardon. Mais les deux dernières décennies ont vu un foisonnement de travaux de recherche sur le sujet de la part de psychologues éveillés à ses bienfaits thérapeutiques. Parallèlement, des philosophes et des théologiens se sont aussi intéressés à la question et ont commencé à publier leurs réflexions. Deux hypothèses marquent le parcours de notre recherche. La première porte sur la signification de la deuxième partie de l’énoncé biblique en Luc 23, 34 « Père, pardonne-leur car ils ne savent pas ce qu’ils font ». Elle avance que le « motif de l’ignorance » que cette parole affirme a une portée universelle et soutient que l’offenseur est en état d’ignorance inconsciente lorsqu’il fait le mal. Le pardon des offenses serait donc le pardon de cette ignorance inconsciente. La seconde hypothèse conjecture que le pardon interpersonnel s’inscrit dans une dynamique spirituelle même s’il a quitté ses amarres religieuses. Nous avançons que la relation pardon-spiritualité est significative et que sa compréhension peut aider à mieux saisir l’essence d’un pardon devenu séculier et à en permettre l’éclosion. Pour établir la valeur de cette hypothèse, nous devons étudier la dynamique d’une démarche de pardon de même qu’à déterminer le statut actuel de la spiritualité. La thèse se divise en trois parties. La première partie expose la pensée d’auteurs significatifs dans chacune des principales disciplines concernées par le pardon : philosophie, théologie, psychologie et spiritualité. Il y est question d’offense pardonnable ou impardonnable, de pardon conditionnel ou inconditionnel, de corrélats du pardon comme l’oubli, la colère, la culpabilité, le repentir et des résultats d’études empiriques psychothérapeutiques sur le pardon. Cette première partie se termine par une réflexion sur la spiritualité de façon à voir dans quelle mesure le pardon devient une dynamique spirituelle. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’examen de l’hypothèse concernant le sens et la portée du « car ils ne savent pas ce qu’ils font ». Dans un premier temps on fait appel à l’expertise exégétique pour situer l’authenticité et la portée de ce passage. Nous explorons ensuite la pensée philosophique à travers l’histoire pour comprendre le véritable sens du libre-arbitre et son impact sur la conception de la faute. La remise en cause philosophique du libre-arbitre nous ramènera à la thèse socratique selon laquelle « Nul n’est méchant volontairement ». La théorie mimétique de René Girard vient démontrer que les persécuteurs sont fondamentalement inconscients de ce qu’ils font et la théologienne Lytta Basset identifie le fantasme de la connaissance du bien et du mal comme accroissant cette ignorance qui s’ignore. La troisième partie de la thèse intègre les réflexions et découvertes des deux premières parties, et les situent dans un parcours qui va de l’impardonnable à la guérison, tout en les conceptualisant avec une matrice de verticalité et d’horizontalité qui schématise leurs interactions. Nous découvrons que si « car ils ne savent pas ce qu’ils font » fournit la réponse logique à la question Pourquoi pardonner ?, il existe aussi une deuxième voie qui conduit au pardon, l’amour. L’amour est la clé du pardon basé sur le message évangélique, alors que l’empathie est celle de l’approche psychothérapeutique. Enfin, la comparaison entre le « pardon psychothérapeutique » et le « pardon évangélique » nous fait conclure qu’il y a deux modes d’accès majeurs au pardon : la raison et l’amour. / This thesis is a multidisciplinary approach to the concept of interpersonal forgiveness. Its purpose is to unearth the scope and dynamics of forgiveness, as it seeks to answer the question, Why forgive? Up until recently, there has been a dearth of literature on the subject of forgiveness. Then over the past 20 years, an escalation of psychotherapeutic research on forgiveness started to emerge as psychologists awakened to its healing benefits. Over the same time period, a number of philosophers and theologians also began publishing on the subject. Two hypotheses benchmark the research. The first one concerns the meaning of the second half of the biblical quote, “Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do,” found in Luke 23:34. This hypothesis claims that the “motive of ignorance” is universal in scope, and purports that the offender is ignorantly unaware of his wrongdoing. Forgiveness of an offense can thus be interpreted as the forgiveness of ignorance. The second hypothesis claims that interpersonal forgiveness can be understood as a spiritual dynamic, but with the loosening of its religious ties. We believe the forgiveness–spirituality relationship to be a significant one, and that a deeper understanding of it will bring us closer to the fundamental nature and gift of forgiveness, thereby facilitating its realization. However, to determine the value of this hypothesis, we must consider both the process of forgiveness, and the contemporary definition of spirituality. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part depicts authors who discuss forgiveness through the lens of the four academic disciplines concerned with forgiveness: philosophy, theology, psychology, and spirituality. Issues that are covered include what is forgivable and what is not, and conditional versus unconditional forgiveness. Correlates of forgiveness, such as forgetting, anger, repentance, guilt, as well as results of psychotherapeutic empirical studies, are examined. A reflection on the concept of spirituality and how it relates to forgiveness concludes this first part. In the second part, we examine the hypothesis concerning the meaning and scope of the biblical quote “for they know not what they do,” and look at what the exegetic expertise has to say about its authenticity and meaning. This is followed by a historical interpretation of free will in major philosophical thinking in order to grasp its true sense, and its impact on the concept of personal responsibility. This philosophical questioning of free will brings us back to the Socratic thesis, “No one commits wrongdoing voluntarily.” Finally, the mimetic theory of René Girard contends that persecutors are fundamentally unaware and ignorant of what they are doing, and the theologian Lytta Basset argues that the illusion of knowing what is good and what is evil contributes to the ignorance that ignores itself. The third part of the thesis integrates the reflections and insights of the first two parts, as it brings forgiveness from the unforgivable endpoint to the healing endpoint. This is conceptualized in a schematic matrix of vertical and horizontal interactions. We discover that if the phrase “for they know not what they do” offers a reason-able answer to the question Why forgive? there is as well a second way that leads to forgiveness—love. Love is the key to forgiveness based on the evangelical message, while empathy is the primary means in the psychotherapeutic approach. Comparing “psychotherapeutic forgiveness” with “evangelical forgiveness” leads us to conclude that there are, in effect, two principal ways to access the gift of forgiveness—reason and love.

L’art symboliste pictural ou théâtral qui s’est développé à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle est habité par le sacré, que celui-ci se manifeste sous la forme du spirituel, du religieux ou sous toute autre forme (spiritisme, occultisme, mysticisme). Quelle que soit sa forme, le sacré est pour tous les symbolistes lié à l’art. Leurs recherches formelles, multiples et variées, tendent toutes à faire surgir l’invisible du visible. Or toutes voient l’émergence, dans les œuvres, de la représentation de la femme, qui dès lors devient intimement liée au «symbolisme». En véhiculant le sacré, la femme devient le symbole des idées des artistes sur leur art, voire le symbole du rapport de l’artiste à son art. Ainsi la thèse étudie la femme dans son rapport aux idées et à l’esthétique propres à chaque artiste, dans son interrelation avec l’art et le sacré et les études détaillées des œuvres dramatiques et picturales visent à montrer la variété et la complexité de ses représentations. En même temps, cette recherche est une étude d’ensemble concernant les relations entre le théâtre et la peinture dans la période fin-de-siècle, abordées non pas de l’extérieur, mais de l’intérieur (c’est-à-dire par les caractéristiques propres des œuvres), dans le cadre de la théorie de l’image ouverte, telle qu’elle a été développée par Georges Didi-Huberman. Finalement, que la forme d’expression artistique soit celle de l’art dramatique ou celle de l’art pictural, la femme n’est dans les œuvres que la manifestation d’une réflexion esthétique qui est aussi une réflexion philosophique, elle est le lieu de rencontre entre le Moi et l’Autre à partir duquel s’origine l’œuvre. / Symbolist art, be it pictorial or theatrical, which developed in the late nineteenth century was filled with sacredness, whatever its form: spiritual, religious or any other (spiritualism, occultism, mysticism). However in all its forms, sacredness is for all symbolists linked to Art. Formal research by symbolists, which is numerous and diverse, all tends to make the invisible visible. However all symbolists formal research saw in the works the emergence of the representation of women, which therefore becomes intimately linked to the "symbolism". By conveying sacredness, woman becomes the symbol of the ideas of the artists on their Art; even the symbol of the relationship of the artist to his Art. Thus this thesis studies woman in its relationship to the ideas and aesthetics of each artist, in its interrelationship with Art and the sacredness. The detailed studies of drama and paintings aim to show the variety and complexity of its representations. At the same time, this research is a global study on the relationship between theatre and painting in the end-of-century period, approached not from outside but from within (i.e. by the characteristics of works), as part of the theory of the open image developed by Georges Didi-Huberman. Finally, whatever the form of artistic expression – drama or painting – woman is only in the works, the manifestation of aesthetic reflection that is also a philosophical reflection, situated at the crossroads between the Ego and the Other, from which the work originates.

This practice-led research enquiry examines the form and experience of postdramatic theatre and intermediality. Through three practice-led enquiry cycles, the performance, Unstable Acts, was created. The study was designed to introduce the practitioner to a new process of practice within a postmodern aesthetic and to investigate the theory and practice of intermedial performance. Accordingly, Unstable Acts generated moments of praxis concerning postdramatic theatre and intermediality. By analysing this praxis an increasingly complex understanding of de-representational performance, the liminal experience, percipience, reflection and intermediality in postdramatic theatre was developed. In responding to Unstable Acts, the study proposes a working model for the poetics of postdramatic theatre which places intermediality as a formal recurrence of the postdramatic form. The model also proposes that the postdramaturgical strategy of de-representational performance is a central stylistic quality of postdramatic form, and that the liminal experience is central to the postdramatic theatre experience. Connecting de-representation and liminality through queer theory, the model contends that reflection is an important aspect of both the form and experience of postdramatic theatre. In so doing, the study provides a clearer understanding for theorists and practitioners of the poetics of postdramatic theatre and the position of intermediality in postdramatic practice.

A arte conheceu durante o século XX algumas mudanças cruciais que tocaram os limites do que até então era considerado como artístico. Partindo da mímesis tradicional, buscou sua negação e voltou a ela através de uma busca cada vez mais radical da própria realidade, no limite de uma ruptura com as categorias tradicionais de mímesis/representação. Examinando o trabalho de Duane Hanson, Damien Hirst, Gunther von Hagens e Rudolf Schwarzkogler, o presente trabalho procura investigar este apelo ao real, por meio da apresentação cada vez mais evidente do corpo e do uso da violência a este corpo como operação para alcançar o real. Paralela a este encontro com o real através da violência ao corpo, mostra-se através da obra de Iberê Camargo, uma segunda alternativa, que aqui é interpretada como trágica. A tragédia surge nesta dissertação como contraponto à busca de um real que, em seu excesso violento e traumático, perde as características representativas e enunciativas (em seu modo particular de enunciação, ou seja, a criação de metáforas através da representação artística) que até então haviam caracterizado a arte. Como conceito eminentemente artístico, e dentro dos limites da representação, a tragédia apresenta-se como metáfora da última fase do trabalho de Iberê Camargo, produzida a partir da década de 1980 e tendo como singularidade o retorno à representação figurativa. / Art has known during the 20th century some crucial changes that touched the boundaries of what until then was considered as artistic. Starting from the traditional mimesis, it sought for its denial and came back to it through a search more and more radical of the Real at the limit of a rupture with the traditional categories of mimesis/representation. The Real is defined according to Lacan, through its reading by Hal Foster in the art field. Assessing the works of Duane Hanson, Damien Hirst, Gunther von Hagens and Rudolf Schwarzkogler, the present work attempts to investigate this appeal to the real by means of the presentation more and more evident of the body as well as the use of violence against this body. As a opposite to those works which put in scene the real by means of the violence against the body, through the works of Iberê Camargo, a second alternative is provided, construed here as a tragic one. Tragedy arises in this dissertation as a counterpoint to the search of a reality, which through its violent, traumatic excess, is deprived of both its enunciative and representative features (in this particular mode of enunciation, i.e., the creation of metaphors through the artistic representation), which until then has been characterizing the art. As an eminently artistic concept, and within the boundaries of representation, the tragedy presents itself as a metaphor of the former phase of Iberê Camargo’s works, produced from the 80’s on, and having as singularity, the return to the figurative representation.

Esta Tese de Doutorado tem por objetivo discutir a questão da mimesis da interioridade no Mercador de Veneza, de William Shakespeare. A pesquisa está embasada na obra Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance, de Maus (1995), e na obra Shakespeare Philosophy, de McGinn (2007), na crítica literária da peça. Maus apresenta a interioridade como um constructo social e cultural da Renascença Inglesa. Ela analisa a interioridade tomando como base a oposição entre aparências, consideradas falsas e enganosas na época, e interioridade, que era tida como manifestações sinceras e verdadeiras das dimensões interiores do indivíduo. Contudo, McGinn vai além da discussão de Maus sobre interioridade, ao perceber que Shakespeare representou as dimensões obscuras incontroláveis do indivíduo. Ele apresenta as forças misteriosas que controlam os pendores interiores das personagens. Além disso, a tese busca analisar a constelação de motivos e a retórica da interioridade que representam sentimentos interiores na peça de Shakespeare. Parte da hipótese de que a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é representada em sinais, sutis tais como os silêncios, os não-ditos, as rupturas de linguagem, gestos corporais, pathos, contradições de ideias e pensamentos, a consciência, vergonha e atos falhos. Ademais, a mimesis shakespeariana da interioridade é construída através do artifício do espelhamento que é a representação das dimensões interiores e os pendores da mente nos sentimentos, ideias, gestos, pensamentos, comportamento e atitude de outras personagens. Na verdade, Shakespeare não inventou a interioridade, mas aprofundou a representação da interioridade introduzindo traços inovadores na linguagem do drama. Este trabalho também discute o estranho desenvolvimento da crítica sobre a peça, apresentando que a crítica dos séculos XVIII e XIX lia Shylock como um herói trágico, ao passo que a crítica do século XX lia Shylock como um vilão cômico, provavelmente influenciada pelo antissemitismo da primeira metade do século. Essa pesquisa foca sobre a estranha relação entre Antonio e Bassanio, assim como sua relação com Shylock. Sua relação é representada como homoerótica e o desejo de um frívolo sacrifício de Antonio por Bassanio sugere a interioridade de Antonio. Shylock é também representado como o pai primordial da peça e esse detalhe sugere a causa da tristeza de Antonio no começo da peça. Analisa também o teste dos escrínios de Portia e demonstra seu desejo de defraudar o testamento de seu pai, tão logo ela pede que se toque uma canção que sugere em suas rimas o verdadeiro escrínio. Discute os problemas da consciência de Launcelot e da interioridade de Jessica. Analisa também a relação distante entre Jessica e Shylock, como também sua partida da casa de seu pai e roubo de seu dinheiro, como uma forma de afrontar o poder patriarcal. Centra-se também na cegueira de Shylock para com as intenções reais de sua filha. Interpreta a cena do julgamento de Shylock e como Portia forja um julgamento fraudulento, anulando o contrato de Shylock a tomando sua propriedade. Apresenta uma discussão sobre a mimesis shakespeariana de interioridade, com base nas considerações de Auerbach e Dubois, assim como discute o problema do gênero da peça, sugerindo que a peça não é uma mera comédia, mas uma tragicomédia. / This Doctorate thesis aims at discussing the issue of mimesis of inwardness in The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare. This survey is based on Maus‘ Inwardness and Theater in the English Renaissance (1995), McGinn‘s work Shakespeare Philosophy (2007) and the literary criticism on the play. Maus presents inwardness as social and cultural construct of the English Renaissance. She analyses inwardness based on the opposition between appearances, considered false and deceitful in the age, and inwardness, which was taken as true and sincere manifestations of the inward dimensions of the self. However, McGinn goes beyond Maus‘ discussion on inwardness, perceiving that Shakespeare represented the uncontrolled obscure inward dimensions of the self. He presents the mysterious forces which control the characters‘ inward dispositions. Moreover, the thesis aims at analysing the constellation of motifs and the rhetoric of inwardness which represent inward feelings in Shakespeare‘s play. It parts from the hypothesis that Shakespearean mimesis of inwardness is represented in subtle signs such as silences, non-said, breaks in language, bodily gestures, pathos, contradictions in ideas and thoughts, conscience, shame, and verbal slips. Furthermore, Shakespeare‘s mimesis of inwardness is contructed through the mirroring device which is the representation of a character‘s inward dimensions and dispositions of the mind in other character‘s feelings, ideas, thoughts, gestures, behaviour and attitude. Actually, Shakespeare did not invent inwardness, but he deepened the representation of inwardness introducing innovating traits in language in the drama. This work also discusses the awkward development of the criticism on the play, presenting that the 18th and 19th century criticism read Shylock as a tragic hero, whereas 20th century criticism read Shylock as a comic villain probably influenced by anti-Semitism of the first half of the century. This research focuses on the awkward relationship between Antonio and Bassanio, as well as their relationship with Shylock. Their relation is depicted as homoerotic and Antonio‘s desire of a frivolous sacrifice for Bassanio suggests Antonio‘s inwardness. Shylock is also depicted as the primordial father of the play and such detail hints at the cause of Antonio‘s sadness in the beginning of the play. It analyses Portia‘s casket trial and demonstrates her desire of outwitting her father‘s will, as soon as she demands to play a song which suggests in its rhyme the true casket. It discusses the problems of conscience in Launcelot‘s and Jessica‘s inwardness. It also analyses the distant relationship between Jessica and Shylock, as well as her leaving her father‘s house and taking his wealth, as a way of affronting the patriarchal power. It focuses on Shylock‘s blindness towards his daughter‘s real intentions. It analyses the trial scene and how Portia forges a fraudulent trial, undoing Shylock‘s bond and taking his property. It presents a discussion on Shakespeare‘s mimesis of inwardness, based on Auerbach‘s and Dubois‘ assumptions, as well as discusses the problem of the genre of the play, suggesting that the play is not a mere comedy, but a tragicomedy.

Over the last decades, film theories with their focus on the mere audiovisual quality of cinema have been questioned by film scholars with a phenomenological interest. According to these critical approaches, the film experience cannot be understood through a mere involvement of the eye (and the ear). In this context, to disregard the significance of a multisensory attachment to the film results in the consideration of relationship between the film and the viewer to be a dominating one. This dissertation examines this multisensory attachment and aims to define the film experience as an embodied relationship between the film and the viewer by means of a formal analysis of the Turkish director Nuri Bilge Ceylan’s early films. Throughout the dissertation, it is argued that Ceylan encourages his viewer in various forms to have a more sensual and immediate experience of his films rather than to compel them to adhere to symbols and abstractions through a kind of intellectual effort – an intellectual effort that would damage the “sensuous” attachment between the film and the viewer.

TITLE Compositional-stylistic Unities in David Lodge's Changing Places AUTHOR Martina Felcmanová DEPARTMENT Department of English Language and Literature SUPERVISOR PhDr. Petr Chalupský, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The main aim of this diploma thesis is to focus on the forms in which heteroglossia manifests itself in the most widely known campus novel of David Lodge, Changing Places. The Theoretical Part explains the two crucial terms of Mikhail Bakhtin's literary theory, namely heteroglossia and dialogism, and describes the impact his ideas had on the critical writings of David Lodge. Moreover, it strives to combine Bakhtin's and Lodge's typologies of novelistic discourse with the terminology of Seymour Chatman, in order to create sufficient terminological framework for the subsequent stylistic analysis. Consequently, the Practical Part attempts to explore how the separate unities of heteroglossia are represented within the structure of Changing Places, what effect they have on the implied reader and how they influence the novel as a whole.

This dissertation considers whether photography as a language translates a transient moment into an embodied image. This is considered to be a mimesis of the moment as an aid for memory. By following a dialectic approach I posit a thesis based on the common sense perception of photography which states that photography is an artefactual mimesis aiding memory. After reflecting on Plato’s concept of writing as a pharmakon and Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction theory I establish an antithesis which proclaims that a photograph aids memory but also leads to the illusion of remembering past experiences. The synthesis is then presented which resolves the opposing ideas. This component argues that a photograph is a mimetic device that aids memory by presenting embodied fragmented reflections of time which can be used to create new meanings and memories. The dissertation concludes with a discussion that supports and integrates this argument with visual research. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M.A. (Visual Arts)