Um dos problemas ambientais com que nos deparamos está ligado à gestão dos resíduos sólidos oriundos das atividades humanas, seja na forma de disposição, no volume na geração, e na ineficiência na reutilização e reciclagem destes. A gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos pauta-se como importante instrumento para que se caminhe em direção a um modelo de sociedade menos agressivo com o meio ambiente. Para buscar esta forma de gestão, no Brasil, a Lei nº 12.305/2010 institui a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Partindo deste contexto, tem-se como foco os Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos - PMGIRS. O trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a situação dos processos de elaboração dos PMGIRS nos municípios da Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê-Jacaré (UGRHI-13). É apresentada uma proposta de avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa dos PMGIRS, visando o cumprimento destes perante à PNRS. Chegou-se em um resultado de que 62% dos municípios afirmam possuir PMGIRS; 9% não possuem; e 29% estão em processo de elaboração. A UGRHI-13 conta com 34 municípios, destes, vinte e um (21) municípios afirmam ter PMGIRS, porém após a avaliação destes, verificou-se que três efetivamente não o tem. Logo, o número de municípios que possuem o PMGIRS é dezoito (18), ou seja, 53% dos municípios da UGRHI-13. Consequentemente, 47% dos municípios não possuem o Plano. Nove (9) cumprem menos que 75% dos requisitos mínimos da PNRS. Apenas dois (2) dos dezoito (18) municípios que efetivamente possuem PMGIRS cumprem em 100% os requisitos mínimos. O cenário positivo para a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos municipais vem evoluindo, porém ainda enfrenta uma série de obstáculos relacionados à falta e inconsistência de informação e falta de capacitação técnica dos gestores públicos. / One of the environmental problems we face is related to the management of solid waste from human activities, whether in the form of disposal, volume in generation, and inefficiency in their reuse and recycling. Integrated solid waste management is an important instrument for moving towards a less aggressive model of society with the environment. In order to seek this form of management, in Brazil, Law nº. 12,305/2010 establishes the National Policy on Solid Waste. Starting from this context, we focus on the Municipal Plans of Integrated Management of Solid Waste - PMGIRS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the situation of the PMGIRS elaboration processes in the municipalities of the Tietê-Jacaré Hydrographic Basin (UGRHI-13). A proposal for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the PMGIRS is presented, with a view to their compliance with the PNRS. It was found that 62% of municipalities claim PMGIRS; 9% do not have; And 29% are in the process of being drawn up. The UGRHI-13 counts with 34 municipalities, of which twenty one (21) municipalities claim to have PMGIRS, but after evaluating them, it was verified that three do not have it. Therefore, the number of municipalities that have the PMGIRS is eighteen (18), or 53% of the municipalities of the UGRHI-13. Consequently, 47% of municipalities do not have the Plan. Nine (9) meet less than 75% of the minimum PNRS requirements. Only two (2) of the eighteen (18) municipalities that effectively have PMGIRS meet the minimum requirements at 100%. The positive scenario for the integrated management of solid municipal waste has been evolving, but it still faces a series of obstacles related to lack and inconsistency of information and lack of technical capacity of public managers.

In Sweden, there are limits to how much leachable substances waste must contain in order to be deposited as hazardous waste. Fly ash from waste incineration often end up over the limit, mainly due to the chloride content. Fly ash is therefore often deposited abroad. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to handle fly ash locally. To clarify how the law is applied, environmental reports and permit documents from ten waste sites with permission to deposit fly ash were studied. In addition, a literature study was made to review the state of knowledge regarding the treatments of fly ash. The treatment methods are numerous, but are at different levels of commerciality. Among the treatments available there are both physical, chemical, biological, electrical and thermal variants. Many of the treatments (except for carbonation and microbial bioleaching) results in chloride levels below the limits. Several are however unrealistically expensive or generate wastewater with high levels of chloride that would need further treatment. Three plants out of the ten holding permits to deposit fly ash, have exemptions from the limit for chlorides. It's however difficult to see a common reasoning for allowing exemptions. In several cases there are sensitive receiving waters downstream from the landfill. One reason to be dispensed despite this sensitivity, may be the guidance that EPA issued. It is not formulated any specific concerns relating to chlorides. One handles therefore often high levels of chloride in the leachate as a dilution problem, not a leaching problem. / I Sverige finns det gränsvärden för hur mycket utlakningsbara ämnen avfall får innehålla för att kunna deponeras som farligt avfall. Flygaska från avfallsförbränning hamnar ofta över gränsen för vad som får deponeras, främst p.g.a. kloridinnehållet, och askan deponeras därför bl.a. i Norge och Tyskland. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda möjligheten att hantera flygaska lokalt. För att klargöra hur lagstiftningen tillämpas har miljörapporter och tillståndsbeslut från tio avfallsanläggningar med tillstånd att deponera flygaska studerats. Dessutom har en litteraturstudie gjorts av kunskapsläget när det gäller behandling av flygaska för att motverka lakning av klorider. Behandlingsmetoderna är många, men har kommit olika långt i att anses som kommersiella. Bland behandlingarna finns både fysiska, kemiska, biologiska, elektriska och termiska varianter. Många av behandlingarna (med undantag för karbonatisering och mikrobiell bioutlakning) gör att gränsvärden för utlakning av klorider klaras. Många av behandlingarna är dock orealistiskt dyra eller genererar avloppsvatten med höga kloridhalter. Av de tio anläggningar som innehar tillstånd till att deponera flygaska, så har tre även dispens för gränsvärdet för klorider. Utifrån den information som finns i tillståndsbesluten är det mycket svårt att se ett mönster vad gäller bedömningen av de enskilda fallen. I flera fall finns känsliga recipienter nedströms deponin. En anledning till att dispens ges trots denna känslighet kan vara den vägledning som Naturvårdsverket gett ut. Där formuleras inte någon specifik problematik kring klorider, utan andra ämnen är i fokus. Man behandlar därför ofta höga kloridhalter i lakvatten som ett utspädningsproblem, istället för ett utlakningsproblem.

Objective knowledge about quantity, composition and physicochemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Czech Republic will form the basis for decision- making when considering processing facilities or regional waste management systems. As the country continues to streamline its legislation to the European Union's solid waste mandates, the results of these studies were employed by the Czech Ministry of Environment to optimise the national waste management strategy. This doctoral thesis focuses on the composition of MSW, primarily the mixed MSW from three types of households in the Czech Republic (urban, mixed and rural) differentiated by their heating methods and possibility of waste disposal. The respective experimental work and data-collection took place in years 2008 and 2009. Methodology used in the analyses is based on the sieve analysis of mixed MSW within predetermined grain size fraction and on the final manual sorting of the waste by material categories. The physicochemical characteristics were measured according to the standard analysis methods. The composition of mixed MSW in urban and mixed households are similar. Some of the biggest differences were found in the quantities of certain subsample categories, especially fine fraction (matter smaller than 8 mm), between...

Proper consumer attitude towards textile products and optimal post-consumer waste management of textile waste is connected with many benefits. Despite this fact, little research has been conducted on these topics. Textile waste represented mainly by donated textile from households and its material flow in waste streams mirrors the behaviour of our consumer society as well as new technologies in textile and fashion industry. More information about consumer attitude and behaviour toward textile and textile waste is needed to provide suitable waste management processes according to the hierarchy of waste management, such as re-use and energy recovery, and to ensure sustainable development and minimal impact on the worlds wellbeing. This study takes into account not only waste management of textile waste, but also tries to understand all textile issues in a wider perspective. Particularly fashion industry is connected with many negative ethical aspects (e.g. sweatshops), and many environmental issues are connected with overproduction of lower-quality textile products. Proper handling of post-consumer textile products is only one of the product life cycle stages to be solved. The main goal of this study is to discuss the results of a consumer attitude and behaviour questionnaire toward textile and textile waste from households in the Czech Republic. The study also includes partial hypotheses and an analysis of interest groups as other possible sources of information to form proper textile waste management policy tools and strategies.

Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires a post closure period of 30 years for non hazardous wastes in landfills. Post closure care (PCC) activities under Subtitle D include leachate collection and treatment, groundwater monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the final cover, and monitoring to ensure that landfill gas does not migrate off site or into on site buildings. The decision to reduce PCC duration requires exploration of a performance based methodology to Florida landfills. PCC should be based on whether the landfill is a threat to human health or the environment. Historically no risk based procedure has been available to establish an early end to PCC. Landfill stability depends on a number of factors that include variables that relate to operations both before and after the closure of a landfill cell. Therefore, PCC decisions should be based on location specific factors, operational factors, design factors, post closure performance, end use, and risk analysis. The question of appropriate PCC period for Florida’s landfills requires in depth case studies focusing on the analysis of the performance data from closed landfills in Florida. Based on data availability, Davie Landfill was identified as case study site for a case by case analysis of landfill stability. The performance based PCC decision system developed by Geosyntec Consultants was used for the assessment of site conditions to project PCC needs. The available data for leachate and gas quantity and quality, ground water quality, and cap conditions were evaluated. The quality and quantity data for leachate and gas were analyzed to project the levels of pollutants in leachate and groundwater in reference to maximum contaminant level (MCL). In addition, the projected amount of gas quantity was estimated. A set of contaminants (including metals and organics) were identified as contaminants detected in groundwater for health risk assessment. These contaminants were selected based on their detection frequency and levels in leachate and ground water; and their historical and projected trends. During the evaluations a range of discrepancies and problems that related to the collection and documentation were encountered and possible solutions made. Based on the results of PCC performance integrated with risk assessment, projection of future PCC monitoring needs and sustainable waste management options were identified. According to these results, landfill gas monitoring can be terminated, leachate and groundwater monitoring for parameters above MCL and surveying of the cap integrity should be continued. The parameters which cause longer monitoring periods can be eliminated for the future sustainable landfills. As a conclusion, 30 year PCC period can be reduced for some of the landfill components based on their potential impacts to human health and environment (HH&E).

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Maria Pereira Neto / Coorientador: Profª. Drª. Juliana Tófano de Campos Leite Toneli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, Santo André, 2016. / No ano 2010, o Congresso Nacional do Brasil aprovou a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) com o objetivo de buscar soluções aos problemas causados pela geração de resíduos, que vêm afetando a qualidade de vida da população. Além disso, a PNRS propõe uma gestão eficaz que inclui desde a redução da geração dos resíduos até sua disposição final adequada, aprovando a possibilidade de recuperação de energia a partir dos mesmos. Alguns países incluíram a Conversão de Resíduos em Energia do inglês Waste to Energy-WTE, nos seus planos nacionais de gestão de resíduos como tratamento mediante o processo de combustão in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações combustíveis (matéria orgânica, resíduos sanitários, plásticos, papel/papelão/tetra pak e têxteis) dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) úmidos gerados no município de Santo André localizado no estado de São Paulo com vistas ao seu aproveitamento energético. As frações combustíveis foram caracterizadas tendo em conta sua composição gravimétrica, analisando suas propriedades densidade a granel, umidade, análise imediata e poder calorífico avaliadas na estação de primavera-verão de 2015, visando sua conversão em energia mediante o processo de combustão in natura. Com o objetivo de obter amostras representativas foi utilizada a norma MODECOMTM para o cálculo do número de amostras para a caracterização dos RSU. Para a determinação de suas propriedades foram usadas as normas ASTM para combustível derivado de resíduos (CDR). De acordo com os resultados obtidos os RSU úmidos gerados no município têm umidade de 51,5%, poder calorífico inferior (PCI) de 7,53 MJ/kg e capacidade de geração de energia elétrica de 565 kWh por tonelada de resíduo incinerado com eficiência de conversão de 27%, características favoráveis para sua conversão em energia mediante sua combustão in natura, oferecendo assim uma opção de tratamento, ao invés da sua disposição no aterro sanitário. / In 2010, Brazil approved the National Politic of Municipal Solid Waste (NPSW) in order to seek for solutions to the problems caused by the generation of waste, that has been affecting the population's quality of life. The NPSW also proposes an efficient management including the reduction of waste generation and the correct final disposition, by evaluating its energy recovery. Currently some countries include in their national management plans, the conversion of Waste to Energy (WTE) using the combustion process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy potential of fraction combustible (organic matter, sanitary waste, plastics, paper/cardboard/tetra pak and textiles) of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated by Santo André, a town located in the state of Sao Paulo. The fraction combustible was characterized taking into account their composition and analyzing their physical (bulk density), chemical (proximate analysis) and thermal (calorific value) properties, evaluated in the spring and summer season, aiming its conversion to energy using combustion process. With the purpose of having representative samples, MODECOMTM methodology has used to calculate the samples number in the MSW characterization. To determinate the physical, chemical and thermal properties in the laboratory, were used the ASTM standards for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). According to the results obtained, the MSW generated in the municipality the humidity is 51,5%, lower heating value (LHV) 7,53 MJ/kg and generation capacity in electricity 565 kWh tonne of waste incinerated a conversion efficiency of 27% , showed favorable characteristics to their conversion to energy using mass burning, providing a treatment option, instead of its disposal at the landfill.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Juliana Tófano de Campos Leite Toneli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, Santo Amdré, 2017. / A limitação das fontes não renováveis de energia tem propiciado o desenvolvimento e o aprimoramento de tecnologias de conversão energética a partir de fontes renováveis. Neste cenário de necessidade de diversificação da matriz energética brasileira, a biomassa apresenta potencial elevado de produção, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo do potencial de produção de biometano a partir de composições de fração orgânica de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos do município de Santo André por meio do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia em um biodigestor em batelada do tipo Automatic Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS II). O estudo foi realizado para amostras da fração orgânica de resíduos oriundos de diferentes setores domiciliares do município de Santo André (Composição A : setores da região central/comercial ; Composição B : setores da região residencial/urbana ; Composição C : setores da região industrial/suburbana), da Companhia Regional de Abastecimento Integrado de Santo André (CRAISA) e de feiras livres. Os resultados obtidos ao longo deste trabalho foram comparados e relacionados. Os valores médios obtidos foram : o teor de umidade para todas as composições foi superior a 55% : A (55,85 ± 15,41)% , B(63,80 ± 2,36)% e C(67,94 ± 7,29)%, Feiras (71,88 ± 14,70)% e CRAISAS (81,61 ± 2,18)% e o teor de sólidos voláteis foi superior a 64% : A (64,78 ± 1,49)% , B(79,26 ± 0,89)% e C(72,60 ± 1,61)%, Feiras (87,66 ± 1,79)% e CRAISAS (84,38 ± 0,78)%. De acordo com a razão C/N obtida, as composições formadas pela fração orgânica da CRAISA e dos setores centrais/comerciais apresentaram, respectivamente, valores dentro da faixa ideal (20<C/N<30), 27,9 e 25,6. Da composição centesimal, o teor de lipídios variou de 2,07 a 5,62%, o teor médio de carboidratosfoi de 85,81% e o teor de proteínas apresentou valor médio de (10,28 ± 2,86)%. O potencial teórico de produção de metano das frações orgânicas do RSU com base na composição elementar variou entre 376,83 ml de CH4/g de SV (composição CRAISA) e 699,46 ml de CH4/g de SV (Composição A) e com base na composição centesimal, entre 435,45 ml de CH4/g de SV (composição CRAISA) e 457,12 ml de CH4/g de SV (composição C). As composições que apresentam maior produção de metano experimentalmente foram as composições B(203,31 ml de CH4/g de SV) e a composição A (264,83 ml de CH4/g de SV). / The limitation of non-renewable sources of energy has led to the development and improvement of energy conversion technologies from renewable sources. In this scenario of the need for diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix, biomass presents a high production potential, especially with regard to Municipal Solid Waste. The objective of this work was to study the potential of biomethane production from organic fractions of municipal solid waste in the municipality of Santo André by means of the anaerobic biodigestion process in a batch biodigestor of the Automatic Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS II). The study was carried out for samples of the organic fraction of residues from different domiciliary sectors of the municipality of Santo André (Composition A: sectors of the central/commercial region; Composition B: sectors of the residential/urban region; Composition C: industrial/ uburban region), of the Regional Company of Integrated Supply of Santo André (CRAISA) and of free markets. The results obtained during this work were compared and related. The mean values obtained were: moisture content for all compositions was higher than 55%: A (55,85 ± 15,41)%, B (63,80 ± 2,36)% and C (67,94 ± 7,29)%, Free Markets (71,88 ± 14,70)% and CRAISAS (81,61 ± 2,18)% and the volatile solids content was greater than 64%: A (64,78 ± 1,49 )%, B (79,26 ± 0,89)% and C (72,60 ± 1,61)%, Free Markets (87,66 ± 1,79)% and CRAISAS (84,38 ± 0,78)% . According to the obtained C/N ratio, the compositions formed by the organic fraction of the CRAISA and of the central/commercial sectors presented, respectively, values within the ideal range (20<C/N<30), 27,9 and 25,6. From the centesimal composition, the lipid content varied from 2,07 to 5,62%, the average carbohydrate content was 85,81% and the protein content presented an average value of (10,28 ± 2,86)%. The theoretical methane production potential of the RSU organic fractions based on the elemental composition ranged from 376,83 ml CH4/g of SV (composition CRAISA) to 699,46 ml CH4/g of SV (Composition A) and based on the centesimal composition, between 435,45 ml of CH4/g of SV (composition CRAISA) and 457,12 ml of CH4/g of SV (composition C). The compositions having the highest methane production experimentally were compositions B (203,31 ml of CH4/g of SV) and composition A (264,83 ml of CH4/g of SV).

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T01:17:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DDisserta??o. Aline.pdf: 2421441 bytes, checksum: 7ce324b02472a892a8e960db19c07b9a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-18T01:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DDisserta??o. Aline.pdf: 2421441 bytes, checksum: 7ce324b02472a892a8e960db19c07b9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The research aimed to evaluate the sustainability of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the city of Feira de Santana, Bahia, by applying the matrix of sustainability indicators proposed by Santiago and Dias (2012). The evaluation was preceded by literature review in public databases and academic literature on the economic, social, cultural, environmental situation, policy and solid waste management in the municipality. Thus, aiming to add value to research and enhancing the systemic view, were introduced information on the understanding of 44 social representatives, residents and collectors of recyclable materials on municipal solid waste management, through a questionnaire. In addition, field observations were carried out in 22 of the 44 districts of the municipal headquarters and in eight districts. The array of indicators used is composed of six dimensions of sustainability, key questions and 42 indicators of which five are indicators of the political dimension, four technological, four in the economic / financial dimension, thirteen environmental / ecological dimension, ten dimension of knowledge (Environmental Education and Social Mobilization) and six in the dimension of social inclusion. The matrix also presents three descriptors for each indicator totaling 126, with space for setting of bookmark note that varies from 0 to 5. After application of the matrix, the level of sustainability was 4.1, corresponding to a low- sustainability, and the financial and social inclusion the most unsustainable dimensions. The results found convenes public managers for emergency decision making, such as the development of solid waste management plan, as required by National Policy on Solid Waste and draws attention to the importance of popular participation in the Municipal Solid Waste Management. Against the backdrop, recommendations for sustainable management were proposed. / A pesquisa buscou avaliar a sustentabilidade da Gest?o de Res?duos S?lidos Urbanos no munic?pio de Feira de Santana, Bahia, por meio da aplica??o da matriz de indicadores de sustentabilidade proposta por Santiago e Dias (2012). A avalia??o foi precedida de revis?o bibliogr?fica em bases p?blicas e literatura acad?mica sobre a situa??o econ?mica, social, cultural, ambiental, pol?tica e manejo dos res?duos s?lidos do munic?pio. Dessa forma, objetivando agregar valor ? pesquisa e potencializar a vis?o sist?mica, foram introduzidas informa??es sobre a compreens?o de 44 representantes sociais, moradores e catadores de materiais recicl?veis, sobre manejo de res?duos s?lidos urbanos, por meio da aplica??o de question?rio. Al?m disto, foram realizadas observa??es de campo em 22 dos 44 bairros da sede municipal e nos 8 distritos. A matriz de indicadores utilizada ? composta por seis dimens?es da sustentabilidade, perguntas-chave e 42 indicadores dos quais, cinco s?o indicadores da dimens?o pol?tica, quatro da dimens?o tecnol?gica, quatro da dimens?o econ?mica/financeira, treze da dimens?o ambiental/ecol?gica, dez da dimens?o do conhecimento (Educa??o Ambiental e Mobiliza??o Social) e seis da dimens?o da inclus?o social. A matriz apresenta tamb?m tr?s descritores para cada indicador totalizando 126, com espa?o para defini??o da nota do indicador, que varia de 0 a 5. Ap?s a aplica??o da matriz, o n?vel de sustentabilidade encontrado foi de 4,1, que corresponde a uma baixa sustentabilidade, sendo as dimens?es financeira e inclus?o social as mais insustent?veis. O resultado encontrado convoca os gestores p?blicos para tomada emergencial de decis?o, como a elabora??o do plano de gest?o de res?duos s?lidos urbanos, conforme determina a Politica Nacional de Res?duos S?lidos e chama aten??o para a import?ncia da participa??o popular na Gest?o dos Res?duos S?lidos Urbanos. Diante do cen?rio, recomenda??es para Gest?o Sustent?vel foram propostas.

Following diploma thesis deals with waste-based renewable energy production. Waste is a very heterogeneous mixture consisting of various materials with different origin. This can be either fossil or biogenic. The very substances with biogenic origin are considered renewable energy source with financial support from state. Therefore is nowadays tendency to develop a method, which can determine the biogenic waste ratio. The method, aside possible cheapest price and simplicity, should be also reliable and easy reproducible due to its usage. At the beginning, thesis focuses on the waste-to-energy facilities. Important part deals with legislative side of this topic. The reasons, why Czech Republic is behind with thermal waste treating are stated as well as Czech Republic’s obligations to European Union in the field of biodegradable municipal solid waste. Main part of thesis deals with different methods to determine biogenic waste ratio in municipal solid waste. Step by step are introduces 4 known methods, where especially sorting, balance and 14C methods are described closely. By each method are stated its major benefits and handicaps in case of using. Finally, the computational model, which is based upon balance methods equations, is introduced following with feasibility study of balance method for local conditions. The very end of the thesis brings comparison of each method results, general summary, where are results of this thesis stated and possible trends for future in this area of expertise, as well.

n accordance with Council Directive 1999/31/EC implemented by Regulation number 294/2005 Sb., Czech Republic has agreed to reduce landfilling of biodegradable material contained in mixed municipal waste (BDMW) by 50 % in comparison with 1995 starting January 1, 2013. This causes several problems to municipalities as the issue of mixed municipal waste (MMW) treatment is not handled at any level of state administration. PhD thesis tackles the question which level of state administration - national, regional, or microregional or municipal - should be responsible for waste treatment and whether it is economical and efficient, or not.